L e s s o n

1. 2 Peace and Security Activities

Lesson at a Glance

Aim
To show the range of peace and security activities undertaken by the UN.

Relevance
Peacekeeping personnel need to be able to place their own work in the wider
frame of the UN’s work in order to do it well.
Whilst UN peacekeeping plays a unique and important role in making a lasting
peace, it is one activity out of many carried out by the UN to address violent conflict.

UN peacekeeping operations may exist before, after and alongside other peace
and security activities. They are linked to these other activities, and is also connected
to the UN’s other security, development, humanitarian and human rights work.

This lesson explains how UN peace and security activities link to the work of
peacekeeping personnel. You must understand what is meant by “UN
peacekeeping”, and how it is part of a broader strategy to resolve conflict.

Learning Outcomes
Learners will:
Describe the five types of peace and security activities used by the Security
Council and key differences between them
Explain the difference between “robust peacekeeping” and “peace
enforcement”
Explain the main differences between traditional and multidimensional
peacekeeping operations
Identify the Security Council as the authorizing body for all peace and security
activities

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Lesson Map

Recommended Lesson Duration: 45 minutes total

1-2 minutes per slide
Use short option learning activity

The Lesson Pages 3-35

Starting the Lesson Intro Slides
Learning Activity 1.2.1: Experiences of Conflict
The Spectrum of Peace and Security Activities Slides 1-7
Linkages and Overlaps in Peace and Security Activities Slide 8
Learning Activity 1.2.2: UN Responses to Conflict
Different Types of Peacekeeping Operations Slides 9-12
Special Political Missions Slide 13
Learning Activity 1.2.3: Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping
Summary Pages 36-38
Learning Evaluation Pages 39-42
OPTIONAL: Additional Learning Activities See Resource
Learning Activity 1.2.4: Peace and Security Activities and Types of Missions
Learning Activity 1.2.5: Concepts and Definitions

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The Lesson

Starting the Lesson

Introduce the following (using the Introductory Slides):

Lesson Topic
Relevance
Learning Outcomes
Lesson Overview

What unites these learning outcomes is that they all are based equally on
introducing the language of UN peacekeeping and the key concepts. The language
can be daunting for learners who are also expected to absorb new ideas. As you
move through the lesson, refer back to the learning outcomes and remind learners
how the terms and concepts fit together.

Review the definitions of key words from the previous lesson such as “inter-state
conflict”, “intra-state conflict”, “resolution”, “mandate”, “peacekeeping”, “special
political mission” and “good offices”. Also introduce new key words and terms for this
lesson and their definitions, for example “peace process”, “peace agreement”,
“ceasefire”, “political process” and “coercive measures/the use of force”. A
suggestion is to present each key word and its definition on individual sheets of
different coloured paper and post on the wall for learners to easily refer to during the
course of the training. At the beginning of subsequent lessons, use your discretion to
post key words which are repeated or prove useful in the training.

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Learning Activity 1.2.1

Experiences of Conflict

METHOD RESOURCES
Visuals, brainstorm Learning Activity instructions
Photos
PURPOSE
To consider how conflict can be prevented,
managed and resolved

TIME
10 minutes
Brainstorming: 3 minutes
Discussion: 5-7 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS
Give examples of conflict in everyday life
How do we stop conflict from getting out of
control?
Compare with conflict between and within
States

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The Spectrum of Peace and Security Activities

Slide 1

Key Message: The UN responds before, during and after conflict. It takes appropriate
peace and security actions to:

Prevent disputes from escalating into violent conflict

Help restore peace when conflict does break out
Prevent a relapse to conflict
Build a lasting or sustainable peace in societies emerging from conflict

The UN Charter outlines measures the Security Council can authorize, in response to
threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression. Peacekeeping is
one of those measures – although the Charter does not use the word “peacekeeping”.

The full range or spectrum of peace and security activities includes:

Conflict prevention
Peacemaking
Peace enforcement
Peacekeeping
Peacebuilding

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They are used by the Security Council before, during and after violent conflict.

These peace and security activities involve peaceful measures and coercive measures.

“Coercive measures” involve the use of authority or force to make an individual or

group do something, or stop doing something. Examples are sanctions, blockades, and
the use of armed force as a last resort. Out of the five types of peace and security
activities, only two may involve use of force - peacekeeping and peace enforcement.
Coercive measures are authorized by the Security Council when other peaceful
measures have failed.

The Security Council authorizes peace and security activities, including peacekeeping,
through its resolutions. Security Council resolutions authorizing the deployment of a UN
peacekeeping operation contain the mandate – the legal basis for all activities that
the peacekeeping operation undertakes, including the use of force.

UN documents and the diagram in the slide refer to a “spectrum” of peace and
security activities. The diagram suggests an orderly relationship. However, the
activities rarely happen in a set sequence. Not all apply in every circumstance.
Invite learners to share thoughts on how different peace and security activities
relate to each other. Do they have experience with the different types? Do
learners know what is unique about each? Some answers appear later in the
lesson. Making a brief mention now and expanding later in the lesson may
reinforce learning through repetition.

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Slide 2

Key Message: Conflict prevention happens before a conflict starts, or when there is a
risk of relapse into conflict. It involves diplomatic measures and other tools to prevent
disagreements and tensions within and between states from turning into violent conflict.

Conflict prevention measures are peaceful. They adapt to the particular source of the
dispute or tension. Conflict prevention may include negotiation, dialogue, mediation,
enquiries into sources of disagreement and confidence-building.

One common conflict prevention measure is preventive diplomacy. It is diplomatic

action taken at the earliest possible stage “to prevent disputes from arising between
parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread
of the latter when they occur.” The use of the UN Secretary-General’s “good offices” to
engage in dialogue with the different parties is an example of preventive diplomacy.
The aim of dialogue may be to decrease tension, mediate a disagreement or help
resolve a dispute.

Different parts of the UN and the international community (including regional

intergovernmental organizations) may take different conflict prevention measures in a
situation.

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Slide 3

Key Message: Peacemaking involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. It usually
involves diplomatic action aimed at bringing hostile parties to a negotiated peace
agreement.

The UN may assist in negotiating a peace agreement. It may also help regional
negotiators, providing neutral facilities or chairing negotiations.

The Security Council may ask the Secretary-General or regional organizations to take
action. The Secretary-General and regional organizations also have the power to
initiate peacemaking. An example is through good offices to assist in resolving a
disagreement.

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After several references to regional organizations, learners may benefit from

some examples of these. Ask learners what regional organizations they think
would be active in these types of peace and security activities – and be ready
to prompt with examples such as the African Union (AU) or the European Union
(EU).

Peacemakers may also be envoys, governments or groups of states. Unofficial or non-

governmental groups may undertake peacemaking efforts. So may prominent people
working independently.

Examples of peacemaking initiatives:

In 1948, the UN appointed the Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte as

the UN Mediator in Palestine to use “his good offices to promote a peaceful
adjustment of the future situation in Palestine” (General Assembly Resolution
186 of 14 May 1948).
In 2006, the UN Secretary-General appointed Joaquim Chissano – former
President of Mozambique - as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the
areas in Uganda affected by the rebel Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).
In 2008, the Secretary-General of the UN and the Chairperson of the African
Union (AU) appointed Djibril Yipènè Bassolé - who had been Foreign Minister
of Burkina Faso – as the Joint UN-AU Chief Mediator for Darfur.

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Slide 4

Key Message: Peace enforcement involves measures to deal with existing conflicts.
Peace enforcement may involve coercive measures, such as sanctions or blockades.
The Security Council may authorize use of armed force as a last resort.

The use force or “coercive measures” are only taken with the authorization of the
Security Council in a resolution. This authorization is usually only given when other
measures have failed.

The Security Council may authorize peace enforcement action without the consent of
the parties to the conflict. It may consider taking this step for humanitarian purposes, to
protect civilians or if the conflict represents a threat to international peace and security.

Peace enforcement differs from peacekeeping because there may be no peace

process in place or consent from the warring parties. Chapter VII of the UN Charter
provides the legal basis for such action.

The UN does not usually engage in peace enforcement itself. The Security Council may
use regional organizations for peace enforcement action, under Chapter VIII of the UN
Charter. Regional organizations only undertake peace enforcement when authorized
by the Security Council.

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Regional organizations or coalitions have carried out an increasing number of peace

enforcement operations. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European
Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) are three examples. Such partnerships mean the
international community responds more quickly and efficiently to violent conflict.

The Security Council authorizes peace enforcement by a regional organization before

or with the deployment of a UN operation.

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Examples of peace enforcement by regional organizations and coalitions as UN

partners:

The Security Council passed Resolution 1244 in 1999. It authorized KFOR, the
NATO-led Kosovo Force, to establish security in Kosovo. The Council also set up
a UN peacekeeping operation. The job of the United Nations Interim
Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) had three parts: administer the
territory, ensure law and order and create democratic institutions of self-
government.

The Security Council authorized an international coalition in 2001 in

Afghanistan. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) maintained a
military presence. The UN also set up the United Nations Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan (UNAMA). UNAMA’s role was to support the transitional
government.

In 2007 the Security Council authorized the EU to deploy a military force with
the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad
(MINURCAT) for one year. The EU military force transitioned to a UN military
force under MINURCAT’s authority in 2009.

In Somalia the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) has been deployed
since 2007 as a peace enforcement mission under the authorization of the AU
and the UN. AMISOM is deployed with the UN special political mission (SPM) ,
the UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), led by DPA, and the UN field
support operation, the UN Support Office for AMISOM (UNSOA), led by DFS.
UNSOA was renamed the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) in 2015.

Security Council Resolution 1973 in 2011 established a no-fly zone in Libya’s

airspace. It authorized Member States to take all necessary measures to
protect civilians under threat of attack. They can act nationally or through
regional organizations or arrangements.

In CAR, the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) and

France deployed forces before authorization of a UN peacekeeping mission.
The AU’s African-led International Support Mission in the Central African
Republic (MISCA) took over from the Mission of ECCAS for the Consolidation of
Peace in the Central African Republic (MICOPAX). In September 2014, MISCA
was re-hatted as the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in
the Central African Republic (MINUSCA).

