CHEMISTRY

FORMULA BOOK

IIT JAM CUET GATE NET

ANUP PARALI
 CHEMISTRY
GENERAL FORMULAE BOOK
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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC MASS & MOLECULAR MASS

Average mass of one atom of an element

1. Relative Atomic Mass = 1  mass of one atom of C  12 isotope
12

where 112  mass of one atom of C  12 isotope = 1 amu = 1.6606 10 27 kg
2.

Re lative Atomic Mass 

 RA1  A1    RA2  A2    RA3  A3 
 RA1  RA2  RA3 
where RA  Re lative Abundance &
A  Mass number of different isotopes of an element

6.4
3. Atomic mass  (only for solids )
Specific Heat (in cal g 1 )
4. Atomic mass  Equivalent mass  valency

Mass of one molecule of a subs tan ce

5. Molecular mass = 1  mass of one atom of C  12 isotope
12

6. Molecular Mass  2 Vapour Density

7. Molecular mass  mass of 22.4 L of Vapours at STP
Mass (in g )
8. Atomic mass 
Number of moles ;

Mass (in g )
Molecular mass 
Number of moles

MOLE CONCEPT
Mass (in g )
9. Number of Moles 
Gram Atomic Mass / Gram Molecular Mass

10. Number of Particles  Number of Moles  N A

Where N A is Avogadro Number  6.023 10 23

V in cm3 V in dm3
11. Number of Moles  
22, 400cm3 22.4 dm3

M  V in cm3
12. Number of Moles 
1000

1
METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

w %  weight of the component  100

13. w Total weight of the solution

v %  Volume of the component  100

14. v TotalVolume of the solution

15. w %  weight of a component present in 100 cm3 of solution

v
number of moles of solute mass (in g ) 1000
16. Molarity(M )   
Volumeof solutionin L Gram Molecular Mass Vcm3

number of moles of solute mass (in g ) 1000

17. Molality ( m)   
weight of solvent in g Gram Molecular Mass Weight of solvent in g

number of moles of a component

18. Mole Fraction( x ) 
Total number of moles
If the solution is made up of three components 1, 2 & 3 then
n1 n2 n3
x1  ; x2  ; x3 
n1  n2  n3 n1  n2  n3 n1  n2  n3 & x1  x2  x3  1

mass of a component Volume of a component

19. ppm   106  106
Total mass of solution TotalVolume of solution

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS / TITRATION

M 1V1 M 2V2
20. 
n1 n2

M 1 ,V1 & n1  Molarity,Volume & number of moles of reac tan t 1

M 2 ,V2 & n2  Molarity,Volume & number of moles of reac tan t 2

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ATOMIC NUMBER & MASS NUMBER
1. An element X can be represented as
A
Z X or Z X A where Z  Atomic Number ; A  Mass Number
Number of Neutrons n  ( A  Z )
2. Isotopes have same Z but different A
Isobars have same A but different Z
Isotones have same (A-Z) but different A as well as Z
Isodiaphers have same isotopic nymber (A-2Z) or (n - Z)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT

3. Relationship between wavelength(  ), frequency( ), wave number( ) and velocity(c) of light

c 1 
(i )  (ii )   (iii ) 
  c
4. Planck’s Theory: E  h

where h is Planck ' s cons tan t  6.626  10 34 Js  6.626  1027 erg s

2
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
h
5. mvr  n
2
6. Energy of electronin " nth " orbit of H & H  like Species
18 2
13.6Z 2 1 2.17210 Z 1 Z2
En  eV atom  eV atom ; En
n2 n2 n2
Energy of electronin " nth " orbit of H  like species

En  Z 2 En where En is the energy of electron in H  atom

7. Radius of " nth " orbit of H & H  like Species
5.29  10 11 n 2 n2
rn  m ; rn 
Z Z
8. Velocity of electron in " nth " orbit of H & H  like Species
2.188  106 Z Z
vn  m / s ; vn 
n n
9. Velocity of electron in 1st Orbit is = c/137
Velocity of electronin nth orbit v
10. th
Number of revolutions made per sec ond in " n " orbit  th
 n
Circumference of the n orbit 2 rn

PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT

1 2  0   
11. Kinetic energy of Photoelectrons  2 mv  hv  hv0  hc   . 
 0 
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
h
12. x  p  ; where x  uncerta int y in position , p  uncerta int y in momentum
4

de-Broglie Hypothesis
h h
13.  
mv P
QUANTUM NUMBERS
14. Principal quantum number: n = 1,2,3,.....
Maximum no. of electrons in a shell 2n 2
15. Azimuthal quantum number: l  0,1, 2,........( n  1)
h
Orbital angular momentum  l (l  1)
2
16. Magnetic quantum number(m): m   l ,....0,.....  l
Totally there are (2l  1) values i.e., (2l  1) orbitals
Number of Orbitals is also given by n 2

17. Spin quantum number (s): s   1 2

h
Spin angular momentum S  s ( s  1)
2
Spin Only magnetic moment,  s  n(n  2) B.M
3
18. Number of spherical nodes in an Orbital  n  l  1
Total number of nodes = n
Number of nodal planes in an orbital = l

Schrodinger Wave Equation

 2  2  2 8 2 m 2 8 2 m
19.    ( E  V )  0 or    ( E  V )  0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h2 h2

THERMODYNAMICS
HEAT & MECHANICAL WORKDONE
1. w H ; w  J  H where J is mechanical equivalent of heat
which is  4.184  107 erg  4.184J
2. First Law of thermodynamics U  q  w
3. Sign convention for workdone and heat
w   ve  workdone on the system; w   ve  workdone by the system
q   ve  Heat is absorbed by the system;
q   ve  Heat is given out by the system
4. Isothermal irreversible expansion wirr   Pext V
5. Workdone during Isothermal reversible process

V  P
wrev  2.303nRT log  2   2.303nRT log  1 
 V1   P2 
6. Workdone during Adiabatic reversible process wrev  nCv T
INTERNAL ENERGY & ENTHALPY
7. H  U  PV ; H  U  P  V ; H   U  n g RT

8. At cons tan t V , qv  U ; At cons tan t P, q p  H

q
9. Heat Capacity C  ; C p  Cv  R
T2  T1
0 0 0
10. H Re action  H f (Pr oducts )  H f (Re ac tan ts )

11. Determination of internal energy by Bomb caloriemeter

M
U  C  T 
m
where M  molecular mass & m  mass of subs tan ce
12. Efficiency of Heat Engine
W q2  q1 T2  T1
  
q2 q2 T2
ENTROPY
qrev
13. Entropy Change, S 
T
14. II law of thermodynamics: S system  S surr  0

H fusion HVapourization
15. S fusion  ; SVapourization 
T fusion Tvapourization
4
GIBB’S FREE ENERGY
16. G  H  TS ; G  H  T S ; G  Wusefull
0 0 0
17. GRe action  G f (Pr oducts )  G f (Re ac tan ts )

18. G 0   nFEcell
0
; G 0   RT ln K

EQUILIBRIUM
PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. Henry’s Law: p  K H x
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
a b
2. Law of Mass Action: For the reaction aA  bB  cC  dD; r  k  A   B  at cons tan t T
3. Law of Chemical equilibrium for the reaction
aA( g )  bB( g )  cC ( g )  dD( g )
c d
C  D
Kc  a b KP 
pCc  pDd
 A  B pAa  pBb

nc
where C   ; pC  xC  Ptotal
V in L
4. Relationship between K C & K P :
n g
K P  K C ( RT ) ; where ng  ngaseous products  ngaseous reac tan ts
5. Reaction coefficient (Q)
c d

