Tenses (Verb Forms)

TENSE သည် ဝါကျတေကကာင်ဵ၏အေရဵအကကီဵဆုဳဵအစိတ်အပိုငဵ် ဖဖစ်သည်။ ဝါကျ

အာဵ ပိုမိုတိကျေစသလို ဝါကျပါအဖဖစ်အပျက်၏ကာလကိုလည်ဵပိုမိုတိကျေစသည်။
ေယဘုယျအာဵဖဖငဴ် ေအာက်ပါအတိုင်ဵ Tenses (Verb Forms) (၁၂)မျိုဵရှိသည်-

(i) Simple present tense

(ii) Present continuous tense Present
(iii) Present perfect tense
(iv) Present perfect continuous tense
(v) Simple past tense
(vi) Past continuous tense Past
(vii) Past perfect tense
(viii) Past perfect continuous tense
(ix) Future tense
(x) Future Continuous tense Future
(xi) Future perfect tense
(xii) Future perfect continuous tense

(1) Simple Present Tense (V1)

အမှန်တရာဵ(Truth)
အေလဴအကျငဴ်မျာဵ(Habits)
V1ကိုသုဳဵထာဵ
Eg. The moon orbits the earth. (Truth)
Mother goes to pagoda every Sunday. (Habit)
Signals
Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rare, occasionally,
every….,
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Sample Sentences

1. The postman delivers letters twice a day. (Habit)

2. Mother usually takes a snap in the afternoon. (Habit)
3. I throw away the rubbish every night. (Habit)
4. Rice is the stable f00d of Asian. (Truth)
5. John and Jane walk to school every day.( Habit)
6. The radio keeps us information. (Truth)
7. Every town in Myanmar has pagoda. (Truth)

(2) Present Continuous Tense (am/is/are+ Ving)

လက်ရှိကာလ ဖဖစ်ရပ်မျာဵ
Ving အသုဳဵဖပုထာဵ
စိတ်ဖဖငဴ်ခဳစာဵ သိရဖငာဵ .(mental verb)
V1ကိုပဲ အသုဳဵဖပုထာဵ

Eg. I am reading a book.

She is washing the dishes.
They are watching TV.
I remember the time when we were together.(mental verb)
I hear the music playing very softly.(mental verb)

မှတ်ချက်။ Verb တိုင်ဵတွင် V ing ပုဳစဳမရှိပါ။ စိတ်အေဖခေန၊ ခဳစာဵချက်

စသညဴ် ဖဒပ်မဲဴအေကကာင်ဵအရာမျာဵ (mental verb)တွင် Ving
ပုဳစဳမသုဳဵပါ။ ဥပမာ (love, believe, hope)။ ယင်ဵ Verb မျာဵကို
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Present Continuous Tense ပုဳစဳတွင် verb 1 ဖဖငဴ်သာ

ေရဵရပါသည်။

Signals
Now, at the moment, look!, Listen!,…
Sample sentences
1. Look! The train is coming.
2. Be careful! It is raining outside.
3. Don’t make a noise! The baby is sleeping.
4. I forget his number and so I cannot contact him.
5. She is sitting down under the tree at the moment.

(3) Present Perfect Tense (has/have + V3)

လတ်တေလာပပီဵစီဵမှု (complete)
အေတွ့အကကုဳ (ဖူဵ) အစု (experience)
အတိတ် ယခု ဆက်စပ်မှု(linkage)
Has/have + V3ဖပု
Eg. He has finished the works. (complete)
I have already had a breakfast. (complete)
She has just gone out.(complete)
We have arrived the airport yet. (Complete)
He has been to England. (experience)
He has read Harry Porter many times. (experience)
Mary has worked as a teacher for 10 years. (linkage)
I have known him for many years. (linkage)
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Signals
Just, yet, never, ever, already, so far, up to now, since, for,
recently, …..

Sample Sentences.
1. They have known each other since last five year.
2. My brother has started to study for his exam yet.
3. I have seen him several times before.
4. I am very tired. I have delivered six pizzas since morning.
5. He has not smoked for two weeks. He is trying to give it up.
6. We have already told you that we cannot do what you ask.
7. The girl has eaten lunch. She is washing the dishes.
8. Last January, I have seen snow for the first time in my life.
9. I have not had free time since June.
10. She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever met.

(4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense (has/have+ been + Ving)

အတိတ် လက်ရှိ အနာဂတ် အထိ
ကာလ ၃ ခု ပငိ
ဆက်လက်ဖဖစ်မယဴ် အေဖခအေနမှာ
(has/have+ been + Ving) သုဳဵေပဵပါ

Eg. The government has been trying to get Nation Wide Cease
Fire Agreement.
She has been waiting for her mother since early morning.
I have been studying English since I was primary student.
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Mg Mg has been living in Mandalay since he was born.

We have been looking for new coach since 2016.
(ယခုပုဳစဳသည် ကိစ္စတခုအာဵ ယခင်အချိန်ကလည်ဵလုပ်ခဲဴ၊ ယခုလည်ဵ
လုပ်ဆဲ၊ ေနာင်တွင်လည်ဵ ဆက်လုပ်ဿီဵမညဴ်အေဖခအေနတွင် သုဳဵသည်။)

Signals
Since, for, how long, all day, the whole day,…….

Sample Sentences
1. U Mg Mg has been teaching at the University since 1999.
2. It has been raining for three days.
3. The boys have been playing football for the last one hour.
4. They have been discussing on new project since December
2016.
5. We have been searching for the place to build a new library
for two months.

(5) Simple Past Tense (V2)

အတိတ်ဖဖစ်ရပ် အေကကာင်ဵအရာမျာဵ
အတိတ်မှာပဲပပီဵဆုဳဵဖငာဵ
V2အသုဳဵဖပုထာဵ။

Eg. I saw Hla Hla at the market yeaterday.

They bought a new house last year.
U Ba won the lottery two years ago.
King Anawyahta established the first Myanmar Empire.
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Columbus discovered America.

Signals
Last, ago, in ……., yesterday, previous, …..

Sample Sentences

1. Michael Jackson died in 2009.

2. Yangon was the former capital of Myanmar.
3. Did you sleep well last night?
4. Thomas Edison invented electricity.
5. I went to Magway three days ago.
6. Where did you go yesterday?

(6) Past Continuous Tense ( was/were +ving)

အတိတ်ဖဖစ်ရပ် (၂)ခုဟာ ပပိုင်တူဖဖစ်တဲဴအခါ
Was /were+ ing …….. V2 တွဲသုဳဵမည်

Eg. When I arrived back home, mother was watering the plants.

It started to rain while the boys were playing football.

I was taking bath when the telephone rang.

While she was brushing her hair, he repeated looked her.

When I was studying lessons, the electricity went off.

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(အတိတ်ကာလတွင် ပပိုင်တူဖဖစ်ခဲဴေသာ ဖဖစ်ရပ်၂ ခုအာဵ ယှဉ်တွဲေရဵသာဵ

ရာတွင် Past Continuous Tense အာဵသုဳဵသည်။ ဝါကျတေကကာင်ဵတွင်
was/were Ving၊ အဖခာဵဝါကျတေကကာင်ဵတွင် V2 သုဳဵသည်။)

Signals
While, when,….

Sample sentences

1. While she was living in London, she studied English.

2. When I was crossing the road, I saw my old friend riding on
the bus.
3. When I saw her, she was watering the plants.
4. While I was talking the story, the baby felt asleep.
5. When my friend visited my room, I was watching TV.

(7) Past Perfect Tense (had + V3)

အတိတ်ဖဖစ်ရပ် (၂)ခုဟာ ဆငဴ်ကဖဲ ဖစ်တဲဴအခါ
ပထမ ဖဖစ်ရပ် Had + V3 …….. ဒုဝါကျ ကိုV2 နဲ့ပပီဵ

Eg. Min Min had bought the bus ticket, he went to Yangon.
After she had taken medicine, she felt better.
When the man had finished the work, he went outside.
Ma Ma had taken shower and then she wore make-up.
(အတိတ်ကာလတွင် တခုပပီဵေနာက်ထပ်တခုဆငဴ်ကဲဖဖစ်ခဲဴေသာ ဖဖစ်ရပ်၂ခု
အာဵေရဵသာဵရာတွင် Past perfect Tense အာဵသုဳဵသည်။ ပထမဖဖစ်စဉ်
ဝါကျတွင် had V3၊ အဖခာဵဝါ ကျတွင် V2 သုဳဵသည်။)
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Signals
Already, just, never, …

Sample Sentences.
1. When she had finished school, she joined the computer
company.
2. The man had knocked the door and then entered the room.
3. The boy had looked very carefully the questions and he
wrote down the answers.
4. When the rain had stopped, he went outside.
5. After the old man had walked a moment, he felt down.