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Draw attention to examples that involve the UN and other organizations.

Review selected examples. Remind learners that because violent conflict is
complex, so are the arrangements to manage the work for peace. Encourage
them not to get discouraged by the number of actors, names or acronyms.
Each case is different. They will be briefed on specific partners when they are
deployed.

Slide 5

Key Message: Peacekeeping usually takes place where conflict has ended.
Peacekeeping is an approach designed to preserve the peace and to help implement
peace agreements. To deploy peacekeeping operations:

1. The main parties to a conflict must have committed to a ceasefire agreement or

peace process.
2. They also must agree or “consent” to work with the UN to lay foundations for
sustainable peace.

Peacekeeping has evolved from a traditional to a multidimensional approach. The

traditional model is mainly military. It involves observing cease-fires and the separation
of forces after wars between countries (inter-state conflict). The multidimensional model
has a mix of military, civilian and police capabilities. It supports the implementation of a
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comprehensive peace agreement after conflict has taken place within a country
(intra-state conflict).

More recently, peacekeeping missions have been deployed in conflicts where a peace
agreement is not in place. In these cases, peacekeeping missions work to bring a
degree of stability to a country, while supporting a process that will lead to a peace
agreement and/or peace process.

UN peacekeeping operations also support countries emerging from conflict to build a

sustainable, durable peace in the longer term. Civilian and police functions help a
country build its capacity to provide security to its people under the rule of law, to
govern effectively and to build a cohesive, peaceful society. In this way,
peacekeeping operations contribute to early peacebuilding.

To reinforce continuing learning, it may be useful to remind learners about the

different parts of the UN system that were introduced in Lesson 1.1. After a
conflict, and as part of “building back and building better”, the UN specialized
agencies, funds and programmes are also active partners.

Existing peacekeeping operations include both types: traditional observer missions and
multidimensional missions. Chapters VI and VII of the UN Charter provide the legal basis
for all peacekeeping operations.

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Examples of traditional UN peacekeeping missions that involve cease-fire

observation and the separation of forces:

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)

United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
The United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS)

Examples of multi-dimensional peacekeeping missions which involve military, police

and civilian functions working together with host nations:

United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)

Hybrid United Nations-African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI)
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (MONUSCO)
United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)
United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
(MINUSMA)

The difference between the traditional military model and the multidimensional
models of peacekeeping will be discussed later in this lesson. The different kinds
of personnel in a multidimensional peacekeeping operation will be discussed in
Lesson 1.7.

Robust peacekeeping

UN peacekeeping operations may use force as part of their mandate. This is at the field
level. In such cases, the UN engages in “robust peacekeeping”.

“Robust” means strong, powerful and able to withstand challenge. For UN

peacekeeping operations, robust means “use of all available means”.

In robust peacekeeping, a UN peacekeeping operation is deployed:

With consent of the host authorities or main parties to the conflict
With a strong mandate to use force
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The use of force may be necessary to deter spoilers and to ensure proper
implementation of the peace agreement. The Security Council must authorize the use
of force.

The Security Council has authorized robust mandates:

To deter forceful attempts to disrupt the political process

To protect civilians under imminent threat of physical attack
To assist national authorities in maintaining law and order

By proactively using force in defence of their mandates, UN peacekeeping operations

have improved security and created positive conditions for longer-term peacebuilding.

Examples of UN peacekeeping operations with robust mandates:

MONUSCO and the “Force Intervention Brigade” (FIB): The Security Council
approved the creation of an “offensive” combat force, intended to carry out
targeted operations to “neutralize and disarm” the notorious 23 March
Movement (M23), as well as other Congolese rebels and foreign armed
groups in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It tasked the new
brigade with carrying out offensive operations, either unilaterally or jointly with
the Congolese armed forces, “in robust, highly mobile and versatile manner”
to disrupt the activities of those groups.

MINUSMA: The Security Council approved robust rules of engagement with a

mandate to use all necessary means to address threats to the implementation
of MINUSMA’s mandate, which would include protection of civilians under
imminent threat of physical violence and protection of UN personnel from
residual threats, within MINUSMA’s capabilities and its areas of deployment.
This includes the conduct of operations on its own or in cooperation with the
Malian defense and security forces.

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Slide 6

Key Message: “Peace enforcement” and “robust peacekeeping” may both involve
the use of force, but they are different. Peace enforcement and robust peacekeeping
apply force at different levels, have different requirements for consent, and use of force
differently.

The lines between robust peacekeeping and peace enforcement may be blurred, but
important differences exist.

Peace enforcement involves the use of force at the international level (applied
internationally – inside and outside of the host country - by different countries,
regional organizations or the international community in general), and without
the consent of the parties to a conflict. “Force” may include sanctions,
blockades or armed force, as a last resort.
Robust peacekeeping involves the use of force at the field level ONLY (applied
in the host country by the UN peacekeeping operation), and requires the
consent of the host country and/or main parties to the conflict. “Force” refers
to/means armed force.

The use of armed force or any other “coercive measure” is only taken with the
authorization of the Security Council.

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The Security Council must authorize the use of force for peace enforcement and robust
peacekeeping.

Let learners know that the use of force will be dealt with in more detail in
subsequent lessons.

Slide 7

Key Message: Peacebuilding occurs in the aftermath of conflict. Peacebuilding is a

complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for lasting peace by
working on the root causes of violent conflict.

Peacebuilding involves measures that reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into
conflict.

Peacebuilding addresses core issues that affect how a society and state function. It
aims to improve the state’s ability to govern effectively, by strengthening at all levels
the national capacity to manage conflict and build a foundation for sustainable
peace and development.

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Examples of peacebuilding activities include:

Supporting security sector reform (SSR)

Assisting in rebuilding of justice and corrections systems
Supporting national human rights institutions

Peacebuilding draws on the expertise of different UN bodies. It requires active

partnership with the UN’s agencies, funds and programmes, which take a longer-term
development view.

Special political missions (SPMs), led by DPA, carry out comprehensive peacebuilding
strategies. These help unite the entire UN presence in a country in a coherent effort to
institutionalize peace. This includes the UN Country Team (UNCT), which is made up of
all the UN agencies, funds and programmes present in a country.

The UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) helps to bring together resources. It advises on

integrated strategies for peacebuilding and recovery in a particular country. It also
brings together relevant actors in support of these strategies, including national and
international actors, international financial institutions, donors, UN agencies and civil
society organizations. At the heart of peacebuilding are national actors.

The Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO) assists and supports PBC with strategic advice
and policy guidance. PBSO also manages the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) and
coordinates UN agencies in their peacebuilding efforts.

The creation of the UN peacebuilding architecture reflects a growing recognition within

the international community of the linkages between UN peacemaking, peacekeeping
and peacebuilding.

Examples of SPMs past and present involved in peacebuilding include:

BNUB, United Nations Office in Burundi

BINUCA, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central
African Republic
UNIOGBIS, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau
UNIPSIL, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone

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Linkages and Overlaps in Peace and Security Activities

Remind learners that the UN responds before, during and after conflict with the
appropriate peace and security activity.

Slide 8

Key Message: No clear sequence or order exists for peace and security activities. The
Security Council often uses different tools at the same time. Peacekeeping is one tool
linked to the others.

Conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement and peacebuilding connect

to peacekeeping. All are part of the Security Council’s broader strategy to resolve
conflict.

Conflict prevention, peacemaking and peace enforcement, if used, usually come

before peacekeeping – when there is “no peace to keep”.

UN peacekeeping operations are deployed to support the implementation of a cease-

fire or peace agreement. Peacekeeping operations may also play an active role in
peacemaking efforts and early peacebuilding.

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The World Bank in its 2011 report showed that 90 per cent of civil wars in the past
decade took place in countries that had already experienced a civil war in the
previous 30 years. Peacekeeping operations can play an important role in early
warning of potential conflict by picking up vibrations of crisis or instability.

Peacekeeping operations can also play a key role in conflict prevention. They can
advance the political objectives of a peace process. They can lay the foundation for
longer-term institution building and prevent relapse into conflict. Three examples of
peacekeeping work in longer-term institution building and conflict prevention are:

Electoral assistance
Support to security and justice reform
Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR)

Peacekeeping operations can also play a role in peace enforcement. In some cases,
they have been mandated to cooperate with the Expert Panels which monitor Security
Council sanctions, or tasked with the monitoring of sanctions measures, such as arms
embargoes.

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Learning Activity 1.2.2

UN Responses to Conflict

METHOD RESOURCES
Case study, discussion Learning Activity instructions
Case study
PURPOSE
Notes on case study
To deepen understanding of peace and security
activities of the UN Security Council

TIME
10 minutes
Group work: 5-7 minutes
Discussion: 3 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS
Consider the scenario of an evolving
conflict
How can the international community or UN
intervene?

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Different Types of Peacekeeping Operations

Instructors should download the latest version of the world map of all DPKO-led
peacekeeping operations.

Slide 9

Key Message: Peacekeeping must be flexible to address the shifting patterns of conflict
and emerging threats to international peace and security. The response of the Security
Council to the shifting nature of conflict has been to expand the scope of
peacekeeping greatly.

When the UN first became involved in peacekeeping in 1948, it addressed conflicts

between states, or inter-state conflict. These were mainly border disputes or territorial
disagreements.

Since the end of the Cold War, near the end of the last century, the Security Council
has increasingly considered internal conflicts such as civil wars as threats to
international peace and security (intra-state conflict). For example, when civilians are
under threat of physical violence, when there is massive human suffering or
displacement and when conflicts spill over to neighbouring states.

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The previous sentence has the first reference to the “Cold War” – others follow.
Depending on the age and experience of learners, they may benefit from a
quick reminder about what this means. When making the point about
multidimensional peacekeeping operations, that they have become more
common since the early 1990s, ask learners if they know what the Cold War was
and how long it lasted. Research some background on the Cold War to be
ready to quickly clarify and move on.