Q
C   D  at any stage of reversible reaction
a b
 A  B 
At equilibrium Q  K
6. For a reversible reaction aA  bB  cC  dD , let the equilibrium constant be K. Then
(i)for the reaction , 2aA  2bB  2cC  2dD, the equilibrium constant is K   K 2
a b c d
(ii) for the reaction A  B  C  D, the equilibrium constant is K   K 12  K
2 2 2 2

(iii) for the reaction cC  dD  aA  bB, the equilibrium constant is K   1 K

G o
7. K e RT ; G 0   RT ln K  2.303RT log K
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
C 2
9. Ostwald’s Dilution Law: K ;  K
1  C

Ka
For weak monobasic acids  
C
Kb
For weak mono acidic base  
C
10. Relative strengh of two weak monobasic acids

strength of weak acid HA1 K a1


strength of weak acid HA2 K a2
   14
11. Ionic Product of water K w   H   OH   10 at 298 K
5
pH & pOH
12.  H   or OH    nC ;  H    K a C ; OH    K b C

13. pH   log  H   ; pOH   log OH   ; pH  pOH  pK w  14 at 298K

14. Henderson’s Equation
 Salt 
(i) pH of acidic buffer: pH  pK a  log
 Acid 
 Salt 
(ii) pOH of basic buffer: pOH  pK b  log
 Base 
15. Buffer Capacity
No. of moles of acid or base added to1 L of buffer solution n

Changein pH pH
Hydrolysis of salts
16. For salts of weak acid and strong base

Kw Kh
Hydrolysis cons tan t , K h  ; Degree of Hydrolysis, h 
Ka C
1 1
pH   pK w  pK a  log C   7   pK a  log C 
2 2
17. For salts of strong acid and weak base

Kw Kh
Hydrolysis cons tan t , K h  ; Degree of Hydrolysis, h 
Kb C
1 1
pH   pK w  pK b  log C   7   pK b  log C 
2 2
18. For salts of weak acid and weak base
Kw
Hydrolysis cons tan t , K h  ; Degree of Hydrolysis, h  K h
K a Kb
1 1
pH   pK w  pK b  pK b   7   pK a  pK b 
2 2
Solubility(S) & Solubility Product(Ksp)
y x x y
19. For a salt of type Ax By ; K sp   A   B 
  2
20. For a salt of type AB; K sp   A   B   ( S )( S )  S ; S  K sp

K sp
21. For a salt of type A2 B and AB2 : K sp  4S 3 ; S  3
4

STATES OF MATTER
Gas Laws
1
2. Boyle’s law equation: Vα or PV=constant or P1V1 =P2 P2
P
V V V
3. Charle’s law Equation: VαT or =constant or 1  2
T T1 T2

6
4. Pressure law (Amonto’s law equation):
P P P
P T or  cons tan t or 1  2
T T1 T2
5. Avogadro’s law: V  n
6. Equation of state (Ideal gas): PV  nRT
7. Valves of R: 0.0821 L-tm K 1mol 1  0.314  107 ergs K 1mol 1

 8.314 JK 1mol 1  1.987   2  cal K 1mol 1

PV
1 1 PV
8. General gas Equation:  2 2
T1 T2
1
9. Kinetic gas equation: PV  mNu 2
3

r1 M2 d2
10. Graham’s law of Diffusion:  
r2 M1 d1

11. Dalton’s law of Partial pressures: P  p1  p2  p3  ....

12. Partial pressure of any component (say A), PA  x A .P
Where x A is mole fraction of A and P is total pressure.

PM
13. Molar mass and density: d=
RT
3
15. Average kinetic energy of gas: KE= kT
2
R
where k 
N 0 is known as Boltzmann constant.