(8) Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( had been + ving)

အတိတ်ကာလ တစ်ခုအတွင်ဵမှာ ဆက်တိုက်ဖဖစ်ခဲဴတာ

လက်ရှိအချန်မဆိုင်ဖငာဵ had been ving အသုဳဵဖပုထာဵ

Eg. Ko Ko had been working at Bank for 20 years. (Now he

doesn’t work)
Pa Pa had been studying English for 10 years.(Now she
stopped it)

(အတိတ်ကာလတခုအတွင်ဵ ဆက်တုိကဖ် ဖစ်ခဲဴေသာ ဖဖစ်ရပ်အာဵေရဵသာဵ

ရာတွင် Past Perfect Continuous Tense အာဵသုဳဵသည်။ လက်ရှိ အချန
ိ ်
နှငဴ်ဆက် စပ်မမ
ှု ရှိေတာဴေသာ အေကကာင်ဵအရာဖဖစ်သည်။)
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Signals
Since, for, how long, all day, the whole day,…….

Sample Sentences.

1. He had been living in Paris from 1998 to 2001.

2. His father had been working at the University as an Associated
Professor for 4 years.
3. Tun Tun had been playing for Myanmar Football Team for 10
years.

(9) Simple Future Tense ( may/will/ going to…..+ V1)

မဖဖစ်ေသဵတဲဴ ဖဖစ်ရပ်ဆို Future Tense ကိုလို

ေသချာမှုနည်ဵ နဲ့ may နဲ့တဲွ
သာမန်ေလာက်ဆို will နဲ့ပဲ
ေသချာေပါက်နီဵ ဖဖစ်လုကာ going to နဲ့တဲွေပဵပါ။

Eg. People may travel to moon easily in the future.

It will rain tomorrow.
I am going to buy a new shirt.
Singals
အနာ၈တ်ကုိေဖာ်ညွှန်ဵေသာ စကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵ

Sample Sentences.
1. The train will arrive soon.
2. The teacher will give us homework tomorrow.
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3. I will be forty in 2019.

4. The sky is very cloudy. It is going to rain soon.
5. She may be president in future.

(10) Future continuous Tense (will be +ving)

အနာဂတ်တွင် ဆက်ဖဖစ်ေသာ်
will be +ving ေခါ်

Eg. I will be waiting for you when you come to me.

She will be reading your letter that you have sent recently.
He will be attending primary school.

(လက်ရှိေဆာင်ရွက်ေနေသာကိစ္စတခုသည် မပပီဵဖပတ်ပဲ ေနာင်တွင်ဆက်လက်

ဖဖစ်ပျက်ေနမည်ဆိုပါက Future continuous Tense ကိုသုဳဵပါသည်။)

Singals
သီဵဖြာဵမရှိပါ

(11) Future perfect Tense (will have +v3)

အနာဂတ်တွင် ပပီဵဆုဳဵဖငာဵ
will have +v3 သုဳဵထာဵ

Eg. They will have finished painting soon.

We will have left later.
(လက်ရှိေဆာင်ရွက်ေနေသာ ကိစ္စတခုသည် မကကာမီပပီဵဖပတ်မည် ဆိုပါက
Future Perfect Tense ကိုသုဳဵပါသည်။)
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Singals
သီဵဖြာဵမရှိပါ

(12) Future Tense (will have been + ving)

အနာဂတ်တွင် ပပီဵပုဳမေပါ်
will have been + ving ဟုေခါ်

Eg. I will have been studying Spanish until 2028.

She will have been working for our department.
(လက်ရှိေဆာင်ရွက်ေနေသာကိစ္စတခုသည် မပပီဵဖပတ်ပဲ ေနာင်တွင် မေမျှော်မှန်ဵ
နိုင်သညဴ် ကာလအထိဆက်လက် ဖဖစ်ပျက်ေနမည်ဆိုပါက Future
continuous Tense ကိုသုဳဵပါသည်။)

Singals
သီဵဖြာဵမရှိပါ

Old questions.

1. I (leave, leaves, left, leaving) the house ten minutes ago.

2. Jerk and his friends (had, has, have, having) a lot of fun at the
beach yesterday.
3. When I was on my way home, a dog (run, ran, runs, was
running) across the road.
4. Cherry always (sneeze, sneezed, sneezes) when a furry animal
is near her.
5. The sun (is shining, shines, shone, was shining) at the moment.
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6. Hurry up! Mother (waits, waited, is waiting, has waited) for us

at the gate.
7. I was late for school because I (missed, miss, misses, missing)
the bus.
8. It (rains, raining, is raining, rain) now and I cannot go back
home.
9. I (has, have, was, had) to throw away the rubbish every night.

10. Swimmimg (is, was, did not, are) prohibited in this area.

11. Whales (is, are, was, were) the largest animals alive.

12. He (studies, is studying, was studying) when the light went out.

13. When she (finish, finishes, finishing, had finished) dinner, she
washed the dishes.

14. Ma Ma (wait, waits, was waiting, had waited) for me when I

(arrives, arrived, arrive, arriving) home.

15. Once Myanmar (is, has, was, had) a leader country of South
East Asia.

16. I (sent, send, have sent, sending) him only a letter up to now.

17. We ( will attend, attended, attend, attending) the coordination

meeting tomorrow afternoon.

18. She (jumped, jumps, jumping) off when the bus was moving.

19. Myanmar people (celebrate, celebrated, celebrates) water

festival every year.
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20. While I (was studying, studied, had studied, study) for English
test yesterday, my brother watched TV.

Exercises 1

(1) When her husband (arrive) home, Anne (watch) television.

(2) I (prepare) dinner when the telephone (ring).

(3) What (you do) when the postman (arrive)?

(4) Julie (learn) to drive when she (work) in London.

(5) Where (you sit) when the show (begin)?

(6) I (visit) Athens while I (tour) Greece.

(7) It was when he (cross) the street that John (fall).

(8) What (you see) while you (wait) for the bus?

(9) Where (you go) when your car (break) down?

(10) Julie (meet) Peter when she (walk) in the park.

(11) Tom (go) to the cinema yesterday.

(12) John is playing a game of tennis. He (play) for 2 hours.

(13) I (book) the tickets two weeks ago for the concert in Vienna.

(14) The teacher (speak) English since the beginning of this lesson.

(15) In your life, how many countries (you-visit) ?

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(16) The Bank (open) a branch in the new shopping centre last
month.

(17) The bus is late and Julie is cold. She (wait) for 10 minutes.

(18) Caroline (work) here between 2003 and 2006.

(19) Before boarding, John (buy) a book to read during the flight.

(20) So far today, I (learn) several new words in English.

Exercises 2

1. When he (wake up), his mother (already /prepare) breakfast.

2. We (go) to London because our friends (invite) us
3. He (hear) the news, (go) to the telephone and (call) a friend.
4. When she (start) learning English she (already /learn) French.
5. Jane (already / type) three pages when her computer (crash).
6. By the time the doctor (arrive) at the house the patient (die).
7. Before that day we (never / think) of traveling to Japan.
8. I (know) him a long time before I (meet) his family.
9. They (not / know) where to meet because nobody (tell) them.
10. It (be) cloudy for days before it (begin) to rain.
11. I (just / finish) my homework.
12. Mary (already / write) five letters.
13. My friend (be) in Canada two years ago.
14. I (not / be) to Canada so far.
15. I can't take any pictures because I (not /buy) a new film yet.
16. (you / ever / see ) a whale?
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17. The receptionist (welcome) the guests and (ask)them to fill in

the form
18. The car (break) down and we (have) to walk home.
19. The boys (swim) while the girls (sunbath) .
20. While the parents (have) breakfast the children (run) about.

