3.

Corporate Valuation
Study Session 3

LOS 1 : Introduction

LOS 2 : Dividend Yield Valuation Method

𝐃𝐏𝐒
Dividend Yield =
𝐌𝐏𝐒

𝐃𝐏𝐒
MPS =
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝

Note:
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐝
DPS =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬

Total Market Value = MPS × Total Number of Equity share

LOS 3 : Earning Yield Valuation Method

𝐄𝐏𝐒
Earning Yield =
𝐌𝐏𝐒

𝐄𝐏𝐒
MPS =
𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝

𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬

Therefore, EPS =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬
 3.2

LOS 4 : P/E Ratio Valuation Model

𝐌𝐏𝐒
P / E Ratio =
𝐄𝐏𝐒

MPS = EPS × P/E Ratio

LOS 5 : Value Based on Future Maintainable Profits (FMP’s)

𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭

Value of Business =
𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞

Value of Business – Market Value of Debt = Value of Equity

Calculation of Future Maintainable Profits:

Average Past Year Profits before tax xxx

Add : All Profit likely to arise in Future xxx
All Actual Expenses & Losses not likely to occur in future xxx
Less : All Profit not likely to occur in Future xxx
All Actual Expenses & Losses likely to occur in future xxx
Future Maintainable Profits (FMP’s) before tax xxx
Less : Tax xxx
FMP’s after tax xxx

Note:

Treatment of Sunk Cost

Sunk Cost are those cost which are not relevant for decision making. These cost must be totally ignored.
Example: Allocated Fixed Cost, R & D cost already incurred.

LOS 6 : Net Asset Valuation Method (For Equity)

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲

NAV per Share =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬

Note:

1. The following external liabilities should be deducted

 All short term (Current Liabilities) and Long Term Liabilities (Debenture, Loans, etc) including
outstanding and accrued interest.
 Provision for Taxation
 Liabilities not provided for in the accounts i.e. Contingent Liabilities which have crystallized now.
 Liabilities arising out of prior period adjustment
 Preference Share Capital including Arrears of dividend and proposed preferred Dividend
 Proposed Equity Dividend (If the objective is to determine ex-dividend value of equity share).
2. Total assets doesn’t include Miscellaneous Expenditure to the extend not yet written-off, fictitious
assets, accumulated losses, profit & Loss (Dr.) Balance.
3. NAV may be calculated by using
 3.3

a) Book Value (BV): The BV of an asset is an accounting concept based on the historical data given
in the balance sheet of the firm.
b) Market Value (MV): The MV of an asset is defined as the price which is prevailing on the market.
c) Liquidating Value (LV): The LV refers to the net difference between the realizable value of all
assets and the sum total of external liabilities. This net difference belongs to the owners/
shareholders and is known as LV.
4. If question is silent always prefer Market Value weights.

LOS 7 : Economic Value Added (EVA)

It is excess return over minimum return which is expected by the company on its Capital employed.

EVA = NOPAT – K0 × Average Capital Invested

Calculation of NOPAT:

 NOPAT means, Net Operating Profit After Tax but before any distribution of Interest, Preference
Dividend and Equity Dividend.

i.e. NOPAT = EBIT (1 – Tax Rate)

Note: It excludes non-operating income & expenses/losses like

 Profit/Loss on Sale of Fixed Assets

 Interest on non-trade investment
 Profit/Loss on trading in shares & bonds
 Interest income from Loans & Advances

Calculation of Cost of Overall Capital:

K0 = Cost of Overall Capital = WACC = Weighted Average Cost of Capital

K e W e + K r W r + KDWD + KPWP

Note:

1. K d = Interest (1- Tax Rate)

2. K e = R f + β (R m –Rf) Or K e = +g
3. K p = Preference Dividend (1 + CDT)
4. Calculation of Average Capital Invested:

𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 + 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫

𝟐
5. Calculation of Capital Invested:

Equity share capital

Add Preference share capital
Reserve & Surplus
Debenture/Bonds
Long-Term Loan
Less P/L (Dr. Balance)
Preliminary Expenses
Miscellaneous Expenditure
 3.4

Note: It excludes:

 Investment in Equity shares & Bonds

 Loans & Advances
 Non-Trade Investment
𝐄𝐁𝐈𝐓 𝐄𝐁𝐈𝐓
6. Financial Leverage = Or =
𝐄𝐁𝐓 𝐄𝐁𝐈𝐓 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭

7. EBIT = EBT + Interest

EBIT = + Interest
( )

EBIT = + Interest
( )

Note :

 Operating profits may have to be adjusted using matching concept.