3RT
16. Root mean square velocity: urms 
M

2RT
17. Most probable velocity:  
M

8RT
18. Average Velocity: v 
M

8
19. Relationship between velocities: u : v :   3 : : 2  1.224 :1.128 :1

PV
20. Compressibility factor: Z 
nRT
1
21. Collision frequency: Z   2vN 2
2
1
22. Mean free path:  
2 2 n
a
23. Critical temperature: Pc 
27 Rb

7
24. Critical volume: Vc  3b

3
25. c c 
Relation between critical constants PV RTc
8
a
26. Boyles’ temperature: TB 
Rb
C p  Cv  R...... for 1 mole gas

Cp Cp
   1.66    1.66  for monoatomic gas 
Cv Cv
=1.40(for diatomic gas) =1.30(for triatomic gas)

 an 2 
26. van der Waal equation of state:  P   V  nb   nRT
 V2 

STATES OF MATTER(SOLID STATE)

2. Calculation of number of particles per unit cell
Contribution of each atom at the corner= 1/8
Contribution of each atom at the face center=1/2
Contribution of each atom at the edge center=1/4
Contribution of each atom at the body centre=1
3. Relationship between radius (r) of a void and the radius (R) of the spheres in the close packing
For a tetrahedral void: r  0.225R
For an octrahedral void: r  0.414 R
4. Radius ratio rules:
Co-ordination
Radius ratio  r / r  Structural arrangement
number
0.155-0.225 3 Planar triangular
0.225-0.414 4 Tetrahedral
0.414-0.732 6 Octahedral
0.732-1.000 8 Body centered cubic

5. Relation between number of voids and spheres in close packing of n spheres

Number of octahedral voids=n Number of tetrahedral voids=2n
6. Relation between nearest neighbours distance (d) and edge length (a) of cubic unit cell

3a
Simple cubic Body-centred cubic Face-centred cubic d a d  0.866a
2
a
d  0.707a
2
7. Relatin between atomic radius ( r) and edge length (a) in case of pure elements having cubic unit cell
d
For pure elements: r 
2
a
Simple cubic Body-centred cubic Face-centred cubic r  r  3a / 4  0.433a
2
r  a / 2 2  0.3535a
8
8. Calculation of density    of a cubic crystal from its edge length  a 

ZM
 3
Density,  in g cm   a  N 0  1030
3

where
Z= number of atoms per uit cell ( For elements)
= number of formula units per unit cell (For ionic compounds)
M= atomic mass of the elements/formula mass of the ionic compound
a= edge length in pm.

CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate/Velocity of Reaction
1. For a hypothetical chemical reaction, aA  bB  aC  dD
Instantaneous rate expression:
1 d  A 1 d  B  1 d C  1 d  D
Rate     
a dt b dt c dt d dt
x y
Rate law: Rate  k  A  B   k  rate constant 
The rate law is determined by experiments and connot be written from the balanced equation.
 x  y  may be or may not be equal to  a  b  .
where  x  y  = Order of reaction
(a+b) = Molecularity of reaction
3. Unit of rate and rate constant
Rate of reaction : mol L1s 1
Rate constant (k)
Order of reaction Units
Zero order mol L1time 1
1st order time 1
2nd order mol 1 Ltime 1
2rd order mol 2 L2time 1
1 n
nth order  mol L  1
time 1
4. Intergrated rate equations

k
 A0   A  x and t 
a
 For a zero order reaction: 1/ 2
t t 2k

2.303  A0 2.303 a

 For a first order reaction: k  log  log
t  A t ax

t1/ 2  0.693 / k

 A0
Amount of substance left after n half lives of a first reaction 
2n
1 1 1  1 x 
 For a second order reaction: k       
t   A  A0  t  a  a  x  
1
t1/ 2 
ka
9
 For a third order reaction:

1 1 1  1  x  2a  x  
k  2   
t   A  A2  2t  a 2  a  x  2 
 0   

3
t1/ 2 
2ka 2
Time taken to complete 75% of the reaction, t0.75  2  t0.50 , where t0.50 is the time taken to complete
50% of reaction i.e., t1/ 2
 General expression for integrated rete equation of an nth order reaction and its t1/ 2 .