The nature of conflict has changed. It typically involves:

An internal struggle (intra-state conflict), with different armed actors and a wide
range of weapons
Increasing numbers of conflicting parties – rival warlords, factional leaders,
paramilitary forces or even organized criminal groups
The application of asymmetrical warfare – guerrilla tactics and terrorist activities
Increasing numbers of civilians as deliberate targets of violence
The collapse or decline of state structures, leading to the inability of the
government to protect its citizens or to provide for their basic needs
Humanitarian crises and human rights violations
External stresses such as cross-border conflict, transnational crime and terrorism

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Slide 10

Key Message: To respond to the different types of conflicts and changing political
environments, three main types of peacekeeping operations exist:

Traditional peacekeeping
Multidimensional peacekeeping
Transitional authority

Each type has different tasks outlined in the Security Council mandate.

Another type of field mission, SPMs, may be active in conflict prevention, peacemaking
or peacebuilding.

Lesson 1.1 introduced SPMs. Remind learners about SPMs and DPA’s lead role in
them. DPKO and DFS usually lead in peacekeeping operations.

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Slide 11

Key Message: “Traditional” and “multidimensional” peacekeeping operations have

different mandated tasks, variety of personnel, and roles in political efforts for lasting
peace.

Traditional peacekeeping operations

Traditional peacekeeping is a temporary measure to help manage a conflict. It creates

safer conditions for others to work on peacemaking.

“Traditional peacekeeping” is the original form of UN peacekeeping. The traditional

model is mainly a military one, observing cease-fires and separating forces. It was first
deployed during the Cold War.

Traditional UN peacekeeping operations are military in character. Tasks may include:

Observation, monitoring and reporting, using static posts, patrols, over-flight or

other technical means (with the agreement of the parties)
Supervision of a cease-fire and support to verification mechanisms
Interposition or placement as a buffer and confidence-building measures

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Traditional peacekeeping operations do not typically play a direct role in political

efforts to resolve a conflict. They are deployed as an interim measure to:

Help manage a conflict

Create conditions for negotiation of a lasting settlement

Others work on longer-term political solutions, for example, diplomats, regional

organizations or special UN envoys. Their success allows the peacekeeping operation to
withdraw. However, lasting political solutions may take decades, requiring traditional
peacekeeping operations to remain in place.

Traditional peacekeeping operations do not carry out state functions. Neither do they
engage in governance or capacity-building activities.

Traditional peacekeeping has the following characteristics:

Originally designed for inter-state conflicts

Involves a lightly armed international presence
Creates a buffer between parties
Has mainly military tasks

Traditional peacekeeping missions may be led by military personnel because there are
mainly military personnel.

Examples of traditional peacekeeping:

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)

United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) on the Golan
Heights, Syria.
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS)

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Multidimensional peacekeeping operations

Multidimensional peacekeeping operations are typically deployed in the dangerous,

unstable aftermath of an internal violent or intra-state conflict. A peace agreement
must be in place, however fragile. The multidimensional peacekeeping operation works
on two main priorities:

1. Creating a secure and stable environment, while

2. Helping national authorities and parties implement the peace agreement.

Since the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, multidimensional peacekeeping
operations have become more common.

Tasks may include:

Implementation of comprehensive peace agreements

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants
Electoral assistance
Rule of law
Human rights monitoring
SSR

Multidimensional UN peacekeeping operations usually play a direct role in political

efforts to resolve the conflict. This is different from traditional peacekeeping operations.

Multidimensional peacekeeping operations are often more involved in peacemaking

than traditional peacekeeping. The Security Council often mandates multidimensional
operations to provide “good offices” or promote national political dialogue and
reconciliation.

Multidimensional peacekeeping operations play an important role in early

peacebuilding efforts. Multidimensional peacekeeping operations draw on a mix of
military, police and civilian personnel or “components”. All contribute to
implementation of a comprehensive peace agreement through support to:

Development of legitimate and effective state institutions for governance and

rule of law, including on elections
State ability to provide security, with full respect for human rights, through SSR

Such operations provide a framework for coordination for the UN and other
international actors’ work around the national priorities of the host country.
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Tell learners that coordination is often difficult in practice because there are so
many UN and other international actors. This is why peacekeeping personnel
need to be aware of what other actors do and how they cooperate with the
UN peacekeeping operation. Lessons 1.7 and 1.8 focus on the different actors in
a UN peacekeeping mission and how they can support each other’s work

Multidimensional peacekeeping has the following characteristics:

Diverse mandated tasks
Mix of military, police and civilian components
High level of complexity

Civilian personnel head multidimensional peacekeeping operations.

Examples of multi-dimensional peacekeeping:

United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)

Hybrid United Nations-African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI)
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (MONUSCO)
United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)
United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
(MINUSMA)

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Slide 12

Key Message: Transitional Authority mission is also a type of multidimensional

peacekeeping operation that temporarily conducts state functions.

In very rare circumstances, the Security Council has authorized multidimensional UN

peacekeeping operations to temporarily take responsibility for the legislative and
administrative functions of the state.

When required, this measure is taken to resolve questions of sovereignty or state

authority. It may include:

Support to the transfer of authority from one sovereign entity to another

Establishment of a transitional administration until sovereignty questions are fully
resolved

A transitional authority may also be put in place to help the state establish
administrative structures that did not exist previously.

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Examples:

United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia (UNTAG) established in

1989 to 1990
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) from March 1992
to September 1993
United Nations Transitional Authority in East Timor (UNTAET) from October 1999
to May 2002
United Nations Interim Administration mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) established in
June 1999

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Special Political Missions

Instructors should download the latest version of the world map of all DPA-led
SPMs.

Slide 13

Key Message: The UN may also deploy a Special Political Mission (SPM), led by DPA.
SPMs are not peacekeeping operations. They are active in conflict prevention,
peacemaking, peacebuilding and even peace enforcement.

SPM field missions differ a lot in variety, mandate and duration.

These types of SPMs exist:

Political field missions

Special envoys
Expert panels to monitor Security Council sanctions

Few or no uniformed personnel are in SPM field missions.

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Since SPMS are active in conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacebuilding and peace
enforcement, they may be deployed before, at the same time as, or after
peacekeeping operations.

Examples of past and current SPMs

Field Missions

UNSOM, United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia

UNAMA, United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
UNAMI, United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq
BNUB, United nations Office in Burundi
BINUCA, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central
African Republic
UNIOGBIS, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau
UNIPSIL, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone
UNOCA, United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa
UNOWA, United Nations Office for West Africa
UNSMIL, United Nations Support Mission in Libya

Special Envoys

Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara

Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Sahel
Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Great Lakes Region

Expert Panels

Expert Panels monitor Security Council sanctions through periodic reports. They may
recommend a sanction, such as a travel ban or asset freeze. The experts also report
on violations of existing sanctions.

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Examples of SPMs together with other peace operations

The Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on the future of Kosovo was

deployed to the country at the same time as the peacekeeping operation
(transitional authority).
In Burundi and Sierra Leone, SPM field missions involved in peacebuilding took
over from UN peacekeeping operations.
In CAR, the SPM field mission, the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in CAR
(BINUCA) became part of the peacekeeping operation, the UN
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in CAR (MINUSCA), which was
established due to developments on the ground.
The United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), the United Nations
Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) and the United Nations Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan (UNAMA) are three examples of SPM field missions where the
military and police functions are carried out by regional alliances, authorized
by the Security Council under Chapter VIII.
Peacekeeping operations and field-based SPMs have often been mandated
to cooperate with Expert Panels. Peacekeeping missions such as UNMIL,
UNOCI and MONUSCO have also been tasked with the monitoring of
sanctions measures, such as arms embargoes.

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Learning Activity 1.2.3

Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

METHOD RESOURCES
Scenarios, questions Learning Activity instructions
Case studies
PURPOSE
To deepen understanding of traditional and
multidimensional peacekeeping

TIME
Short option: 5 minutes
Discussion: 3 minutes
Wrap-up: 2 minutes

Longer option: 60 minutes

Pre-reading time: 15 minutes
Activity introduction: 10 minutes
Discussion in pairs or small groups: 15 minutes
Discussion in large group: 20 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS
Consider different cases of UN
peacekeeping
What type is it?

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Summary

Conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement, peacekeeping and

peacebuilding are used before, during and after violent conflict

The five types of peace and security activities are: conflict prevention,
peacemaking, peace enforcement, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. They
are used by the Security Council before, during and after violent conflict.
Conflict prevention happens before a conflict starts, or when there is a risk of
relapse into conflict. It involves diplomatic measures and other tools to
prevent disagreements and tensions within and between states from turning
into violent conflict.
Peacemaking involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. It usually
involves diplomatic action aimed at bringing hostile parties to a negotiated
peace agreement.
Peace enforcement involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. Peace
enforcement involves the use of force, such as sanctions, blockades or armed
force, as a last resort.
Peacekeeping usually takes place where conflict has ended. Peacekeeping
is an approach designed to “keep” or preserve the peace and to help
implement peace agreements.
Peacebuilding occurs in the aftermath of conflict. Peacebuilding is a
complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for lasting
peace by working on the root causes of a conflict.
These peace and security activities involve peaceful measures and coercive
measures. Peacekeeping and peace enforcement involve “coercive
measures” which use force.

(Cont.)

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

(Summary cont.)

Peace enforcement” and “robust peacekeeping” apply force at different levels,

have different requirements for consent and use of force differently

“Peace enforcement” and “robust peacekeeping” may both involve the

use of force, but they are different.
o Peace enforcement involves the use of force at the international
level (applied internationally – inside and outside of the host country -
by different countries, regional organizations or the international
community in general) and without the consent of the parties to a
conflict. “Force” may include sanctions, blockades or armed force,
as a last resort.
o Robust peacekeeping involves the use of force at the field level
ONLY (applied in the host country by the UN peacekeeping
operation) and requires the consent of the host country and/or main
parties to the conflict. “Force” refers to/means armed force.

Traditional and multidimensional peacekeeping operations have different

mandated tasks, variety of personnel and roles in political efforts for lasting peace

Traditional peacekeeping has the following characteristics:

o Originally designed for wars between countries (inter-state conflict)
o Creates safer conditions as a buffer between parties to the conflict,
which involves observing cease-fires and the separation of forces
o Mainly military tasks, involving a lightly armed international presence,
so mainly military personnel
o May be led by military personnel
o Do not typically play a direct role in political efforts to resolve a
conflict, but creates safer conditions for others to work on
peacemaking
o Do not carry out state functions, and do not engage in governance
or capacity-building activities
(Cont.)

