Chapter Chemical Reactions

(Rate of reaction)

ATP
 1. A student carried out three experiments to investigate the rate of reaction between
dilute hydrochloric acid and zinc powder.
Experiment 1: 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid were reacted with excess zinc powder. The
volume of gas produced was measured every minute for ten minutes.
Experiment 2 Experiment 1 was then repeated using 100 cm3 of the dilute hydrochloric acid.
The results for these two experiments are shown below.

(a) Label the two lines to identify each experiment. [1]

Experiment 3
Experiment 1 was repeated using 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid which was half as
concentrated as in Experiment 1.
(b) (i) How could the student prepare a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid which was half as

concentrated as the acid in Experiment

1? ........................................................................................................................................

..... .......................................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Sketch, on the grid on page 3, the result that would be expected in Experiment 3. [2]
(c) Complete the diagram to show how the gas could be collected and measured.

(d) Explain how the rate of reaction could be increased in Experiment 3 without changing

the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric

acid. ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.....[3]

2. Two experiments were carried out to show what factors affect the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. In each experiment the volume of gas
produced was measured every minute for ten minutes.

Experiment 1 The student used a mixture of 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide, 50 cm3 of water
and 1 g of manganese(IV) oxide at a room temperature of 20 °C. The results were plotted to
obtain the graph shown.

Experiment 2 The student repeated Experiment 1 but did not record how much of each
substance was used. The points were plotted on the grid.
(a) Complete the graph for Experiment 2. [1]
(b) Suggest the composition of the mixture used in Experiment 2. Explain your suggestion.
composition ............................................................................................................................... ....

................................................................................................................................................

explanation ................................................................................................................................ ....

.......................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) What is the function of the manganese(IV)

oxide? .............................................................................................................................................

. [1]
(d) Sketch on the grid the curve that you would expect if Experiment 1 was repeated at 10 °C.[2]
3. A student investigated the rate of reaction between dilute nitric acid and marble
chips (calcium carbonate). The apparatus below was used.

50 cm3 of dilute nitric acid, an excess, was poured into a beaker. The beaker was placed on a
balance and the marble chips added to the beaker. The apparatus was weighed immediately
and a timer started. The mass of the beaker and contents was measured every minute for ten
minutes.
(a) Use the balance diagrams to record the mass of the beaker and contents in the table.
Complete the table to work out the total loss in mass of the beaker and contents.
 (b) Plot the results on the grid

and
draw a smooth line graph. [3]

(c) Why does the mass of the beaker and contents

decrease? .......................................................................................................................................

....... [1]

(d) (i) Which result appears to be

inaccurate? .....................................................................................................................................

.. [1]

(ii) Use your graph to work out the loss in mass expected at that

time. ....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Sketch on the grid the graph you would expect if the experiment was repeated using the
same mass of smaller marble chips. [2]
4. The rate of reaction between excess calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric
acid was investigated using the apparatus shown below. The temperature of the
hydrochloric acid was 25 °C.

The volume of carbon dioxide evolved was measured every minute for six minutes.
(a) Use the gas syringe diagrams to complete the table of results. [3]
(b) Plot the results on the grid below and draw a smooth line graph.

(c) (i) Which point appears to be inaccurate? Explain

why. ....................................................................................................................................

......... ...................................................................................................................................

.... [2]

(ii) Use your graph to work out the volume of gas expected at that time. Show clearly on the

grid how you worked out your

answer. .....................................................................................................................................

.. [2]

(d) Sketch, on the grid, the graph you would expect if the experiment was repeated using
hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 50 °C. [2]
Practical
1. You are going to investigate the speed of reaction between aqueous hydrochloric acid
and marble chips (calcium carbonate).
Read all the Instructions below carefully before starting the Experiments.
Instructions
Put 5 test-tubes in a line in the rack provided so you can see the graph paper through them. To
each test-tube you are going to add 3 cm3 of different solutions of aqueous hydrochloric acid
and a marble chip. The marble chips are the same size.
Experiment 1 Using the measuring cylinder pour 3 cm3 of the solution P of aqueous
hydrochloric acid into the first test-tube.
Experiment 2 Using the measuring cylinder pour 3 cm3 of the solution Q of aqueous
hydrochloric acid into the second test-tube.
Experiments 3, 4 and 5 Repeat Experiment 1 using 3 cm3 of the solutions of aqueous
hydrochloric acid R, S and T in the third, fourth and fifth test-tubes. Into all of the test-tubes
quickly place a marble chip and start the timer. Shake the tubes from time to time. Look at the
tubes from the side. Take the time in seconds for each tube when the lines on the graph paper
can be seen through all of the acid in that tube. Do not stop the timer until all the reactions are
finished. Record the times in the table.
Table of results
(a) Plot your results on the grid. Draw a best-fit straight line graph.

(b) Describe how the appearance of the mixture in the test-tubes changed as you timed the
reaction.
____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________ [3]
(c) (i) Which Experiment has the fastest rate of reaction?
_________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) Explain why this Experiment has the fastest rate.