d  A n
  k  A  n  1
dt
On integrating

1  1 1 
k  n 1  n 1

t  n  1   A  0 
A


1  1 1 
t  n 1  n 1

k  n  1   A  A  
 0 

2n 1  1
t1/ 2   For n  1
k  n  1 a n 1
These equation are not valid for first order reaction.
5. Arrhenius equation
 k  Ae  Ea / RT where k is rate constant A is frequency constant, Ea is activation energy, R is universal
gas constant and T is temperature
Ea  1 
log k      log A
2.303R  T 
1 Ea
When a graph is plotted by taking log k v/s , we get straight line with a negative slope = 
T 2.303R
and y- inetrcept = log A

k2 Ea  1 1 
 log      R  8.314 JK 1mol 1 
k1 2.303R  T1 T2  

SOLUTIONS
wB
1. mass%   100
wA  wB

wB  g 
2. Molarity 
V L M B

wB  g 
3. Molality 
wA  kg   M B

10
 wB
4. ppm   106
wA  wB
nA
5. Mole fraction of A, x A 
n A  nB
nA
mole fraction of B, xB 
n A  nB
x A  xB  1
wA
mass fraction of A 
wA  wB
wB
mass fraction B 
wA  wB

8. Raoults’s law
 If both components are volatile
PA  x A p 0 A and PB  xB P 0 B
PTotal  PA  PB  x A P 0 A  xB p 0 B

 1  xB  p 0 A  xB P 0 B  1  xB  p 0 A  xB p 0 B   P 0 B  p 0 A  xB  p 0 A
If only solvent (A) is volatile
Vapour pressure of solution, ps  x A p 0 A

1 pA
Mole fraction of A in vapour phase, x A 
p A  pB
9. Relative lowering of vapour pressure:
wB M A
p A p 0 A  ps MB 
  xB ;  P0  p 
p0 A p0 A wA  A 0 s 
 p A 
10. Elevation in boiling point
RTb2 K b  wB  1000
Tb  K b m; kb  ; MB 
1000 Lvap Tb  wA
11. Depression in freezing point
RT f2 K f  wB  1000
T f  K f m; K f  ; MB 
1000 L f T f  wA
12. Osmotic pressure
n w RT
  CRT  RT ; M B  B
V V
R  0.0821 L atm K 1 (when P is atm and V is in L)
 8.314 jK 1mol 1 ( when P is Nm 2 or pascals and V is in m3 ) For isotomic solutions  1   2
13. Van’t Hoff factor
Van’t Hoff factor,
Observed value colligative property Calculated mol.mass
i= =
Calculated value of colligative property Observed mol.mass
11
 For dissociation i>1; For association i<1.
For solution undergoing association or dissociation,
p A inB

p A inB  n A ,
0

Tb  i  kb  m ,
T f  i  k f  m ,
n
 i RT
V
i 1
14. Degree of dissociation   
n 1
n
15. Degree of association    1  i 
n 1
In the above expressions:
A refers to
wA = mass of solvent (g)
V= Volume of solution (L)
T f =Freezing point depresion
K f = Cryoscopic or molal depression constant
T f = Freezing point of pure solvent
Lvap = Latent heat of vaporisation of solvent
GEM = Gram equivalent mass of solute
x A = Mole fraction of solvent
nA = No. of moles of A
B refers to solute
wB = mass of solute (g)
M B = Molecular mass of solute
Tb =Boiling point Elevation
K b = Ebuilioscopic constant or molal elevation constant
Tb = Boiling point of pure solvent
L f =Latent heat of fusion of solvent
xB = Mole fraction of solute
nB = No. of moles of B.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolytic Conductance
1
1. R    cell cons tan t
a
where R is the resistance in ohms    , a is the area of cross-section of electrodes in cm 2 , l is the

distance between electrodes in cm and  is the specific resistance or resistivity in ohm cm  cm  .
Unit of the cell constant is cm 1 .
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2. Specific conductance  (kappa) is reciprocal of specific resistance R.
1 1
 and C 
 R
1
 C  C  cell cons tan t
a
units of conductance (C) are ohm 1 . ohm 1 is also known as mho.