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(Summary cont.)

Multidimensional peacekeeping has the following characteristics:

o Typically deployed in the dangerous, unstable aftermath of violent
conflict which has taken place within a country (intra-state conflict)
o Creates a secure and stable environment, while supporting
implementation of the peace agreement
o Diverse mandated tasks, involving a high level of complexity, so
requires a mix of military, civilian and police personnel
o Led by civilian personnel
o Usually plays a direct role in political efforts to resolve the conflict,
often more involved in peacemaking, and plays an important role in
early peacebuilding
o Supports state functions, and engages in governance or capacity-
building activities
A Transitional Authority mission is also a type of multidimensional
peacekeeping operation that temporarily conducts state functions.

The Security Council authorizes peace and security activities

The Security Council authorizes peace and security activities through its
resolutions. Security Council resolutions contain mandates which authorize
the deployment of peacekeeping operations.
The use of armed force or any other “coercive measure” is only taken with
the authorization of the Security Council.

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Evaluation

Note on Use: An example of learning evaluation questions for this lesson may be found
below.

There are different types of learning evaluation questions for the instructor to choose
from (See Options). Types of learning evaluation questions are:
1) Yes or No
2) Fill in the blank / sentence completion
3) Multiple-choice
4) Narrative

Combine in different ways for pre-assessment and post-assessment. Each evaluation

type covers different content. No sub-set covers all learning outcomes. Make sure you
include learning evaluation questions for each learning outcome when you combine
them.

Three main uses of evaluation questions are: a) informally ask the whole group, b) semi-
formally assign to small groups, or c) formally give to individuals for written responses.

Evaluation Questions for Lesson 1.2

Questions Answers

Yes or No Questions
Note: You can use these with the full group or individuals. For the group, you ask
the question, the group answers Yes or No. For individuals, format and hand out the
questions as a brief written quiz.
1. Does the Security Council use three No. The spectrum of peace and
main types of peace and security security activities includes five types of
activities? peace and security activities: conflict
prevention, peace enforcement,
peacemaking, peacekeeping, and
peacebuilding.
2. Can peace enforcement be Yes. The Security Council authorizes
authorized without consent of coercive measures when other peaceful
parties to the conflict? measures have failed. The UN may
authorizes such coercive measures for
humanitarian purposes, to protect
civilians, or if the conflict represents a

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

threat to international peace and

security. Peace enforcement involves
coercive measures such as sanctions,
blockades, and the use of armed force.
However, consent of parties to the
conflict is not required for coercive
measures carried out in peace
enforcement.
3. Do both peace enforcement and Yes. The main areas of difference:
robust peacekeeping require the
Security Council to authorize use of Peace enforcement involves the use of
force? force at the international level (applied
internationally – inside and outside of
the host country - by different countries,
regional organizations or the
international community in general),
and without the consent of the parties
to a conflict. “Force” may include
sanctions, blockades or armed force, as
a last resort.
Robust peacekeeping involves the use
of force at the field level ONLY (applied
in the host country by the UN
peacekeeping operation), and requires
the consent of the host country and/or
main parties to the conflict. “Force”
refers to/means armed force only.

Sentence Completion
Note: for Questions 6-9, make sure you introduce names of peacekeeping
operations. Adjust questions.
4. ______________ is the use of Conflict prevention
diplomatic measures and other
peaceful tools to prevent tensions
within and between states from
turning into violent conflict.
5. ___________ is the complex and long- Peacebuilding
term process of creating the
necessary conditions for lasting
peace. The conditions for lasting
peace are created by working on
the root causes of violent conflict.

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6. ______________ involves measures Peacemaking

to deal with existing conflicts. It
usually involves diplomatic action
aimed at bringing hostile parties
to a negotiated peace
agreement.

7. Robust peacekeeping is use of force (a) Field level.

at the(a)_________ level and (b) With the consent of parties to the
(b)_________the consent of parties to conflict.
the conflict.
Peace enforcement involves use of
force at international level, without the
consent of parties to a conflict.
Multiple-choice
Note: Check one for each
8. The Security Council has authorized 3_ Protect civilians under immediate
robust peacekeeping mandates to: threat of attack. Ask learners for two
_____1. Negotiate a peace agreement other conditions when the Security
_____2. Develop national police Council has authorized robust
capacity peacekeeping mandates:
_____3. Protect civilians under immediate • To deter forceful attempts to
threat of attack disrupt the political process;
_____4. Begin transfer of a mission’s • To assist national authorities to
functions to a host government and keep law and order.
other parts of the UN
_____5. None
_____6. All
Narrative
Note: Frame narrative evaluations as questions, requests or directions. You can use
these in class, as a group or individually, or send them as homework. They are
valuable for self-study and assessment, as are the other evaluation questions.
9. Of the five main types of peace and Only two of the five – peacekeeping
security measures available to the and peace enforcement. (See
Security Council, which one(s) may responses to question 7 in the ‘Yes/No’
involve use of force? set of learning evaluation questions for
specifics).
10. What are three main differences Traditional
between traditional and - originally designed for wars
multidimensional peacekeeping between countries (inter-state
operations? conflict)
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Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

- creates safer conditions as a

buffer between parties to the
conflict, which involves observing
cease-fires and the separation of
forces
- mainly military tasks, involving a
lightly armed international
presence, so mainly military
personnel
- may be led by military personnel
- do not typically play a direct role
in political efforts to resolve a
conflict, but creates safer
conditions for others to work on
peacemaking
- do not carry out state functions,
and do not engage in
governance or capacity-building
activities
Multidimensional
- typically deployed in the
dangerous, unstable aftermath of
violent conflict which has taken
place within a country (intra-
state conflict)
- creates a secure and stable
environment, while supporting
implementation of the peace
agreement
- diverse mandated tasks,
involving a high level of
complexity, so requires a mix of
military, civilian and police
personnel
- led by civilian personnel
- usually plays a direct role in
political efforts to resolve the
conflict, often more involved in
peacemaking, and plays an
important role in early
peacebuilding
- supports state functions, and
engages in governance or
capacity-building activities
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Commonly Asked Questions and Key Words

Key Words or phrases for this lesson:

Key Word or Phrase Definition

Peace process Peace process is normally used to refer to the process
of achieving a peace agreement.
Peace agreement Peace agreement is normally used to refer to an
agreement intended to end violent conflict. It
contributes towards building a more durable/lasting
and final political settlement (political solution). There
are various types of agreements that can be reached
during a peace process: Cessation of Hostilities or
Ceasefire Agreements; Pre-Negotiation Agreements;
Interim or Preliminary Agreements; Comprehensive
and Framework Agreements; and Implementation
Agreements. Each type of agreement has a distinct
purpose.
Cease-fire A cease-fire agreement is a type of peace
agreement. A cease-fire agreement refers to a
temporary stoppage of war or any armed conflict for
an agreed-upon timeframe or within a limited area.
These agreements are military in nature and are
basically designed to stop warring parties from
continuing military actions while political negotiations
are conducted to find a more durable solution.
Political process Political process can refer to the process of achieving
a more durable/lasting and final political settlement
(political solution) to end conflict or maintain peace,
such as how to organize political power. Peace
negotiations and peace agreements contribute
towards this process.
Coercive measures “Coercive measures” involve authority or force to
make an individual or group do something, or stop
doing something. The UN Charter outlines measures
the Security Council can authorize to maintain
international peace and security – including
“coercive measures”. Examples of “coercive
measures” include sanctions, blockades, and military
force as a last resort.

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The Cold War The Cold War refers to the economic, political and
military tension between two world powers – the
United States and the Soviet Union. The length of the
Cold War was from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War
divided the world into two ideological blocs – the
Western Bloc (the United States, NATO allies and
others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its
allies in the Warsaw Pact). Rivalry between the two
world powers meant that proxy wars were fought by
other states on their behalf. A proxy war is war which is
started by a major power, although the major power
does not become involved itself. The United States
and Soviet Union never went to war with each other –
hence the term “cold”.

Commonly asked questions from participants:

Possible Questions Possible Responses

What is the timeline for The decision by the UN Security Council to deploy a
when multidimensional traditional or multidimensional peacekeeping operation
Peacekeeping relates to the nature of the conflict rather than any timeline.
operations replaced Multidimensional peacekeeping operations have not
traditional replaced traditional peacekeeping operations as such,
peacekeeping rather since the end of the Cold War internal armed
operations? conflicts constitute the vast majority of today's wars and
therefore the deployment of multidimensional
peacekeeping operations. For example the UN Security
Council reacted to the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea by
deploying a traditional peacekeeping operation (UNMEE) in
2000, long after the end of the Cold War.

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Reference Materials

Below are materials which are a) referenced in this lesson, and b) required reading for
instructor preparations:

Charter of the United Nations, 1945

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines, also known
as the Capstone Doctrine, 2008
Review peacekeeping mission mandates (examples of traditional,
multidimensional and transitional authority) (See ‘Additional Resources’)
Report of the High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) on
uniting our strengths for peace: politics, partnership and people (S/2015/446)
Report of the Secretary-General on the future of United Nations peace
operations: implementation of the recommendations of the High-level
Independent Panel on Peace Operations (S/2015/682)
Report of the Advisory Group of Experts on the Review of the Peacebuilding
Architecture (S/2015/490)
Report of the Secretary General on peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict
(S/2014/694)
Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations and conflict prevention: a
collective recommitment (S/2015/730)
Security Council Resolution 2086 (2013) on the importance of a
‘multidimensional’ approach to peacekeeping aimed at facilitating
peacebuilding, preventing relapse into conflict (S/RES/2086)
Security Council Resolution 2282 (2016) on post-conflict peacebuilding
(S/RES/2282)
Security Council Resolution 2171 (2014) on conflict prevention (S/RES/2171)
Security Council Resolution 2167 (2014) on enhancing the relationship between
the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations, in particular the
African Union (S/RES/2167)
World Bank, World Development Report 2011

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Additional Resources

UN Information

The website for UN peacekeeping: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/

UN at a glance: http://www.un.org/en/about-un/index.html
UN Peace Operations: https://www.unmissions.org/
Current peacekeeping operations:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/current.shtml
(Click on “Factsheet” to download the latest map)
Current Special Political Missions:
http://www.un.org/undpa/in-the-field/overview
(Click on “Factsheet” to download the latest map)
Past peacekeeping operations:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/past.shtml
(Click on “Peacekeeping Operations Timeline” for the factsheet)
Original Security Council Resolutions on peacekeeping mission mandates:
http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/
(You must know the start year, country and resolution reference details for the mission
you wish to search for – for this information, identify the name of the mission, and use
the links above under “Current” and “Past” peacekeeping operations)

UN Peacebuilding: An Orientation
http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pdf/peacebuilding_orientation.pdf

UN Peacebuilding Commission: http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/

UN Documents

UN documents can be found on: http://www.un.org/en/documents/index.html(Search

by document symbol, e.g. A/63/100)

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

DPKO and DFS Guidance

The repository for all official DPKO and DFS guidance is the Policy and Practice
Database: http://ppdb.un.org (only accessible from the UN network). Official
peacekeeping guidance documents are also accessible through the Peacekeeping
Resource Hub: http://research.un.org/en/peacekeeping-community

Instructors are encouraged to check for the latest guidance.