Prepositions

အချန
ိ ်ကာလဖပ Prepositions

ေအာက်ပါအချန
ိ ်ကာလမျာဵအာဵ at နှငဴ်တွဲသုဳဵရပါသည်-

 times: at 8pm, at midnight, at 6:30

 holiday periods: at Christmas, at Easter
 at night
at  at the weekend
 at lunchtime, at dinnertime, at breakfast time

ေအာက်ပါအချန
ိ ်ကာလမျာဵအာဵ on နှငတ
ဴ် ွဲသုဳဵရပါသည်-

 days: on Monday, on my birthday, on Christmas Day

 days + morning / afternoon / evening / night: on Tuesday

on morning
 dates: on the 20th of June

ေအာက်ပါအချန
ိ ်ကာလမျာဵအာဵ in နှငဴ်တွဲသုဳဵရပါသည်-

 years: in 1992, in 2006

in
 months: in December, in June
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 decades: in the sixties, in the 1790s

 centuries: in the 19th century
 seasons: in winter, in summer
 in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

ေအာက်ပါအချန
ိ ်ကာလမျာဵအာဵ Prepositionsနှငဴ်တွဲမသုဳဵရပါ-
 next week, year, month etc
 last night, year etc
no  this morning, month etc
prep  every day, night, years etc
 today, tomorrow, yesterday

Extended time

To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: “since,

for, during, within”. Since သည် “ကတည်ဵက” ဟူေသာအဓိပ္ပာယ်၊ for သည်
“ကကာဖမငဴ်သည်” ဟူေသာအဓိပ္ပာယ်၊ during သည် “အေတာအတွင်ဵ/အတွငဵ် ”
ဟူေသာအဓိပ္ပာယ်၊ within သည် “----ထက်မပိုေသာ ကာလအတွင်ဵ” ဟူေသာ
အဓိပာ္ပ ယ်ရသည်။ နမူနာဝါကျမျာဵကိုေလဴလာကကညဴ်ပါ-

 She has been gone since yesterday. (မေန့ကတည်ဵက ထွက်သွာဵြဲဴပပီဵ

ြုထိဖပန်မေရာက်ေသဵ)
 I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (၂ ပတ်ကကာမည်ဆိုေသာသေော)
 I watch TV during the evening. (ညေနဆိုေသာ အြျိန်ကာလအတွင်ဵ.)
 We must finish the project within a year. (၁နှစ်ထက်မပိုေသာ ကာလ
အတွင်ဵ.)
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Exercises 1
Put in the correct preposition (at, in, on, or no preposition):
1. There was a loud noise which woke us up ____ midnight.
2. Do you usually eat chocolate eggs ____ Easter?
3. What are you doing ____ the weekend?
4.____ last week, I worked until 9pm ____ every night.
5. My father always reads the paper ____ breakfast time.
6. She plays tennis ____ Fridays.
7. The trees here are really beautiful ____ the spring.
8. I’ll see you ____ Tuesday afternoon, then.
9. Shakespeare died ____ 1616.
10. She studies ____ every day.
11. John is going to buy the presents ____ today.
12. In my hometown the shops open early ____ the morning.
13. She met her husband ____ 1998.
14. The party is ____ next Saturday.
15.We are meeting ____ Friday morning.
16.I often get sleepy ____ the afternoon.
17. His daughter was born ____ the 24th of August.
18. Mobile phones became popular ____ the nineties.
19. The meeting will take place ____ this afternoon.
20. Luckily the weather was perfect ____ her wedding day.

ေနရာဖပ Prepositions
ေအာက်ပါေနရာမျာဵအာဵ in နှငဴ်တွဲသုဳဵရပါသည်။ တစုဳတခု၏အတွင်ဵမှာ သို့မဟုတ်
ကျယ်ဖပန့်ေသာ ေနရာတခု၏ အဝန်ဵအဝိုင်ဵအတွင်ဵမှာ ဟူေသာသေဘာဖဖစ်သည်။
in the newspaper in a house
 18

in a cup in a drawer
in a bottle in a bag
in bed in a car
in London in England
in a book in a pub
in a field in the sea
in my stomach in a river

အရာဝတ္ထု၏အေပါ်တွင် အလျာဵလိုက် သို့မဟုတ် ေဒါင်လိုက် ထိလျက် ်

ရှိေနပါက
On ကိုသုဳဵသည်

on the table on the wall

on the floor on the window
on my face on a plate
on the page on the sofa
on a chair on a bag
on the river on a t-shirt
on the ceiling on a bottle
on his foot
on a bike

အရာဝတ္ထုတခုသည် အဖခာဵအရာဝတ္ထု၏အေပါ်တွင် ကျယ်ဖပန့်စွာ လွှမ်ဵခခုဳတည်ရှိ

ေနသည်ဆိုပါက over သုဳဵရပါသည်။

Eg. Aero plane is flying over the city.

There is a bridge over the river.

The boy threw the ball over the roof.

အရာဝတ္ထုတခုသည် အဖခာဵအရာဝတ္ထုထက်ဖမငဴ်မာဵေသာအေဖခအေနတွင် တည်ရှိ

ေနသည်ဆိုပါက above သုဳဵရပါသည်။
 19

Eg. The picture is above your head.

No one is above the law.

Please hang this poster above the white board.

On, Above နဲ့ Over ရဲ့အသုဳဵကွဲဖပာဵပုဳကုိေအာက်ပါအတိုင်ဵဖမင်န်ုင်ပါတယ်-

A A
A

B B
B

A is on B. A is over B. A is above B.

၂ ခုကကာဵဟူေသာအဓိပ္ပယ်ရပါက ‘between’ကိုသုဳဵသည်-

Eg. Myanmar is between China and India.

The cooperation between two countries brought good results.
My house is situated between 72th Street and 73th Street.

အမျာဵကကာဵတွငရ
် ှိေကကာင်ဵေဖာ်ဖပလိုပါက among ကိုသုဳဵသည်

Eg. He stood among the pretty girls.

He chose the shirt among the clothes.

ေအာက်ေဖာ်ဖပပါေနရာမျာဵအာဵ at နှငဴ်တွဲသုဳဵပါသည်-

at the airport at the door

at the table at the bus stop
at the cinema at the top
 20

at the bottom at the pub

at the traffic lights at the front
at the back at school
at university at the window
at the hospital at the piano

ေအာက်ေဖာ်ဖပပါေနရာမျာဵအာဵ on နှငဴ်တွဲသုဳဵပါသည်-

 on TV
 on the bus
 on a train
 on a plane
 on the radio

Exercises 2

Fill in the correct prepositions

about – at – by - for – from – in – of – on – to - with
1. She learned Russian ____________ the age of 45.
2. The book was written ____________ Mark Twain.
3. I’ll show you the picture ____________ the palace.
4. We can only get to the camp ____________ foot.
5. He reminds me ____________ his old history teacher.
6. What are you talking ____________ ?
7. ____________ the end of next year we will have made over £
100,000.
 21

8. She always gets up early ____________ the morning and goes to bed
late ____________ night.
9. I went to work ____________ Tuesday but I didn’t go ____________
Friday.
10. You’ll have to wait. He’ll be with you ____________ a minute.
11. Philip waited ____________ her at the movie theatre.
12. He started learning English ____________ 2005.
13. You have to pay ____________ the tickets on the day you order
them.
14. We are very proud ____________ this company.
15. It’s very kind ____________ you to help us.
16. The old man suffered ____________ a heart attack.
17. Please write ____________ pencil.
18. It’s ____________ time you told him the truth.
19. The manager didn’t take part ____________ the discussion.
20. He‘s very good ____________ telling jokes.
21. I’ll see you ____________ the conference
22. We sat down ____________ the grass and ate our lunch.
23. My parents got married ____________ the 1970s.
24. There’s a good restaurant ____________ the end of the street.
25. We usually have turkey ____________ Thanksgiving.
26. I would like to travel ____________ Italy next summer.
27. I took a plane ____________ Munich to Rome.
28. I’d like to speak ____________ the manager please.
29. I don’t usually feel tired ____________ the morning.
 22

30. My mother is abroad so my dad is taking care ____________ us

____________ the moment.
31. Sonja gets ____________ the seven o’clock bus in the morning.
32. She always looks ____________ herself in the mirror.
33. I met Donna ____________ a party ____________ Friday night.
34. My friend always borrows money ____________ me.
35. Daria’s books are lying ____________ the floor.
36. He arrived at the school building just ____________ time.
37. The audience threw tomatoes ____________ him.
38. Passengers are not allowed to use cell phones ____________
airplanes.
39. He is responsible ____________ what he does.
40. I’m sorry ____________ the job you didn’t get.
41. I’m very bad ____________ mathematics.
42. We had to climb slowly ____________ the hill.
43. He is always ____________ time.
44. How many people are ____________ your team?
45. A university is where you study ____________ a degree.
46. Her next birthday will be ____________ Sunday.
47. The new factory is expected to go online ____________ May.
48. Many of us eat ____________ fork and spoon.
49. We have been searching ____________ a web designer for a few
weeks now.
50. The TV is ____________ the corner of the room.
 23