Units of specific conductance    are ohm 1cm 1 or cm 1

1 R Observed resistance
3. Cell constant   
a  Specific resistance
 Specific conductance
Cell cons tan t  
C Observed conductance

   1000cm3 L1
4. Molar conductance ^ m  
Cm Molarity
where  is specific conductance and Cm is the molar concentration of solution in mol cm 3 .
Units of molarity are molL1 or M .
Units of specific conductance or molar conductivity are ohm1cm 2 mol 1 or
mho cm 2 mol 1 or S cm 2 mol 1 .
Before substituting the value of Cm in the formula, change its units to mol cm 3 .

6. According to Kohlraush’s Law, molar conductance at infinite dilution

  
^ 0m  Ax By   x 0 m A y   y 0 m B x  
Where x and y are the number of cations and anions furnished by one formula unit of the electrolyte
on complete dissociation.
m0  A y   and m0  B x   are the molar conductivities of cation A y  and anion B x  respectively at infi-
nite dilution or zero concentration.
8. Units of molar conductance are  1cm 2 mol 1

Molar conductance at given concentration ^ cm 

9. Degree of dissociation,  
Molar conductance at infinite dilution  ^ 
0
c

C 2
10. Dissociation constant, K c  (only for weak electrolytes of type A B  )
1 
11. Units of ^ 0m are  1cm 2 mol 1 . Units of concentration C, are generally mol L1 .
Electrolytic Phenomenom
12. Q=nF,where Faraday cons tan t , F  96, 500Cmol 1
13. Quantity of electricity passed in coulombs = current ( in amperes ) x Time ( in seconds)
14. Electrochemical equivalent, Z=E/96500.
where E is the equivalent mass of the substance.
15. Mass of the substance liberated, W=I×t×Z
where I= current passed in amperes
t= time for which current is passed in seconds
Z= electrochemical equivalent of the substance liberated .
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16. If same quantity of electricity is passed though different electrolystes, then the masses of different
substances liberated are in the ratio of their equivalent masses.
Mass of A liberated Eq.mass of A

Mass of B liberated Eq.mass of B

Electrochemical Phenomenon
17. 1 L = 1L  103 cm3 ,1 1  1mho  1S
0 0 0 0 0
18. Standard EMF of a cell, Ecell  Ecathode  Eanode  ERight  ELeft
19. Units of electrode potential and EMF are volt or V.
20. Nernst Equation. For the reduction reaction
M n   ne  M
n
Electrode potential at 298K, for molar concetration of  M 

0.0591V 1
E M n  E 0 n   log
M
M
M
n  M n  

E M0 n 
where is the standard potential, n is the number of electrons gained by one cation M n .
M

21. EMF of a cell involving the following reaction aA  bB  xX  yY

Nernst equation at 298K is
x y

Ecell  E 0

0.0591V
log
 X  Y 
cell a b
n  A  B 
where  X  ,  Y  ,  A  ,  B are the molar concentration of X, Y, A and B respectively, n is the number
of electrons involved in the cell reaction.
22. For a cell reaction in equilibrium at 298K
0.0591V
E 0cell  log K c
n
where K c is the equilibrium constant for the reaction and n is the number of electrons involved in
the electrochemical cell reaction.
23. Standard free energy charge G 0   nE 0 F , where n is the number of electrons transferred in the
0
redox reaction of the cell, Ecell is the standard emf of the cell. F stands for 1 faraday i.e., 96500 C mol  (
charge on one mole of electron).
24. Standard free energy charge, G 0  2.303 RT log K c
0
where K c is the equilibrium constant at TK and it can be calculated from Ecell by using the relation

0 0.0591V
Ecell  log K c
n
20. 0
Ecell is in volts V  , G is in joule or kilojoule (J or kJ) and F is 96500 C mol 1 .

1J=1Cx1V i.e., J=CV or C=JV -1 or V=JC-1

***

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