UN Films

UN films can be found on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/unitednations

Additional Training Resources

UN Peacekeeping Operations: An Introduction

http://portals.unssc.org/course/index.php?categoryid=24

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Module 1: An Overview of United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations

L e s s o n

1. 2
Peace and Security Activities
 Relevance

Personnel work in a wider frame – peacekeeping is:

 Unique and important

 One of many UN peace and security activities
 Connected to other UN security, development,
humanitarian and human rights work

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Learning Outcomes

Learners will:

 Describe five peace and security activities

 Explain differences between “robust
peacekeeping” and “peace enforcement”
 Explain differences between traditional and
multidimensional peacekeeping
 Identify Security Council as authorizing body

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Lesson Overview

1. Spectrum of Peace & Security Activities

2. Linkages & Overlaps in Peace & Security

Activities

3. Different Types of Peacekeeping Operations

4. Special Political Missions

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

Learning Activity 1.2.1
Experiences of Conflict

Instructions:
 Give examples of conflict in everyday life
 How do we stop conflict from getting out of
control?
 Compare with conflict between and within States

Time: 10 minutes
 Brainstorming: 3 minutes
 Discussion: 5-7 minutes

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 1. Spectrum of Peace and Security Activities

Pre-Conflict Conflict
Prevention

Conflict
Peace
Peacemaking
Enforcement

Cease-fire
Peacekeeping

Peacebuilding Political
Post-Conflict Process
UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 1
Conflict Prevention
 Before conflict
 Diplomatic measures and other tools to
prevent violent conflict

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 2

Peacemaking
 Conflict exists
 Diplomatic action bringing hostile parties to
an agreement

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 3

Peace Enforcement
 Conflict exists
 Coercive measures, such as sanctions or
blockades
 Armed force only with Security Council
authorization
 Authorized without consent of conflict parties

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 4

Peacekeeping
 Preserves peace when conflict ends
 Implements peace agreement
 Authorized with consent of conflict parties

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 5

Peace Enforcement vs.
Robust Peacekeeping
Peace Robust
Enforcement Peacekeeping
 International  Field level
level

 Without consent  With consent

 Force: sanctions,  Force: armed

blockades or force
armed force

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 6

Peacebuilding
 Aftermath of conflict
 Long-term process, creates conditions for
lasting peace, works on root causes of conflict

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 7

 2. Linkages and Overlaps in Peace
and Security Activities

Pre-Conflict Conflict
Prevention

Conflict
Peace
Peacemaking
Enforcement

Cease-fire
Peacekeeping

Peacebuilding Political
Post-Conflict Process
UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 8
Learning Activity 1.2.2
UN Responses to Conflict

Instructions:
 Consider the scenario of an evolving conflict
 How can the international community or UN
intervene?

Time: 10 minutes
 Group work: 5-7 minutes
 Discussion: 3 minutes

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

3. Different Types of Peacekeeping
Operations

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 9

 3. Different Types of Peacekeeping
Operations

1. Traditional peacekeeping
2. Multidimensional peacekeeping
3. Transitional authority

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 10

Traditional vs Multidimensional
Peacekeeping
Traditional Multidimensional
Peacekeeping Peacekeeping
 Military tasks  Diverse tasks

 Military  Military, civilian,

personnel police personnel

 No direct role in  Direct role in

political efforts political efforts

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 11

Transitional Authority
 Multidimensional peacekeeping
 Temporary state functions

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 12

4. Special Political Missions

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017 13

Learning Activity 1.2.3
Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

Instructions:
 Consider different cases of UN peacekeeping
 What type is it?

Time: 5 minutes
 Discussion: 3 minutes
 Wrap-up: 2 minutes

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Summary of Key Messages

 5 peace and security activities – before, during,

after conflict
 “Robust peacekeeping” vs. “peace
enforcement” – differences in levels, consent,
use of force
 Traditional vs. multidimensional peacekeeping –
different tasks, personnel, roles in political efforts
 The Security Council is the authorizing body

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Questions

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Learning Activity

Learning Evaluation

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Learning Activities

Detailed instructions for each learning activity may be found below. Here is an overview
of learning activities for the instructor to choose from:

Number Name Methods Time

1.2.1 Experiences of Conflict Visuals, brainstorm 10 minutes

1.2.2 UN Responses to Conflict Case study, 10 minutes

discussion
1.2.3 Traditional vs. Multidimensional Scenarios, questions, 5-60
Peacekeeping small and large minutes
groups
1.2.4 Peace and security activities and Brainstorm, with 25-30
types of missions stations (movement) minutes

1.2.5 Concepts and definitions Mix and match 30 minutes

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Learning Activity 1.2.1

Experiences of Conflict

METHOD RESOURCES

Visuals, brainstorm Learning Activity instructions

Photos

PURPOSE

To consider how conflict can be prevented,

managed and resolved

TIME

10 minutes

Brainstorming: 3 minutes
Discussion: 5-7 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS

Give examples of conflict in everyday life

How do we stop conflict from getting out of
control?
Compare with conflict between and within
States

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Preparation
Decide on the small groups. The activity is short, so table groups are good
because they are formed and in place.
Consider which pictures can be used. Collect many examples of these.
Decide on the order of the images / photos. Decide whether the images will be
projected or handed out on sheets of paper. This activity is better delivered to
the group as a whole – consider distributing printed copies amongst smaller
groups.

Instructions
1. Introduce the activity. The purpose of the exercise is to start the coverage of
how to prevent, resolve or manage conflict with what the group already knows.
2. Ask participants to brainstorm answers to the following questions:
a) What are examples of conflict that exist in everyday life?
b) How do we stop conflict from getting out of control?
c) How does this compare with conflict between and within States?
3. Project the images to prompt responses.
4. Begin the brainstorming yourself. Transfer to the flip-chart and record the
following examples of conflict that exist in everyday life: ordinary arguments, at
home, work, between children, bullying, divorce, car accidents.
5. Ask participants to reflect on these examples of conflict in everyday life. Highlight
the different causes of conflict, and the different ways to respond. Ask specific
questions:
a) What are the causes of conflict? (offence, violation, misunderstanding,
mistrust)
b) Can we prevent conflict?
c) When there is conflict, does everyone see it the same way?
d) Can we control conflict, or prevent conflict from getting out of control?
e) How do we resolve such conflicts?
f) What happens when conflict gets out of hand? (third-party intervention).
g) What happens when the conflict gets physically violent? (buffer/interposition)
6. Ask participants to not only reflect on conflicts between individuals, but also
examples of conflicts within a particular country, and international conflicts.
Draw comparisons with violent conflict between different countries or within a
country. Ask specific questions on how these conflicts are prevented, managed
and resolved:
a) What kinds of conflicts take place within a country and between countries?
b) What rules exist to help with these conflicts? (constitution, domestic/national
law, international law, UN Charter)
c) What institutions exist to help with these conflicts? (courts, judges, police,
diplomats, mediators, peacekeepers, regional/international organizations)
7. Use the results of the brainstorming to introduce the Lesson 1.2 on Peace and
Security Activities. Key messages:
a) The UN, and specifically its Security Council, exists to prevent, resolve and
manage violent conflicts within and between States.

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b) Different peace and security activities represent the different ways the
Security Council can respond before, during and after violent conflicts.
c) The UN Charter and International Law helps to regulate the relationships
between States.

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1.2.1 Photos: Experiences of Conflict

Available as slides for the learning activity.

Learning Activity 1.2.1 Learning Activity 1.2.1

Image 1 Image 2

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2016 UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2016

Learning Activity 1.2.1 Learning Activity 1.2.1

Image 3 Image 4

UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2016 UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2016

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Learning Activity 1.2.2

UN Responses to Conflict

METHOD RESOURCES

Case study, discussion Learning Activity instructions

Case study
Notes on case study
PURPOSE

To deepen understanding of peace and security

activities of the UN Security Council

TIME

10 minutes

Group work: 5-7 minutes

Discussion: 3 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS

Consider the scenario of an evolving

conflict
How can the international community or UN
intervene?

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Preparation
Pick a case study where the international community, particularly the UN, had
different responses. Carry out research on the different interventions, including
the various peace and security activities authorized by the UN Security Council.
For this exercise, there is a pre-selected example.
Prepare handouts with key points on the case study you have chosen. These will
be distributed amongst participants for the exercise. The real details of the case
study should be hidden so that the exercise can end with a summary of the real
facts. This has already been created for the pre-selected example.
Consider whether to also prepare notes on the real facts of the case study for
distribution.
Decide on the small groups. The activity is short, so table groups are good
because they are formed and in place.