Exercises 3
Fill in the correct prepositions

across - at – by - during - for - from - in – into – of - on – through - to

– towards – with –

1. Halloween is celebrated __________ the United States __________

October 31.
2. Are you going away for the weekend? – I don’t know. It depends
__________ the weather.
3. Don’t kiss the prince. He might turn __________ a frog.
4. He felt bad __________ no reason at all.
5. I have been living here __________ ten years.
6. Have you been __________ the cinema recently? Yes I was there a
few days ago.
7. I happened to meet an old friend __________ town.
8. Have you read the article? – It was __________ yesterday’s
newspapers.
9. He always drives __________ a tremendous speed because he’s
always __________ a hurry.
10. He is very fond __________ good food.
11. He married __________ the age of 28.
12. I bought many things __________ my stay in New York.
13. According __________ the guide there are three hotels __________
town.
 24

14. I saw him standing __________ the queue but I don’t know if he
got __________ the bus.
15. I want to post this letter __________ a friend.
16. I’m going __________ Glasgow on Monday. Would you like to come
with us?
17. John has got a very strange taste __________ clothes.
18. Mum sat __________ the back of the car.
19. I’m interested __________ basketball but I’m not very good
__________ playing it.
20. I’m returning __________ Spain __________ the end of the month.
21. My parents met __________ the war, in 1943.
22. Is it true that your mother died __________ cancer.
23. It was embarrassing. I didn’t have enough money __________ pay
for the meal.
24. It was __________ the radio yesterday morning.
25. It’s a quick journey __________ Manchester __________ Leeds.
26. Jane goes to the office early __________ Tuesdays.
27. I saw him sometime __________ June.
28. Meet me __________ the station.
29. The lights are moving __________ us.
30. My country is famous __________ great musicians.
31. Who is that girl over there __________ the red dress?
32. I live __________ Sweden but every summer I travel __________
Spain for my holidays.
33. Turn right __________ the end of the street and then it will be right
in front of you
 25

34. My sister has a beautiful apartment. She lives __________ the third
floor.
35. Please sit down. Mr. Brown will be __________ you in a moment.
36. I have to apologize __________ being late.
37. She tried to prevent the children __________ jumping into the
water.
38. Sometimes I have to walk to work and sometimes I go __________
bus.
39. Thank you __________ coming to visit us.
40. The boys met __________ the corner of the street.
41. The smallest room is located __________ the left of the hall.
42. We entered the building __________ entrance number 3.
43. There was a dark spot __________ the ceiling.
44. We arrived just __________ time to see the Queen.
45. We have to be at the airport __________ 6 p.m.

English Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb ဆိုတာ verb/adjective နဲ့ prepositions ေပါင်ဵစပ်ထာဵတဲဴ စကာဵစု

ဖဖစ်ပါတယ်။ သူ့မှာ သီဵဖြာဵအဓိပ္ပာယ်ရိပ
ှ ါတယ်။ preposition ေမဵြွန်ဵတြျုိ ့မှာ
ထညဴ်သွင်ဵေမဵေလဴရိပ
ှ ါတယ်။ Phrasal Verb ေပါင်ဵ ေထာင်ြျီပပီဵရှိတဲဴအတွက်
အာဵလုဳဵအလွတ်ရဖို့မဖဖစ်နိုင်ပါေူဵ။ ဒါေကကာငဴ် အသုဳဵမျာဵတဲဴ Phrasal Verb ေတွကို
ေရွေဵထုတ်ေပဵလိုပါတယ်။ ဖဖစ်နိုင်ရင်ေတာဴထပ်မဳရှာေဖွကျက်မှတ်ထာဵေစလိုပါတယ်။
 26

In

- Interested in = စိတ်ဝင်စာဵသည်
- Speak in = စကာဵေဖပာသည်(ောသာစကာဵ တြုြုဖဖငဴ်)
- Write in = ေရဵသာဵသည်(ောသာစကာဵ တြုြုဖဖငဴ်)
- Fall in love with. . . . . = ြျစ်ကျွမ်ဵဝင်သည်
On
- Depend on = မှီြိုသည်၊ မူတည်သည်
- Rely on = မှီြိုသည်
- Based on = အေဖြြဳသည်
- Put on = ဝတ်ဆင်သည်၊ အစပျိုဵသည်
- Turn on/Switch on = ြလုတ်ဖင
ွ သ
ဴ် ည်
- Call on = ေမဵြွန်ဵထုတ်သည်
From
- Different/Differ from = ကွဲဖပာဵဖြာဵနာဵသည်
- Suffer from = . . . . . .ေရာဂါြဳစာဵရသည်
- Free from = . . . . . မှလတ
ွ ်ေဖမာက်သည်
- Recover from = . . . . .မှ သက်သာလာသည်
- Refrain from = . . . . . .မှေရှာင်ကကဉ်သည်
- Abstain = . . . . . .မှေရှာင်ကကဉ်သည်
- Safe from = . . . . . မှေေဵကင်ဵသည်
- Made from = . . . . . .မှ ဖပုလုပ်ထာဵသည်
Of
- Accused of = စွပ်စွဲသည်
- Fond of = နှစ်သက်သည်
- Made of = . . . . . ဖဖငဴ်ဖပုလုပ်ထာဵသည်
- Afraid of = ေကကာက်ရဳ့ွေ သည်
 27

- Because of = . . . . .ေကကာငဴ်
- Dream of = အိပ်မက်မက်သည်
- Proud of = ဂုဏ်ယူသည်
- Proof of = သက်ေသဖပသည်

To
- Agree to = . . . .ကိုဖပုလုပရ
် န်သေောတူသည်
- Belong to = . . . .နှငသ
ဴ် က်ဆိုင်သည်
- Refer to = . . . . .အာဵရည်ညွှန်ဵသည်
- Similar to = . . . .နှငဴ် တူညီသည်
- Used to = . . . . .ေလဴရှိသည်
- Related to = . . . .နှငဴ်ဆက်စပ်သည်
- Listen to = နာဵေထာင်သည်

With
- Satisfied with = ေကျနပ်အာဵရသည်
- Familiar with = ရင်ဵနှီဵကျွမဵ် ဝင်မှုရိသ
ှ ည်
- Patient with = စိတ်ရှည်သည်
- Pleased with = ေကျနပ်အာဵရသည်
- Agree with = . . . . .နှငသ
ဴ် ေောတူသည်
- Meet with = ……..နှငက
ဴ် ိုက်ညီသည်
- Compare with = ……..နှငဴ် နှိုင်ဵယှဉ်သည်

For

- Look for = ရှာေဖွသည်

- Search for = ရှာေဖွသည်
- Leave for = ေရှဵရှုထွကြ
် ွါသည်
 28

- Ask for = ေမဵဖမန်ဵသည်

- Long for = တမ်ဵတသည်
- Responsible for = တာဝန်ရိသ
ှ ည်
- Sorry for = စိတ်မေကာင်ဵဖဖစ်သည်
- Wait for = ေစာငဴ်စာဵသည်
- Apply for = ေလျာက်ထာဵသည်
- Call for = ေတာင်ဵဆိုသည်( အကကဳ စသည်)

Out
- Break out = ဖဖစ်ပါွ ဵသည်
- Seek out = ရှာေဖွသည်
- Run out = ဖပတ်ေတာက်သွာဵသည်
- Reach out = ေရာက်ရိန
ှ ိုင်သည်
- Point out = ညွှန်ဖပသည်
- Call out = ေတာင်ဵဆိုသည်

Exercises 4

Choose the correct phrasal verb from the parenthesis at the end of the
sentence.