 There might be some intangible assets such as patents, trademark etc. which is not shown in
balance sheet, we need to include that in invested capital.
 The balance sheet figures of assets & liabilities are at book value. If replacement cost is provided,
take invested capital at replacement cost instead of Book Value.

LOS 8 : Value of Business using EVA Method

Valuation of Business using EVA Method (Assume Constant growth after 2 years):
𝐄𝐕𝐀𝟐 (𝟏 𝐠)
𝐄𝐕𝐀𝟏 𝐄𝐕𝐀𝟐 𝐊𝐨 𝐠
MVA = + +
( 𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟏 ( 𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟐 ( 𝟏 𝐊 𝐨 )𝟐

MVA = Value of Business – Total Capital Employed

Value of Business = Total Capital Employed + MVA

LOS 9 : Discounted Cash Flow approach or Free Cash Flow Approach or Value of
Business using FCFE & FCFF
Under this approach, we will calculate value of business by discounting the future cash flows.

Steps Involved:

Step 1: Calculation of Free Cash Flow of each Year.

Step 2: Calculate Terminal Value at the end of forecast period.
Step 3: Compute Discount Rate
Step 4: Calculate Present Value of Business/ Equity by discounting the Cash Flows & Terminal Value.

Calculation of Terminal Value / Continuing Value / Salvage Value

Terminal Value is calculated at the end of the Project Life or at the end of the forecasted period.

Note:

 Given in the Question.

 Assumption of Growth Model (Let’s assume Growing Cash Flow after 3 Years)
 3.5
𝐂𝐅𝟑 (𝟏 𝐠)
𝐂𝐅𝟏 𝐂𝐅𝟐 𝐂𝐅𝟑 𝐊𝐨 𝐠
P0 = + + +
(𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟏 (𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟐 (𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟑 (𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟑

 Assumption of Constant Model/ Perpetuity Approach (Let’s assume Constant Cash Flow after
3 Years)
𝐂𝐅𝟑
𝐂𝐅𝟏 𝐂𝐅𝟐 𝐂𝐅𝟑 𝐊𝐨
P0 = + + +
(𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟏 (𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟐 (𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟑 (𝟏 𝐊 𝟎 )𝟑

 Continuing value/ Terminal Value is calculated because it is not easy to estimate realistic cash flows,
so we take uniform assumption of Constant Model or Growth Model.

Calculation of FCFF

EBITDA xxx
Less : Depreciation(NCC) xxx
EBT xxx
Less : Tax xxx
NOPAT xxx
Add : Depreciation (NCC) xxx
Less : Increase in Working Capital (WCInv) xxx
Less : Capital Expenditure (FCInv) xxx
Free Cash Flow For Firm (FCFF) xxx

Calculation of FCFE

Method 1 : When Debt-financing ratio is given:

EBITDA xxx
Less : Depreciation & Amortisation xxx
EBIT xxx
Less : Interest xxx
EBT xxx
Less : Tax xxx
PAT xxx
Add : Depreciation × % Equity Invested xxx
 3.6

Less: Increase in Working Capital × % Equity Invested xxx

Less: Capital Expenditure × % Equity Invested xxx
Free Cash Flow for Equity (FCFE) xxx

Method 2 : When Debt-financing ratio is not given:

EBITDA xxx
Less : Depreciation & Amortisation xxx
EBIT xxx
Less : Interest xxx
EBT xxx
Less : Tax xxx
PAT xxx
Add : Depreciation (NCC) xxx
Less: Increase in Working Capital (WCInv) xxx
Less: Capital Expenditure (FCInv) xxx
Add : Net Borrowings xxx
Free Cash Flow for Equity (FCFE) xxx

LOS 10 : Valuation with NPV decision

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐏𝐕
Revised MPS = Existing MPS ±
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬

LOS 11 : Market Value Added (MVA)

From Equity Point of View

𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 – 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲

MVA = for equity shareholders
𝐚𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐤𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐀/𝐜′𝐬

= MPS × No. of Equity share – Equity Shareholder’s Fund.

Note:

Equity share capital

Add Reserve & Surplus
Less P/L (Dr. Balance)
Preliminary Expenses
Miscellaneous Expenditure

From Overall company’s Point of View

MVA = Value of the company based on Free Cash Flows – Total Capital Employed
 3.7

Note: Total Capital Employed

Equity share capital
Add Preference share capital
Reserve & Surplus
Debenture/Bonds
Long-Term Loan
Less P/L (Dr. Balance)
Preliminary Expenses
Miscellaneous Expenditure