Instructions
1. Introduce the activity. Participants will explore a real-life case of a violent
conflict. The purpose is to identify the different responses taken by the
international community to prevent, manage and resolve violent conflict.
2. Ask participants to read the case study. As a group, participants must answer the
question: How can the international community or UN intervene?
3. Ask participants what specific interventions they would take as the international
community or the UN. Use a flipchart to collect key points. You may be able to
group related points together as people raise them, which can help with a
smooth summary. Encourage points until all are noted.
4. Highlight the following:
a) Different situations that arise during a conflict – how a conflict evolves
b) Importance of a third-party intervention to help with conflicts
c) Different solutions and actors that are needed to respond to a violent conflict
d) Interventions which can happen before, during and after a violent conflict
has taken place
5. End the exercise with a brief on the real facts of the case. Allow participants to
reflect on the decisions and interventions of the UN. Ask participants the
following question: Would your decisions on the different interventions change?
6. Highlight key words that describe peace and security activities authorized by the
Security Council (conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement,
peacekeeping, peacebuilding). These words will be defined in the lessons. Also,
use the case study to show linkages and overlaps between peace and security
activities during the lesson.

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1.2.2 Case Study: UN Responses to Conflict

There is a violent conflict in Country X. The following situations take place:

• A rebel group launches a war against the government of Country X in order to

overthrow it.

• The army of Country X itself overthrows the government.

• Parliamentary and presidential elections are held, and the army releases power
to the newly elected President. However, the rebel group does not recognize the
results, and continues to fight.

• There is a military coup d'état. The rebel group and army form a ruling junta. The
President goes into exile.

• The rebel group uses money from “blood” or “conflict” diamonds to buy
weapons, which fuels the conflict.

Consider each situation. How can the international community or the UN intervene?

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1.2.2 Notes on Case Study: UN Responses to Conflict

Country: Sierra Leone

Beginning of conflict: March 1991
Parties to the conflict: Revolutionary United Front (RUF) vs. Government of Sierra Leone

Situation Intervention
March 1991: Fighters of the Revolutionary The Economic Community of West
United Front (RUF) launched a war from the African States Monitoring Group
east of the country near the border with (ECOMOG) and Sierra Leone's army
Liberia to overthrow the government. tried at first to defend the
government.
1992: The Sierra Leone army itself overthrew February 1995: The United Nations
the government. Despite the change of Secretary-General appoints a Special
power, the RUF continued its attacks. Envoy, Mr. Berhanu Dinka (Ethiopia).
He works in collaboration with the
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
and ECOWAS to try to negotiate a
settlement to the conflict and return
the country to civilian rule.
February 1996: Parliamentary and November 1996: Special Envoy Dinka
presidential elections were held. The Sierra assisted in negotiating a peace
Leone army released power to the winner, agreement between the Government
Alhaji Dr. Ahmed Tejan Kabbah. RUF did not and RUF known as the Abidjan
participate in the elections and would not Accord.
recognise the results. Conflict continued.
May 1997: The agreement was derailed by 1997: A new Special Envoy, Mr. Francis
another military coup d'état. This time the G. Okelo (Uganda) and other
army joined forces with RUF to form a ruling representatives of the international
junta. President Kabbah and his government community tried to persuade the
went into exile in neighbouring Guinea. junta to step down.
1997: The international community failed to October 1997: The Security Council
persuade the junta to step down. During the imposed an oil and arms embargo
war, rebels had used money from “blood” or and authorized ECOWAS to ensure its
“conflict” diamonds to buy weapons which implementation using ECOMOG
had fueled the conflict. troops. ECOWAS and a delegation
representing the chairman of the
junta held talks at Conakry and
signed a peace plan calling for a
ceasefire to be monitored by
ECOMOG. If approved by the UN
Security Council, ECOMOG is to be
assisted by UN military observers.

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November 1997: President indicated his February 1998: ECOMOG, responding

acceptance of the agreement, and the to an attack by rebel/army junta
Government's willingness to cooperate with forces, launched a military attack that
ECOWAS, ECOMOG, the United Nations and led to the collapse of the junta and its
UNHCR. Although the junta publicly expulsion from Freetown.
committed itself to implementing the
agreement, it criticized key provisions and
raised a number of issues. The agreement
was never implemented.
March 1998: President Kabbah was returned March 1998: The Security Council
to office. terminated the oil and arms embargo
and strengthened the office of the
Special Envoy to include UN military
liaison officers and security advisory
personnel.
June 1998: The Security Council
established the United Nations
Observer Mission in Sierra Leone
(UNOMSIL) for an initial period of six
months. The Secretary-General
named Special Envoy Okelo as his
Special Representative and Chief of
Mission. The mission monitored and
advised efforts to disarm combatants
and restructure the nation's security
forces. Unarmed UNOMSIL teams,
under the protection of ECOMOG,
documented reports of on-going
atrocities and human rights abuses
committed against civilians.
1998: Fighting continued with the rebel December 1998: ECOMOG troops
alliance gaining control of more than half retook the capital and restored the
the country. December 1998: The rebel civilian government.
alliance began an offensive to retake
Freetown and in January overran most of the
city.
December 1998: Thousands of rebels were 1999: In the aftermath of the rebel
still reportedly hiding out in the surrounding attack, Special Representative Okelo,
countryside. in consultation with West African
states, initiated a series of diplomatic
efforts aimed at opening up dialogue
with the rebels.
May 1999: Negotiations between the
Government and the rebels began.

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July 1999: All parties to the conflict

signed an agreement in Lome to end
hostilities and form a government of
national unity. The parties to the
conflict also requested an expanded
role for UNOMSIL.
August 1999: The UN Security Council
authorized an increase in the number
of military observers to 210.
October 1999: The Security Council
authorized the establishment of the
UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL),
a new and much larger mission to
assist the Government and the parties
in carrying out provisions of the Lome
peace agreement. To start, UNAMSIL
was authorized with a maximum of
6,000 military personnel, including 260
military observers. At the same time,
the Council decided to terminate
UNOMSIL.
1999-December 2005: UNAMSIL
disarmed tens of thousands of ex-
fighters, assisted in holding national
elections, helped to rebuild the
country's police force, and
contributed towards rehabilitating the
infrastructure and bringing
government services to local
communities. The United Nations also
helped the Government stop illicit
trading in diamonds and regulate the
industry.
Sierra Leone still faced many challenges: the December 2005: The Security Council
country remained fragile, needed to take established a new mission—the UN
concrete steps to address the root causes of Integrated Office for Sierra Leone
the conflict, and cultivate a culture of (UNIOSIL) to help consolidate peace
human rights. in the country, on the foundation laid
by UNAMSIL. The focus shifts from
peacekeeping to peacebuilding.
August 2008-March 2014: The Security
Council established the UN Integrated
Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone
(UNIPSIL). It replaced UNIOSIL.

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Peace Enforcement:

The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)

October 1997: The Security Council imposed an oil and arms embargo and
authorized ECOWAS to ensure its implementation using ECOMOG troops

Peacemaking:

February 1995: The United Nations Secretary-General appoints a Special Envoy,

Mr. Berhanu Dinka (Ethiopia) to try to negotiate a settlement to the conflict, in
collaboration with the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and ECOWAS
September 1997: A new Special Envoy, Mr. Francis G. Okelo (Uganda)

Peacekeeping:

July 1998-October 1999: The Security Council established the United Nations
Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) – traditional peacekeeping
October 1999-December 2005: The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
(UNAMSIL) – multidimensional peacekeeping

Peacebuilding:

December 2005-August 2008: The United Nations Integrated Office for Sierra
Leone (UNIOSIL)
August 2008-March 2014: The Security Council established the United Nations
Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL)

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Learning Activity 1.2.3

Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

METHOD RESOURCES

Scenarios, questions Learning Activity instructions

Case studies

PURPOSE

To deepen understanding of traditional and

multidimensional peacekeeping

TIME

Short option: 5 minutes

Discussion: 3 minutes
Wrap-up: 2 minutes

Longer option: 60 minutes

Pre-reading time: 15 minutes
Activity introduction: 10 minutes
Discussion in pairs or small groups: 15 minutes
Discussion in large group: 20 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS

Consider different cases of UN

peacekeeping
What type is it?

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Preparation
Choose missions to use for the exercise, or use the pre-selected missions for this
learning activity. If you decide to choose your own missions, make sure there are
examples for two types of missions: traditional, multi-dimensional. If participants
know their mission of deployment, include it in this activity.
Choose the mandates of the selected missions, either the original or current
mandates. For the pre-selected missions, choose
the original mandates. Download mission mandates from:
http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/
You must know the start year, country and resolution reference details for the
mission you wish to search for. For this information, identify the name of the
mission using the following links:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/current.shtml;
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/past.shtml
For each mission, use the mission mandate to identify the characteristics which
make it either traditional or multidimensional peacekeeping. If you decide to use
the pre-selected missions for this learning activity, there are case studies
available with this information.
Decide the number of groups. Assign mission mandates for each group. Assign
people to small groups, or to work with a partner. People going to the same
mission work together.
Make enough copies of mission mandates for the groups. If you are using the
pre-selected missions for this learning activity, also make copies of the case
studies. Make sure there are enough copies for people to compare. Be prepared
with copies of different mission mandates to give to groups that may complete
the task quickly.
Distribute copies of all mandates. You may decide to hand out the mission
mandates as a reading assignment before the lesson, if possible. This saves time
in the session and gives learners more time to absorb the mandates. Otherwise,
preserve 15 minutes reading time as part of the session.

Pre-selected traditional missions:

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)

Other examples of traditional missions:

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP).
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) on the Golan Heights,
Syria.
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS)

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Pre-selected multi-dimensional peacekeeping missions:

United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
(MINUSMA)
United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central
African Republic (MINUSCA)

Other examples of multi-dimensional peacekeeping missions:

United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)
Hybrid United Nations-African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
United Nations Operation in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI)
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)
United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)

Instructions
1. Introduce the activity. Go over the activity and times. Confirm that all have
read the mandates provided.
2. Ask participants to move into pairs or work groups. Ask participants to talk with
their partner or in their small groups. Each group is to report back on their
decision and reasons.
3. For the short option, distribute the case studies. Ask participants general
questions:
a) Are these different types of UN peacekeeping
b) What type of UN peacekeeping does each mandate represent?
4. For the longer option, distribute the case studies. Ask some general and some
content-specific questions to guide discussion. Participants must give specific
reasons for their decisions. Questions to ask:
a) Is the mandate for a traditional mission, or a multi-dimensional mission?
b) What are the tasks that make the mission traditional or multidimensional?
c) How does the type of personnel deployed show that the mission is traditional
or multidimensional?
5. OPTION: Ask participants to read another mandate, discuss to decide the type
of mission and give reasons. (Have copies ready to be distributed. Monitor
groups so if one finishes early, you can give them another mandate.)
6. After 15 minutes of discussion time, ask groups to report back.
7. Ask participants to point out specific wording that helped them decide on the
type of mission. If group members disagree on the type of mission, ask them to
explain reasons to the large group.
8. End the exercise with a brief on the real facts of the case. Confirm the type of
mission with the whole group.
9. Summarize, highlighting specific wording in the mandate and characteristics of
the peacekeeping mission (for example, tasks and personnel) which determine
the type of mission.