1. His father always taught him not to _____ those people with less.
(look up to / look down on)
2. Stop complaining and _____ your work! (get on with / get over)
3. The boss wants you to _____ your figures for this month to him.
(hand out / hand in)
4. We’re going to have to _____ our trip to Spain until September.
(put up/ put off)
 29

5. I _____ Amir today at the supermarket. It was great to see him.

(ran out of / ran into)
6. I’m so tired of Sophie _____ her engagement ring all the time.
(showing off, showing up)
7. The police would not _____ to the kidnapper’s demands. (give up/
give in)
8. I thought I would _____ for a cup of coffee. Is that okay? (drop off/
drop in)
9. Have you ever _____ such an unusual piece of art? (come
forward/come across)
10. It’s important to _____ on time. (show up / show off)
11. _____ your feet when walking; you don’t want to trip! (uplift / lift
up)
12. The tree was _____ by the wind. (blown up / blown over)
13. He _____ his hat to show me his new haircut. (took off / took up).
14. I just can’t seem to _____ this book. (get off / get into )

Exercises 5

Complete the sentences.

passed away, do without, look forward to, called off, made up, carried
away, break out, run out, put up with, keep up.

1. Don't smoke in the forest. Fires easily at this time of the

year.
2. I seeing my friends again.
3. I'm afraid; we have of apple juice. Will an orange juice do?
 30

4. Your website has helped me a lot to the good work.

5. A friend of mine has her wedding.
6. His mother can't his terrible behavior anymore.
7. As an excuse for being late, she a whole story.
8. I got by his enthusiasm.
9. I just cannot my mobile. I always keep it with me.
10. she was very sad because her father last week.

Conditional Structures (အေဖခအေနဖပဝါကျ)

အေဖြအေနတစ်ြုအေပါ်ဆက်စပ် ေရဵသာဵေသာဝါကျအမျိုဵအစာဵဖဖစ်သည်။

Conditional ဝါကျတွင် clauses: ၂ြုပါဝင်သည်။ ‘if clause” နှငဴ် main clause

ဖဖစ်သည်။

အေဖြြဳအာဵဖဖငဴ် conditional structures (၄) မျိုဵရှိပါသည်။ ၎င်ဵတို့မာှ -

 Zero Conditional
 First Conditional
 Second Conditional
 Third Conditional
 31

Zero အမှန်တရာဵ/ဖဖစ်ေလဴဖဖစ်ထရှိေသာအေဖြအေန/အကကဳဖပုြျက်

Conditio What is always true or usually happens, or what is

nal advised in this situation.

If +Present Simple + Present Simple

If you have a ticket you go straight in.

If you stand in the rain you get wet.

If you see an accident call an ambulance.

First ေနာင်တွင်ဖဖစ်နိုင်ေြျရှိေသာအေဖြအေနအာဵေဖာ်ဖပရာတွင်သုဳဵသ

Conditio ည်
nal Something that will possibly happen in the future.

If +Present Simple +Will + Infinitive

If I see an accident I will call a doctor.

If it rains tomorrow the picnic will be cancelled.

If you make an apple tart Dad will eat it.

Note : တြါတရဳတွင် Will အစာဵ can or may သုဳဵနိုင်သည်။

For example : If you finish your vegetables, you can have a dessert.
 32

Second မဖဖစ်ြဲဴေသာအေဖြအေနတြုအေပါ်စိတ်ကူဵေဖပာဆိုေသာအေဖြ

Conditio အေနတွငသ
် ုဳဵသည်။

nal Imaginary events that are probably not going to happen.

If +Past Simple +Would + Infinitive

If I saw an accident I would call a doctor.

If he had more money he would buy a new car.

If she worked harder her results would improve.

Note : တြါတရဳတွင် would.အစာဵ could or might သုဳဵနိုငသ

် ည်။

For example : If we invited the author, he might come.

If we ordered a larger quantity, we could ask for a reduction.

ဖဖစ်နိုငြ
် ဲဴေသာ်လည်ဵ

Third မဖဖစ်ြဲဴေသာအတိတ်အေဖြအေနအာဵေဖာ်ဖပရာတွငသ
် ုဳဵသည်။

Conditio Something that did not happen, and the reaction or

nal result you imagine
if it really had happened.

If +Past Perfect +Would + have + Past Participle

 33

If I had seen the accident I would have called a doctor.

he would have assembled it

If he had read the instructions
faster.

she would have improved

If she had stayed in Paris
her French .

Exercises

1. If she (study) regularly, she would pass the exam.

2. If they (do) well, they would have been promoted.

3. Unless my aunt (arrive) before noon, she will miss the train.

4. The boy would have fallen unless you (catch) him.

5. You should come into the class room if you (see) the teacher
coming.

6. If I have a lot of money,

……………………………………………………

7. If I were a bird,
….........................................................................................

8. If she had got up early,

…………………………………………………….

9. If you eat a lot,

………………………………………………………………
 34

10. If you heat the ice,

…………………………………………………………

11.You (be) sorry if you do not take your father advice.

12. If you stand in the rain, you (get) wet.

13. We would die if there (be) no air.

14. You (get) water if you mix oxygen and hydrogen.

15. If she hadn’t taken food too much, she (not get) sick.

Linking words and phrases

Linking words and phrases မျာဵအာဵ clauses (subject နှငဴ် verb ပါေသာ
စကာဵစု) (၂)ြု နှငဴ်ဝါကျ (၂) ေကကာင်ဵ ြျတ
ိ ်ဆက်ေဖာ်ဖပရာတွငသ
် ုဳဵသည်။

linking words ေတွရဲ့အဓိပ္ပာယ်နဲ့အသုဳဵကိုေလဴလာကကညဴရ

် ေအာင်-

Linking Words Meaning Example of use

As long as မဖဖစ်မချင်ဵ You can take my car as long

provided as/provided (that)/providing
(that) you don't damage it.
providing (I will lend you my car on condition
that you don't damage it.)
 35

Although/even ေသာ်လည်ဵပဲ Although/even though he is rich, he

though lives in a small house.
(In spite of the fact that he is rich,
he lives in a small house.)

Even if သို့ေပမယဴ်လည်ဵ He is poor and has no house,

but even if he had money,
he wouldn't buy a house.
(Supposing he had the money, he
still wouldn't buy a house.)

In case …လျင်။ ..ပါက Take an umbrella in case it rains.

(It might rain, so it's a good idea to
take an umbrella.)

In spite of / ေသာ်လည်ဵပဲ In spite of/despite the rain, she

despite walked to the station.
in spite of/despite being blind, he
walked to the station.
(without being affected by the rain
or by being blind.)
 36

So that ေသာေကကာငဴ် She arrived early so that she could

help her colleagues.
(She arrived early for the purpose of
helping her colleagues.)

Whatever မည်သို့ပင်ဖဖစ်ေစ You can count on me whatever you

decide to do.
(No matter what your decision is,
you can count on me.)

Whereas ….ေနြျန
ိ ်မှာ Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor.
(Tom is rich; in contrast Jack is
poor.)

Whenever …တဲဴအြါတိုင်ဵ I will lend you my car whenever you

need it.
(No matter when you need my car, I
will lend it to you.)

Wherever ….တဲဴေနရာတိုင်ဵ My thoughts will be with

you wherever you go.
(No matter where you go, my
thoughts will be with you.)
 37

အကျိုဵေကကာင်ဵဆက်စပ် linking words

အကျိုဵေကကာင်ဵဆက်စပ်ေသာ clauses (၂)ြု နှငဴ်ဝါကျ (၂) ေကကာင်ဵအာဵ

ြျတ
ိ ်ဆက် ေရဵသာဵရာ တွင် သုဳဵေလဴရိေ
ှ သာ linking words

Linking Words Example of use

As a result, ေသာေကကာငဴ် *Prices were reduced by

Consequently, 20%. As a result, sales
Therefore increased.
*The company is
expanding. Consequently, ther
e are jobs on offer.
*A hurricane has been
announced. Therefore, air
traffic will be disrupted.

(Accordingly, As a consequence (of), As a result, Consequently, Due to,

For this reason, Forthwith, Hence, Then, There upon, Thus)

ထပ်မဳဖဖညဴစ
် ွကေ
် ဖာ်ဖပရာတွငသ
် ုဳဵသညဴ်Linking Words

Besides, ထို့အဖပင် * The trip is too

Furthermor, expensive. Besides, I don't
really like hot weather.
 38

In addition, *Computers are cheaper

Moreover nowadays; furthermore, they
are lighter.
*You haven't paid the rent
yet. In addition, you owe me
money.
*The report is badly
presented. Moreover, it
contains inaccuracies.