____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________[2]

(d) (i) In the Experiments which of the reactants is in excess?

__________________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) Explain your answer to (d)(i).

____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________[2]

(e) (i) State two sources of error in the Experiments.

1__________________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________[2]

(ii) Suggest two improvements to reduce the sources of error in the Experiments.

1__________________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________[2]
2. You are going to investigate the speed of reaction when aqueous hydrogen peroxide
breaks down using a catalyst. Manganese(IV) oxide is the catalyst. A catalyst remains
unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Read all the Instructions below carefully before starting the experiments.

Instructions

Experiment 1 Using a measuring cylinder, pour 20 cm3 of the hydrogen peroxide solution
labelled A into the conical flask. Fill the 50 cm3 measuring cylinder provided with water and set
up the apparatus as in the diagram below. Add one spatula measure of manganese(IV) oxide to
the conical flask, quickly put the bung in the flask and start your timer.

Measure the volume of gas collected in the measuring cylinder at 10 seconds and at 20
seconds and record the results in the table opposite. Pour away the contents of the conical flask
and rinse the flask with distilled water.

Experiment 2 Using the measuring cylinder, pour 15 cm3 of the solution A of aqueous hydrogen
peroxide into the conical flask. Now add 5 cm3 of distilled water to the flask. Set up the
apparatus as in Experiment 1. Repeat the instructions as given for Experiment 1, adding one
spatula measure of manganese(IV) oxide to the flask and measuring the volume of gas given off
at 10 seconds and 20 seconds. Record your results in the table.

Experiment 3 Repeat Experiment 1 using 10 cm3 of solution A and 10 cm3 of distilled water.
Record your results in the table.

Experiment 4 Repeat Experiment 1 using 5 cm3 of solution A and 15 cm3 of distilled water.
Record your results in the table.

Table of results
 (a) Plot your results on the grid for each Experiment. Draw 4 graphs. Label each line
clearly with the number of the Experiment.

(b) Describe the appearance of the mixture in the conical flask as you timed the reaction.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________[1]
(c) (i) Which Experiment has the fastest rate of reaction?

_______________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) Explain, in terms of particles, why this Experiment has the fastest rate.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________[2]

(d) (i) State two sources of error in the Experiments.

1________________________________________________________________________

2______________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Suggest two improvements to reduce the sources of error in the Experiments.

1_______________________________________________________________________

2______________________________________________________________________ [2]

(e) State a practical method you could use to prove that manganese(IV) oxide was a catalyst in

Experiment 1.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________[2]
3. You are going to investigate the effect of temperature on the speed of reaction
between hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium thiosulfate. When these chemicals react
they form a precipitate, which makes the solution go cloudy. The formation of this
precipitate can be used to show how fast the reaction proceeds.

Read all the instructions below carefully before starting the experiments

You are going to carry out five experiments.

Experiment 1 Using the large measuring cylinder pour 50 cm3 of aqueous sodium thiosulfate
into the conical flask. Measure the temperature of the solution and record it in the table. Place
the conical flask on the printed insert provided. Place 10 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid provided
into the small measuring cylinder. Add the acid to the liquid in the flask and immediately start
your timer and shake the flask. Record in the table of results the time taken for the printed
words to disappear from view. Measure and record the final temperature of the liquid. Wash out
the flask thoroughly with water and rinse with distilled water.
Experiment 2 Pour 50 cm3 of aqueous sodium thiosulfate into the conical flask. Heat the
solution gently until the temperature is about 30°C. Remove the flask from the heat, measure
the temperature of the solution and record it in the table. Place 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid into
the small measuring cylinder and repeat Experiment 1. Measure and record the final
temperature of the liquid. Wash out the flask thoroughly with water and rinse with distilled water.

Experiment 3 Repeat Experiment 2, this time heating the sodium thiosulfate solution to about 40
°C before adding the hydrochloric acid. Measure the temperatures and record them in the table.

Experiment 4 Repeat Experiment 2, this time heating the sodium thiosulfate solution to about 50
°C before adding the hydrochloric acid. Measure and record the temperatures in the table.

Experiment 5 Repeat Experiment 2, this time heating the sodium thiosulfate solution to about 60
°C before adding the hydrochloric acid. Measure and record the temperatures in the table.
Complete the table of results.

Table of results
(b) Describe the appearance of the solution in the conical flask at the end of each experiment.

_______________________________________________________________________[1]

(c) (i) In which experiment was the speed of reaction greatest?

_______________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) Explain why the speed was greatest in this experiment.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________[3]

(d) Why is the same volume of sodium thiosulfate and the same volume of hydrochloric acid
used in each experiment?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________[1]

(e) (i) From your graph deduce the time for the printed words to disappear if Experiment 2 was
repeated at 70°C. Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________[3]

(ii) Sketch on the grid the curve you would expect if all the experiments were repeated using 50
cm3 of more concentrated sodium thiosulfate solution. [1]

(f) Explain one change that could be made to the experimental method to obtain more accurate
results.

Change__________________________________________________________________

Explanation_____________________________________________________________ [2]

[Total:20]