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Answers

Case study 1:
Traditional
UNMOGIP
Original mandate: April 1948, Security Council resolution 47 (1948)

Case study 2:
Multidimensional
MINUSMA
Original mandate: April 2013, Security Council resolution 2100 (2013)

Case study 3:
Multidimensional
MINUSCA
Original mandate: April 2014, Security Council resolution 2149 (2014)

Case study 4:
Traditional
UNTSO
Original mandate: May 1948, Security Council resolution 50 (1948)

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1.2.3 Case studies: Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

Case Study 1

Conflict Situation Security Council Mandate

There was a dispute between Country A The Security Council requested Country A
and Country B over Territory Z. and Country B to withdraw their armed
forces from Territory Z (demilitarization).
Territory Z was free to join either Country
A or Country B. A UN peacekeeping mission was set up
to help stop the fighting. The Secretary-
Fighting broke out between Country A General appointed a Military Adviser,
and Country B over the matter. Both assisted with a group of unarmed UN
countries sent armed forces to fight in military observers. The ceasefire line was
Territory Z. to be supervised by the UN military
observers.
Eventually a peace agreement was
reached between Country A and The tasks of the UN military observers were
Country B to stop the fighting. The to observe, report and investigate
peace agreement established a complaints of ceasefire violations. They
ceasefire line in Territory Z. were to submit findings to Country A,
Country B, and to the Secretary-General.

The UN military observers were to

accompany the local authorities in their
investigations, gather as much
information as possible, and report as
completely, accurately and impartially as
possible.

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1.2.3 Case studies: Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

Case Study 2

Conflict Situation Security Council Mandate

A war broke out in Country G between The Security Council requested all parties
the Government and rebel groups over involved in the conflict to stop fighting.
the rule of the north.
The Security Council called for the
After defeat by the rebel groups, some support of national and international
soldiers from the army of Country G actors in implementing the transitional
become frustrated and rebel road map.
themselves. The army of Country G itself
overthrows the Government. A military A UN peacekeeping mission was set up
junta takes power. to support the transitional Government in
the stabilization of Country G, and
The military coup helps the rebel groups implementation of the transitional
to seize power in the north. They declare roadmap. The mission would support the
the territory in the north to be an political process and carry out a number
independent State. The rebel groups of security-related stabilization tasks.
start to fight amongst themselves over
power. Tasks included protecting civilians,
human rights monitoring, creating safe
A peace agreement is reached with the conditions for humanitarian assistance
military junta. The peace agreement and the return of displaced persons, the
provides for the establishment of a extension of State authority, and the
transitional Government. The transitional preparation of free, inclusive and
Government is expected to restore State peaceful elections.
control over all territory, and organize
free and fair elections. The mission would also have a robust
mandate to use all necessary means to
A new Government is formed. However, carry out these tasks.
there is still insecurity in Country G. The
rebel groups who seized power in the The mission would be made up of 11, 200
north advanced southwards in Country military personnel (including reserve
G. The rebel groups are strengthened by battalions), 1, 440 police personnel, and
terrorist organizations outside of Country qualified civilian personnel to carry out
G. The rebel groups and army of Country the tasks in the mandate.
G continued to fight over control of
territory.

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1.2.3 Case studies: Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

Case Study 3

Conflict Situation Security Council Mandate

Violent conflict broke out in Country H The Security Council requested all parties
between the Government and a rebel involved in the conflict to stop fighting.
group. The conflict quickly grew to
include fighting between different The Security Council called for
communities. international support to the transitional
Government, and in implementing the
A peace agreement was reached peace agreement.
between the Government and the rebel
group. The peace agreement A UN peacekeeping mission was set up
established a ceasefire. However, the to help with the peaceful resolution of
rebel group seized the capital, and the conflict, protecting civilians, and
forced the President to flee. providing humanitarian assistance.

Eventually a transitional Government Tasks included the protection of civilians,

was set up to restore peace. However, supporting the transitional Government,
tensions continued to exist between the helping with the safe delivery of
communities that had been fighting. humanitarian assistance, promoting and
Clashes continued to erupt between protecting human rights, supporting
these communities. national and international justice and
the rule of law, and the Disarmament,
Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) and
Repatriation (DDRR) of ex-combatants.

The mission would also have a robust

mandate to use all necessary means to
carry out these tasks.

The mission would be made up of 10, 000

military personnel (including 240 military
observers and 200 staff officers), 1, 800
police personnel (including 1, 400
formed police units and 400 individual
police officers), 20 corrections officers,
and qualified civilian personnel to carry
out the tasks in the mandate.

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1.2.3 Case studies: Traditional vs. Multidimensional Peacekeeping

Case Study 4

Conflict Situation Security Council Mandate

There was a dispute between the The Security Council requested all parties
different groups of people living in involved in the conflict to stop fighting.
Territory Y – Group 1 and Group 2.
A temporary border was fixed between
To solve the dispute, there was a plan to Group 1 and Group 2 within Territory Y –
divide Territory Y so that both Group 1 and between Territory Y and the
and Group 2 can create their own neighbouring countries.
country.
A UN peacekeeping mission was set up
The plan was not followed. Fighting in the region. UN military observers would
continued between Group 1 and Group help the UN Mediator supervise the
2. Neighbouring countries joined in the “truce” between the parties involved in
conflict. These countries sent armed the conflict.
forces to Territory Y.
The UN military observers were to monitor
To stop the fighting, peace agreements the ceasefires, supervise the peace
establishing ceasefires were signed by agreements, and prevent incidents from
the different parties involved. turning into major conflicts.

However, many wars continued to take

place over the years in the region over .
this matter.

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Learning Activity 1.2.4

Peace and security activities and types of missions

METHOD RESOURCES

Brainstorming, with stations Learning Activity instructions

PURPOSE

To reinforce individual and group learning on

peace and security activities and types of missions

TIME

25 – 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS

Each team moves from station to station

Brainstorm key points for each type of
peace and security activity, and each type
of mission

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Preparation
Decide on the small groups.
Prepare large flip chart sheets. Prepare a sheet for each type of peace and
security activity and each type of mission. Write one name on each sheet.
o Peace and security activities: conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace
enforcement, peacekeeping, peace-building
o Types of missions: traditional, multi-dimensional, transitional authority
Prepare “stations” by posting the flip chart sheets around the room, with enough
space between them for groups to work on them at the same time. Post them
at writing height (not too high). Make sure flip chart pens are at each station.
Keep peace and security activities together in one section of the room, types of
missions together in another section of the room.

Instructions
1. Introduce and explain the activity.
a) Each team moves from station to station. Time spent at each station is about
3 minutes.
b) The task is to a) brainstorm 1-2 points about the named activity and type of
mission, and b) write these on the flip-charts.
c) Teams are to add to points already noted, not repeat them. Teams need to
move quickly between stations.
2. Set small groups or teams for the activity.
3. Ask teams to move to stations, and begin. Keep the groups moving. Watch the
process. Help when groups get stuck. This may happen near the end of the
exercise, when basic points have been noted.
4. To close, move with the whole group between stations. Review the points on
each flip chart and confirm them, adding any important missed ones. Invite
questions and respond.
5. Summarize the five main types of peace and security activities and the three
types of missions.

Variation
Assign one activity or type of mission to each group. The total number of groups will be
8. Allow 10 minutes for groups to brainstorm. Get all groups to report back. (Use of
stations is recommended because participants have to think about all types, not just
one.)

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Learning Activity 1.2.5

Concepts and definitions – mix and match

METHOD RESOURCES

Mix and match – match key words to Learning Activity instructions

Activity material

PURPOSE

To review concepts presented in Lesson 1.2

TIME

30 minutes
Introduction and instructions: 5 minutes
Work in small groups: 10 minutes
Discussion and questions in large group: 10
minutes
Summarize and close: 5 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS

Match names or concepts with definitions

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Preparation
• Look over the concepts and definitions, and decide how large you want the text
to be. Larger type is easier. Use normal paper for single use, and thicker, more
durable paper for repeat use.
• Decide on groups, not more than 6 people in each. Table groups may work well.
• Format sheets, with each concept and each definition on a separate piece of
paper. Make copies of key concept words and definitions, with enough sets for
the number of groups.
• Depending on the work space available and the size of the work sheets,
consider the option of each group mixing-and-matching using wall space,
instead of at tables. The output of matched names and definitions can stay up
as a visual to reinforce foundation learning

Instructions
1. Introduce the activity and explain the groups, or divide participants into groups.
2. Explain the method, that each group will match names or concepts with
definitions, in 10-15 minutes.
3. Hand out sets of concept words and definitions, one to each group.
4. Circulate, and keep an eye on the process. Help where needed. Watch for
when groups finish.
5. Let people know when half the time is gone.
6. Allow time for questions or comments when the activity is completed.

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1.2.5 Learning Activity Material: Concepts and definitions – mix and match

…involves the use of diplomatic measures or

Conflict Prevention other tools to prevent inter/intra state tensions
(tensions between or within states) from
turning into violent conflict.

… involves measures to deal with existing

Peacemaking conflicts. It usually involves diplomatic action
to bring hostile parties to a negotiated
agreement.

… involves use of coercive measures, such as

sanctions or blockades. Military force may be
Peace Enforcement
authorized, only as a last resort. The Security
Council authorizes all use of coercive
measures.