( Additionally/an additional, Also, And, Apart from this, As well as, As

well as that, Further, Furthermore, In addition to this, Not only…but

also, Similarly)

ဥပမာေပဵရာတွင်သုဳဵသညဴ်Linking Words

For instance, ဥပမာအာဵဖဖငဴ် There are several problems to

For example consider; for instance/for
example,
there is a lack of public
transport.
 39

အဓိပာ္ပ ယ်ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်ဝါကျ (၂) ေကကာင်ဵအာဵဆက်စပ်

ေဖာ်ဖပရာတွငသ
် ုဳဵသညဴ်Linking Words

Conversely, သို့ရာတွင်/သို့ေသာ်လည်ဵ * Northern European countries

On the had a great summer.
contrary, On the
On the other contrary/conversely, southern
hand, Europe had poor weather.
*Laptops are convenient; on
the other hand, they can be
expensive

However, *The hotel was

Nevertheless open. However, nobody came
Nonetheless to the reception desk.
*He had severe
injuries; nevertheless, he
completely recovered.
*The weather was bitterly
cold. He went
hiking nonetheless.
 40

နှိုင်ဵယှဉ်ဝါကျ (၂) ေကကာင်ဵအာဵဆက်စပ် ေဖာ်ဖပရာတွငသ

် ုဳဵသညဴ်Linking Words

In the same ထို့အတူ/အလာဵတူ *Alex enjoys telling jokes; in the

way same way/similarly/likewise,
Likewise his son adores funny stories.
Similarly *Teenagers should be more
By the same respectful; by the same
token token, parents should be more
understanding.

(Alike , By the same token , Compare / compare(d) to (with) ,

Correspondingly , Either , In a similar manner , In common , In like
manner , Just as , Just like , Same as , Similar to )

ခခုဳငုဳေဖာ်ဖပရာတွင်သုဳဵေသာ Linking Words

To အြျုပ်အာဵဖဖငဴ် *I've covered the main events

summarise/su of the year.
m up To sum up/briefly, our team is
Briefly now one of the best in the
To conclude world.
In conclusion *To conclude, I want to wish
you all a very happy holiday
season.
 41

( All things considered, Altogether, As demonstrated above, As noted,

As shown above, In a word, In any event, In brief, In conclusion, In
essence, In short, In summary, In the end, In the final analysis, On the
whole, Overall, To conclude, To end, Ultimately)

Exercises 1

Fill the blanks with (although/ in spite of / because / consequently

/because of)

(1) …………. it rained a lot we enjoyed our holidays.

(2) …….all our careful planning, a lot of things went wrong.
(3) ……..we had planned everything carefully, many things went
wrong.
(4) I went home early ……… I was not feeling well.
(5) I went to work the next day….I was feeling unwell.
(6) She only accepted the job …….. the salary, which was very high.
(7) She accepted the job …….. the salary, which was rather low.
(8) I managed to get some sleep …. there was a lot of noise.
(9) I couldn't get to sleep ……… the noise.
(10) He passed the exam …….. he hadn't studied very much.
(11) I ate a lot ….. my stomach ache.
(12) ………. what I said yesterday, I still love you.
(13) We didn't go out ……. it was raining.
(14) We had to stay at the airport ….. the controllers strike.
(15) I didn't get the job ….. I had all the necessary qualifications.
 42

Exercises 2

Choose the correct answer.

1. He went to work (although, despite, because) being ill.

2. Jake couldn't sleep (because, although, because of) he was very
tired.
3. Brian is good at maths (whereas, but, because) his sister is good
at science.
4. She talks (as if, due to, because) she knows everything.
5. It was very late. (Nevertheless, because, however) the guests
didn't leave.
6. Lisa went shopping (but, therefore, moreover) she didn't buy
anything.
7. They managed to make a meal (because, although, but) there
wasn't much food in the fridge.
8. You can keep those CDs (till, soon, as long as) you like.
9. (In spite of, although, because of ) the heavy snow we managed
to get back to the office.
10. The man fell off the ladder. (In addition, However, but) he wasn't
hurt.
11. I took some paper and a pen (but, so that, due to) I could make
some notes.
12. The train was delayed (on account of, because, therefore) bad
weather.
13. The event was cancelled (due to, because, so) the fact that not
many tickets were sold.
 43

14. Sonia had a bad stomachache and (therefore, because,

moreover) I recommended seeing the doctor.
15. (Due to, although, despite) the teacher's good reputation the
yoga classes were always crowded.
16. (Because of, because, In view of) the fact that homeopathy can
be very effective for some illnesses it has become increasingly
popular.
17. My headache has disappeared (although, in spite of, because of)
the news.
18. The company was doing badly and (therefore, consequently,
thus) it closed.
19. My mother wanted to keep her brain active,( therefore, but,
moreover) she took up a hobby.
20. (Because, However, Even though) it was summer the nights were
quite chilly.
21. (Despite, Although, Moreover) his great qualifications he couldn't
manage to find a job.
22. The piece of wood hit the man on the head. (Therefore,
Nevertheless, because) he wasn't injured.
23. My car is (although, in spite of, still) in a very good condition. Its
12 years old.
24. Jimmy can't read very well. (In addition, On the other hand,
besides) he is a skillful worker.
25. Janet is clever (despite, since, but) she still finds some subjects
difficult.
 44

Exercises 3

Choose the correct word for each sentence - each is only used once.

moreover
firstly
on the other
whereas
hand
then
at least
actually
however
though
besides

1. I had a terrible day at work and lost my umbrella too. ……….. I

spoke to that nice guy who works in the coffee shop at last!

2. Television turns people into lazy couch potatoes. ………….., there

are some educational programmes on.

3. …………….., I would like to welcome you all to the conference

today.

4. ………………., the film was a little boring, we still had a nice evening
out.

5. I've always known Caroline as a mean person. …... she lent me $10
yesterday without having to ask twice!

6. I got up at 9 o'clock yesterday and had a cold shower. ……….., I

had breakfast and left for work.

7. My brother works in a large office ………. I work on my own at

home.

8. Why do you think I don't want to go out tonight? …………., I would

be delighted to get out of the house.
 45

9. You should go to university as it gives you a chance to meet so many

new people.

……… , it gives you the chance to get important qualifications and

get a better job.

10. I don't want to go to the football game. Football bores me and I

don't want to pay $40 for a ticket. ……………….., look at the
weather! All that rain!

Word form ေမဵခွန်ဵအာဵချဉ်ဵကပ်ဖခင်ဵ

Word form ဆိုတာစကာဵလုဳဵပုဳစဳအမှန်ကုေ

ိ ဖဖြိုင်ဵတာပါ။ ေမဵြွန်ဵမှာ ေပဵထာဵတဲဴ
စကာဵလုဳဵပုဳစဳ အမှာဵေနရာမှာ သငဴေ
် တာ်တဴစ
ဲ ကာဵလုဳဵပုဳစဳေဖဖေပဵရတာပါ။ စကာဵ
လုဳဵမှာ ပုဳစဳအမျိုဵမျိုဵရှိပါတယ်။ ဥပမာ- produce ဆိုတဲဴစကာဵလုဳဵ (Word )ဟာ
verbဖဖစ်ပပီဵေတာဴသူ့မာှ producer၊ product ၊production နဲ့ productivity ဆိုတဲဴ
Nounပုဳစဳ၊ productible ဆိုတဲဴ Adj ပုဳစဳရှိပါတယ်။ ေမဵြွန်ဵကိုမူတည်ပပီဵ သငဴ်ေလျာ်တဲဴ
စကာဵလုဳဵ (Word )ေဖဖေပဵရပါတယ်။ ဆိုကကပါစို့-

Rice is the major (produce) of delta region.

ဆိုတဲဴဝါကျမှာ ေမဵြွန်ဵမှာေပဵထာဵတဲဴ စကာဵလုဳဵဟာ verbပါ။ ဒါေပမယဴ် grammar

အရ ရှိသငဴ်တဲဴစကာဵလုဳဵပုဳစဳက noun ပါ( article +adjective +noun ဟူေသာ
စည်ဵမျဉ်ဵအရ)။ ဒါေကကာငဴ် အေဖဖက noun ပုဳစဳဖဖစ်တဲဴ product ။

ဒါေကကာငဴ် Word formေဖဖရာမှာ အေရဵကကီဵတာက စကာဵလုဳဵေတွရဲ့ ပုဳစဳအမျိုဵမျိုဵကို

သိဖို့ဖဖစ်ပါတယ်။

ဆက်လက်ပပီဵေတာဴေမဵြွန်ဵပုဳစဳေတွကုေ
ိ လဴလာကကညဴရ
် ေအာင်။
 46

(၁) Noun Group ပုဳစဳအေဖခဖပုေမဵခွန်ဵ

အေတွ့ရမျာဵေသာပုဳစဳဖဖစ်သည်၊။

“Article (a, an, the) + Adjective + Noun” ဖွဲ့စည်ဵပုဳကုိ အေဖြြဳထာဵကာ

ေမဵြွန်ဵေမဵေလဴရိှပါတယ်။

ဥပမာ- The tiger is a (wild/more wild/most wildly/wildly) animal and

so it cannot be tamed completely.