… a technique designed to preserve the

peace, where fighting has ended, and to
assist in implementing agreements achieved
Peacekeeping by the peacemakers.

…deployed in situations where the main

parties to a conflict have shown their
commitment to a cease-fire or a peace
process.

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…involves a range of measures aimed at

reducing the risk of lapsing or relapsing into
conflict. The national capacity to manage
Peace-building conflict and build a foundation for sustainable
peace and development are strengthened at
all levels.

… a complex, long-term process of creating

the necessary conditions for lasting peace.

…deployed as an interim (temporary)

measure to help manage a conflict. It also
Traditional
creates safer conditions for other actors to
Peacekeeping
work on peacemaking activities.

… do not normally play a direct role in

political efforts to resolve the conflict.

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 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

… typically deployed in the dangerous

aftermath of a violent internal conflict,
Multi-dimensional meaning once there is a peace agreement,
Peacekeeping even a fragile one in place. Goals are two-
fold: a) to create a secure and stable
environment, while at the same time b) to
work with national authorities and partners to
implement a peace agreement.

A Transitional Authority mission is a special

Transitional authority multi-dimensional peacekeeping operation.
In rare circumstances, the mission temporarily
assumes the legislative and administrative
functions of the State.

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 Learning Activity 1.2.1

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UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Learning Activity 1.2.1

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UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

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UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Learning Activity 1.2.1

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UN Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials 2017

 Module 1 – Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities

Evaluation

Note on Use: The three types of learning evaluation questions are:

1) Yes or No
2) Fill in the blank / sentence completion
3) Multiple-choice
4) Narrative

Combine in different ways for pre-assessment and post-assessment. Each evaluation

type covers different content. No sub-set covers all learning outcomes. Make sure
you include learning evaluation questions for each learning outcome when you
combine them.

Three main uses of evaluation questions are: a) informally ask the whole group, b)
semi-formally assign to small groups, or c) formally give to individuals for written
responses.

Other suggestions for evaluating learning follow the table.

Evaluation Questions for Lesson 1.2

Questions Answers

Yes or No Questions
Note: You can use these with the full group or individuals. For the group, you ask
the question, the group answers Yes or No. For individuals, format and hand out the
questions as a brief written quiz.
1. Does the Security Council use three No. The spectrum of peace and
main types of peace and security security activities includes five types of
activities? peace and security activities: conflict
prevention, peace enforcement,
peacemaking, peacekeeping, and
peacebuilding.
2. Does peacekeeping usually take Yes. Peacekeeping usually takes place
place when conflict has ended? where conflict has ended.
Peacekeeping is an approach designed
to “keep” or preserve the peace and
help implement peace agreements.
Parties to a conflict have to agree on
ceasefire agreement or peace process.
3. Can peace enforcement be Yes. The Security Council authorizes
authorized without consent of parties coercive measures when other peaceful
to the conflict? measures have failed. The UN may
authorizes such coercive measures for
humanitarian purposes, to protect
civilians, or if the conflict represents a
threat to international peace and
security. Peace enforcement involves

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coercive measures such as sanctions,

blockades, and the use of armed force.
However, consent of parties to the
conflict is not required for coercive
measures carried out in peace
enforcement.
4. Are peacekeeping and No. Peacekeeping usually happens
peacebuilding the same? after fighting has ended, authorized with
consent of parties to a conflict. It
preserves the peace and helps
implement peace agreements.
Peacebuilding, carried out in the
aftermath of violent conflict, works on
root causes of conflict to create
conditions for lasting peace. It is long-
term. Peacebuilding measures reduce
the risk of lapsing or relapsing into violent
conflict.
5. Do both peace enforcement and Yes. The main areas of difference:
robust peacekeeping require the Peace enforcement involves the use of
Security Council to authorize use of force at the international level (applied
force? internationally – inside and outside of
the host country - by different countries,
regional organizations or the
international community in general),
and without the consent of the parties
to a conflict. “Force” may include
sanctions, blockades or armed force, as
a last resort.
Robust peacekeeping involves the use
of force at the field level ONLY (applied
in the host country by the UN
peacekeeping operation), and requires
the consent of the host country and/or
main parties to the conflict. “Force”
refers to/means armed force only.
6. Do peacekeeping personnel and Yes. Each peace and security activity
their work contribute to conflict contributes to and reinforces other
prevention, peacemaking, peace measures. Progress on other measures
enforcement and peacebuilding? affects peacekeeping. Peacekeeping
work influences conditions for success of
other measures.
7. Does the Security Council use Yes. Peace and security activities
peaceful measures to resolve violent include peaceful measures, AND
conflicts? coercive measures. Coercive measures
use force (including the use of armed
force as a last resort), and are
authorized by the Security Council when
other peaceful measures have failed.
Peacekeeping and peace enforcement
involve coercive measures.

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Sentence Completion
Note: for Questions 6-9, make sure you introduce names of peacekeeping
operations. Adjust questions.
1. ______________ is the use of Conflict prevention
diplomatic measures and other
peaceful tools to prevent tensions
within and between states from
turning into violent conflict.
2. ___________ is the complex and long- Peacebuilding
term process of creating the
necessary conditions for lasting
peace. The conditions for lasting
peace are created by working on
the root causes of violent conflict.
3. ______________ involves measures to Peacemaking
deal with existing conflicts. It usually
involves diplomatic action aimed at
bringing hostile parties to a
negotiated peace agreement.
4. Robust peacekeeping is use of force (a) Field level.
at the(a)_________ level and (b) With the consent of parties to the
(b)_________the consent of parties to conflict.
the conflict.
Peace enforcement involves use of
force at international level, without the
consent of parties to a conflict.
5. Multidimensional peacekeeping Peace agreement
missions create a secure and stable
environment, while supporting
implementation of a
________________.
6. Intra-state conflicts are conflicts (a) Intra-state – within states (within
(a) _________states. Inter-state a state). Internal civil wars.
conflicts are conflicts (b)__________ (b) Inter-state – between states.
states. Border disputes, territorial
disagreements.
First involvement of the UN in
peacekeeping mainly addressed inter-
state conflict. Since the end of the last
century, the Security Council has
increasingly recognized intra-state
conflicts such as civil wars as threats to
international peace and security.
Conflicts in one country spill over to
other countries in a region.
7. The__________________________ UN Security Council
authorizes all UN peace and security
activities.

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Multiple-choice
Note: Check one for each
1. Peacekeeping operations with a mix 4_ Multi-dimensional missions
of military, police and civilian
personnel to carry out diverse
mandated tasks are:
_____1. Observer missions
_____2. Traditional missions
_____3. Robust missions
_____4. Multi-dimensional missions
_____5. Charitable missions
_____6. All
_____7. None
2. The UN responds with appropriate 5_ All
peace and security activities when?
_____1. Before conflict
_____2. During conflict
_____3. After conflict
_____4. None
_____5. All
3. The Security Council has authorized 3_ Protect civilians under immediate
robust peacekeeping mandates to: threat of attack. Ask learners for two
_____1. Negotiate a peace agreement other conditions when the Security
_____2. Develop national police Council has authorized robust
capacity peacekeeping mandates:
_____3. Protect civilians under immediate • To deter forceful attempts to
threat of attack disrupt the political process;
_____4. Begin transfer of a mission’s • To assist national authorities to
functions to a host government and keep law and order.
other parts of the UN
_____5. None
_____6. All
4. Use of force can be authorized by 3. Peacekeeping. Use of force can only
the Security Council in: by authorized in two of five types of
_____ 1. Conflict prevention peace and security measures –
_____ 2. Peacemaking peacekeeping, and peace
_____ 3. Peacekeeping enforcement. (See response to
_____ 4. Peace-building ‘Sentence completion’ question 7 in
_____ 5. None previous section for distinguishing
_____ 6. All between the two types.)

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Narrative
Note: Frame narrative evaluations as questions, requests or directions. You can use
these in class, as a group or individually, or send them as homework. They are
valuable for self-study and assessment, as are the other evaluation questions.
1. Of the five main types of peace and Only two of the five – peacekeeping
security measures available to the and peace enforcement. (See
Security Council, which one(s) may responses to question 7 in the ‘Yes/No’
involve use of force? set of learning evaluation questions for
specifics).
2. What kind of peacekeeping Transitional authority – also a
operation temporarily takes over multidimensional peacekeeping
legislative and administrative State operation.
functions?
3. What are three main differences Traditional
between traditional and - originally designed for wars
multidimensional peacekeeping between countries (inter-state
operations? conflict)
- creates safer conditions as a
buffer between parties to the
conflict, which involves observing
cease-fires and the separation of
forces
- mainly military tasks, involving a
lightly armed international
presence, so mainly military
personnel
- may be led by military personnel
- do not typically play a direct role
in political efforts to resolve a
conflict, but creates safer
conditions for others to work on
peacemaking
- do not carry out state functions,
and do not engage in
governance or capacity-building
activities
Multidimensional
- typically deployed in the
dangerous, unstable aftermath of
violent conflict which has taken
place within a country (intra-
state conflict)
- creates a secure and stable
environment, while supporting
implementation of the peace
agreement
- diverse mandated tasks,
involving a high level of
complexity, so requires a mix of
military, civilian and police

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personnel
- led by civilian personnel
- usually plays a direct role in
political efforts to resolve the
conflict, often more involved in
peacemaking, and plays an
important role in early
peacebuilding
- supports state functions, and
engages in governance or
capacity-building activities
4. When does peacekeeping take
place? Peacekeeping usually takes place
where conflict has ended.
Peacekeeping is an approach
designed to “keep” or preserve the
peace and to help implement peace
agreements. To deploy peacekeeping
operations:
1. The main parties to a conflict
must have committed to a
ceasefire or peace process.
2. They also must agree or
“consent” to work with the UN to
lay foundations for sustainable
peace.

More ways to evaluate learning

Matching exercise. List the five main types of peace and security activities on
separate flip-chart sheets. Read out specific characteristics and get the
group to identify where they belong.

Variation: give participants post-it notes with specific points about each type
written on them, and get them to post information on the correct flip-chart.
Watch for confidence as well as accuracy to gauge depth of learning.

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