(ေမဵြွန်ဵေရှ့တွင်Article ( a, an, the)ပါပပီဵ ေမဵြွန်ဵေနာက်တွင် Noun (animal)

ပါသညဴ်အတွက် လိုအပ်ေနေသာ စကာဵလုဳဵေနရာမှာ Adjective ေနရာဖဖစ်သည်။
ထို့ေကကာငဴ် Adjective ၂ ြု (wild/more wild )ကို ကနဦဵေရွေဵပါတယ်။ ဝါကျ
သေောအရ နှိုင်ဵယှဉ်ေဖာ်ဖပဖြင်ဵမဟုတ်လု့ိ wild ကို အပပီဵသတ်ေရွေဵပါတယ်။)

# ယြု “Article (a, an, the)+Adjective + Noun” ကိုအေဖြြဳပပီဵ Adjective

ေနရာ Noun ေနရာမှာ ေမဵြွန်ဵလုပ်ကာေမဵြွန်ဵမျာဵစွာေမဵနိုင်ပါတယ်။
ကကညဴက် ကညဴရ
် ေအာင်-

# Lay Phyu is a (fame) singer. (Ans: famous)

# The death of General Aung San is the great (lost) of

Myanmar.(Ans:loss)

# Columbus is the (discover) of America. (Ans: discoverer)

# Noun ပုဳစဳေဖပာင်ဵေဖဖရတဲဴပုဳစဳေတွကုိေလဴလာကကညဴ်ရေအာင်-

# What is your date of (bear)? (Ans: birth)

 47

# Both teachers and (learn) should have dictionary. (Ans; lerners)

# A red light is a (sign) for cars to stop. (Ans: signal)

- အထက်ပါေမဵခွန်ဵမျာဵတွင် ေမဵခွန်ဵအဖဖစ်ဖပုလုပ်ထာဵေသာ ေနရာအာဵလုဳဵမှာ

Noun ေနရာသာဖဖစ်သည်။

# Adjective အာဵေလဴလာဖခင်ဵ

ပိုပပီဵနာဵလည်သွာဵေအာင် Adjective ကို အေသဵစိတ်ေလဴလာကကညဴ်ရေအာင်။

Adjective (၃) မျိုဵရှိပါတယ်-

(a) Positive Adjective

(b) Comparative Adjective
(c) Superlative Adjective

(a) Positive Adjective

နာမ်ရဲ့ အရည်အေသွဵနဲ့အေရအတွက်ကို အထူဵဖပုတဲဴ Adjective ဖဖစ်ပါတယ်။
Eg. Nay Pyi Taw is a nice city.
Snake is a dangerous animal.
Developed countries have qualified human resources.
Myanmar is a developing country.
Tun Tun is as clever as his mother. (အရည်ေသွဵ တူ နာမ်၂ခုကုိ
နှိုင်ဵယှဉ် ဖခင်ဵဖဖစ်ပါတယ်)

အသုဳဖပုပုဳစဳ : Article + Adjective + Noun

Adjective + Noun

As + adjective + As
 48

(b) Comparative Adjective

နာမ်၂ခုကုိ နှိုင်ဵယှဉ်ရာမှာသုဳဵတဲဴ Adjectiveဖဖစ်ပါတယ်။
Eg. China is bigger than Myanmar.
Diamond is more expensive than gold.
Car is not as fast as airplane.

အသုဳဖပုပုဳစဳ :Verb to be +Adjective + than + Noun

As + Adjective + As (Negative form)

(c) Superlative Adjective

အမျာဵနဲ့နှိုင်ဵယှဉ်ရာမှာသုဳဵတဲဴ Adjectiveဖဖစ်ပါတယ်။
Eg. Nine is the longest river in the world.
Mg Mg is the tallest boy in the class.

မှတ်ချက် : ယခုပုဳစဳသုဳဵရာတွင်Adjective ေရှ့ “the”အပမဲသုဳဵရပါတယ်

အသုဳဖပုပုဳစဳ : the + superlative Adjective + Noun

Old Questions

(1) The tiger is a (wild/more wild/most wildly/wildly) animal and so it

cannot be tamed completely.
(2) The television program was (long/length/longer/longingly) than I
had expected.
(3) I do not have enough ………. (strong, strength, strengths,
strongly) to carry that box.
 49

(4) Having (more/much/few/a few) police officers would help prevent

crime in our city.
(5) We live in a technologically (advance/advancement/ advanced/
advancing) society.
(6) The ministry offers its staff many opportunities for (personality/ personal/
personnel/person) development.
(7) She did not eat (many/ much/some/little) rice because she was
not hungry.
(8) He wants to know how (many/much/lot/little) money you have.
(9) Russia is the (big/biggest/large/very big) country in the world.
(10) Working as a manager in a large company can be a very
(stress/stressful/stressed) job.
(11) We need to do a (best/better/good/fair/well) job of managing our
natural resources than before.
(12) Studying abroad provides a great opportunity to learn
(a/the/that/an) foreign language.
(13) Some staff members in our department are more
(produce/product/productive) than others.
(14) Managing your finance can be a (really/real/reality/unreal)
headache.
 50

(၂) Phrasal Verb/Prepositions ပုဳစဳအေဖခဖပုေမဵခွန်ဵ

Phrasal Verb အေဖခဖပုေမဵခွန်ဵ

ဒီေနရာမှာ Phrasal Verb ဆိုတာောလဲဆိုတာအရင်သိေအာင် လုပ်ရပါမယ်။

ေကာင်ဵပပီ။ Phrasal Verb ဆိုတာ verb/adjective နဲ့ prepositions ေပါင်ဵစပ်ထာဵတဲဴ
စကာဵစု ဖဖစ်ပါတယ်။ သူ့မှာ သီဵဖြာဵအဓိပာ္ပ ယ်ရှိပါတယ်။ ဥပမာ afraid of,
interested in, look for, turn on, put off, look after စတာေတွေပါ့။ Phrasal
Verb ေတွကိုေတာဴ အလွတ်ကျက်မတ
ှ ်ထာဵရပါမယ်။ ေမဵြွန်ဵေတွ ေလဴလာကကညဴ်
ရေအာင်-

# I am (interest) in English. (Ans : interested )

(interested in သည် phrasal verb ဖဖစ်သည်။ စိတ်ဝင်စာဵသည်ဟု

အဓိပာ္ပ ယ်ရသည်။)

# She is looking (at, in, into, for) new job at the moment. (Ans: for)

(looking for သည်phrasal verb ဖဖစ်သည်။ ရှာေဖွသည်ဟု အဓိပ္ပာယ်

ရသည်။)

# Her grandparents look (at/in/for/after) her after death of her

parents. (Ans : after)

(look after သည်phrasal verb ဖဖစ်သည်။ ကကညဴရ

် ှုေစာငဴေ
် ရှာက်သည်ဟု
အဓိပာ္ပ ယ်ရသည်။)
 51

*** ဒီပစ
ုဳ ဳေမဵခွန်ဵမျာဵေဖဖနိုင်ဖို့အတွက်ကေတာဴ Phrasal Verb ေတွကုိ သီဵဖခာဵ
ကျက်မတ
ှ ်ထာဵရပါမယ်။

Exercises 1

1. We have to walk quickly. The plane is going to (take of, take off,
take into)
2. The room is so dark that you should (turn off, turn on, open, push
on ) the light.
3. When their parents passed away, the elder brother (look after,
look for, look up) the family.
4. As the doctor suggestion, he (drop out, give up, give it up)
smoking.
5. The law will (come into, go with, become to) force when it is
adopted by parliament.
6. You should (clean up, make up, try on) your room as it is pretty
messy.
7. He is so interested in gambling. Now, he (take into, look into, get
into) trouble.
8. Depending on the weather condition, we may (put off, hold on,
get on ) the trip.
9. The music is too loud. Could you (turn up, turn down, keep on)
the volume, please?
 52

10. Quick, (go in, come in, get on) the bus or you'll have to walk
home.

(၃) တွဲလဳဵု စကာဵစုပဳစ

ု ဳအေဖခဖပုေမဵခွန်ဵ

ပုဳေသသေဘာမျိုဵသတ်မှတ်ထာဵေသာ တွဲလဳဵု စကာဵစုမျာဵပုဳစဳဖဖငဴ် ေမဵခွန်ဵ

တည်ေဆာက်ထာဵဖခင်ဵ ဖဖစ်သည်။ အလွတ်မှတ်သာဵထာဵရမညဴပ
် ုဳစဳမျာဵဖဖစ်သည်။

………+ V1/ ……..+to V1 / ………+ Ving

ေအာက်ပါစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵေနာက်တွင် V1 လိုက်ပါတယ်-

Let, please, will, can, must, could, V1

Used to, would, may, in order to

ေအာက်ပါစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵေနာက်တွင် Vingလိုကပ
် ါတယ်-

See, saw, seen, hear, heard, Notice, noticed Ving

Eg. I see the boy climbing up the tree.

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ေအာက်ပါစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵေနာက်တွင် to+V1/ Ving လိုကပ

် ါတယ်-

Like, start, begin, love, hate

Continue, stop, sit to+V1/ Ving

Continue ေနာက်မှာ V1 ေရာ V ing ပါ လိုကတ

် တ်တဴဲအတွက် မတူကွဲဖပာဵတဲဴ
အသုဳဵဖပုပုဳ ကိုေလဴလာကကညဴ်ရေအာင်

Eg. The boy continued studying till midnight. (Without a break)

He continued to do his work after diner. (after a pause)

Stop ေနာက်မာှ V1 ေရာ V ing ပါ လိုကတ

် တ်တဲဴအတွက် မတူကဲွဖပာဵတဲဴ
အသုဳဵဖပုပုဳ ကိုေလဴလာကကညဴ်ရေအာင်

They stopped talking when the teacher came in. (discontinued)

They stopped to look in the shops as they passed by. (purpose)

Sit ေနာက်မှာ V1 ေရာ V ing ပါ လိုက်တတ်တဲဴအတွက် မတူကွဲဖပာဵတဲဴ အသုဳဵဖပုပုဳ

ကိုေလဴလာ ကကညဴ် ရေအာင်

He sat reading the newspaper in the garden. (continued action)

He sat down at the desk to do his work. (purpose)

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ေအာက်ပါစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵေနာက်တွင် to+V1 လိုက်ပါတယ်-

Want, intend, hope, propose, wish, refuse,

desire, arrange,able, plan, try, attempt, learn, to+V1

make, made, prohibit, difficult

ေအာက်ပါစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵေနာက်တွင် V ingလိုကပ
် ါတယ်-

busy, give up, afraid of, without, after, no use,

used to, enjoy, go on, fond of, mind, interested in, Ving

avoid, finish, miss, practice,couldn’t help, prefer

Exercises 2

1. The girl used to (sing) at the school concerts.

2. I saw the train (come) into the station.
3. They have arranged (go) on a picnic.
4. The boys are used to (play) in the rain.
5. I noticed the beggar (walk) slowly along the street.
6. I can hear the children (shout) in the garden.
7. The rude boy avoided (answer) his grandfather’s question.
8. Mother made me (wash) the clothes before (go) out to play.
 55

9. We all look forward to (get) a holiday.

10. Students wish (pass) the exam.
11. Our teacher let us (go) home early last week.
12. We intend (visit) Pyin Oo Lwin this summer.
13. My father has promised (give) me a lovely present.
14. We enjoy (watch) funny films.
15. She loves (play) with her brothers in the rain.
16. He couldn’t help (look) at those beautiful girls.
17. Before (play) his guitar, he examined the strings.
18. I hope you don’t mind (come) to school early tomorrow.
19. The children dislike (visit) relatives.
20. The girl has agreed (accept) the job.

(၄) စကာဵလုဳဵ အဓိပာ္ပ ယ်အေဖခခဳေမဵေသာပုဳစဳ

အလွယ်ကဆ
ူ ုဳဵေသာပုဳစဳဟုဆိုနိုင်ပါသည်။ ေပဵထာဵေသာဝါကျ နှငဴ်ကုိက်ညီေသာ
စကာဵလုဳဵအာဵ ေရွေဵြျယ်ေဖဖဆိုရန်သာဖဖစ်သည်။ စကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵ၏ အဓိပ္ပာယ်
သိရိရ
ှ န်လုိအပ်ပါသည်။ ေမဵြွန်ဵေတွ ေလဴလာကကညဴရ
် ေအာင်-

# Thiha is working hard to fulfill his (examination/ ambition/

intention/ idea) to become a lawyer. (Ans : ambition)
# Gasoline will not always be cheap and (powerful/ plentiful/
scarce).
(Ans : plentiful)
# Using the device we were able to (find/ get/ imagine) the
building’s precise location. (Ans : find)
 56

Exercises 3

(1) She is (relaxed, frightened, guilty, excited) of walking home

alone in the dark.
(2) I started to get (worried, bored, angry, boring) when they
didn’t arrive home.
(3) I felt really (nervous, disappointed, angry, relaxed) before
the interview.
(4) The audience in the (hall, apartment, room, department)
were crowded.
(5) Integrity is defined as adhering to a moral code in daily
decision (setting,idenfying, making,taking)
(6) A person with integrity is always (active, dutiful, honest,
motivated) and lets his actions speak for Who he is and what
he believes in.
(7) Every department needs to regularly (define, preview, review,
view) its priorities and make necessary adjustment.
(8) It is integral for staff to (find, know, prove, seek) their level of
productivity that they can make improvements if needed.
(9) We should allow our staff to (establish, draw, imagine, set)
their own goals and come up with strategies to achieve
them.
(10) The chairman has decided to (address, celebrate, make,
hold) a conference.
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(၅) အဓိပ္ပာယ်တူ အသုဳဵကွဲသညဴ်စကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵ (Synonyms)

ဖဖငဴ်ေမဵသညဴ်ပဳစ
ု ဳ

ေမဵြွန်ဵပုဳစဳအာဵလုဳဵအနက် အြက်ြဲဆုဳဵ အရှုပ်ေထွဵဆုဳဵ ဖဖစ်သည်။ အဓိပ္ပာယ်တူ

စကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵ ဖဖစ်သညဴအ
် တွက် ရုတ်တရက်ဆိုပါက ောပဲေဖဖေဖဖမှန်သလို ရှိနိုင်
ပါသည်။ သို့ရာတွင် စကာဵလုဳဵတစ်လုဳဵဖြင်ဵစီ၏ သီဵသန့်အဓိပ္ပာယ်ရှိသညဴ်အတွက်
စကာဵလုဳဵတစ်လုဳဵဖြင်ဵ၏အသုဳဵဖပုရမညဴ် အေဖြအေနအာဵသိရှိထာဵမှ ေဖဖဆိုနိုင်မညဴ်
ေမဵြွန်ဵမျိုဵဖဖစ်ပါသည်။ ဖမန်မာစကာဵတွင်လည်ဵရှိပါသည်။ လူတို့အတွက် စာဵသည်ဟု
သုဳဵေသာ်လည်ဵ ရဟန်ဵမျာဵအတွက် ေုဉ်ဵေပဵသည်ဟုသုဳဵသည်။ အဓိပ္ပာယ်မှာေတာဴ
အတူတူပင်ဖဖစ်သည်။ ေမဵြွန်ဵေတွ ေလဴလာကကညဴရ
် ေအာင်-

# The opposition (party/association/ organization) has put many

suggestions in Parliament to improve public services. (Ans :
party)

(ေရွေဵြျယ်စရာစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵဖဖစ်သညဴ် (party/ association/organization)

တိမ
ု့ ှာအဓိပ္ပာယ်တူစကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵဖဖစ်သည်။သို့ရာတွင် ဝါကျပါအေကကာင်ဵ
အရာသည် လွှတ်ေတာ်/နိုင်ငဳေရဵစသည်တို့နှငဴ်ဆက်စပ်သဖဖငဴ် party ကို
ေရွေဵဖြင်ဵဖဖစ်သည်။)

# Rapid population growth (leads to/ results/ gets/ enables) soil

erosion, food scarcity and starvation. (Ans: Leads to)

(Futureကိုြန့်မှန်ဵေဖပာဆိုသညဴ်သေောဖဖစ်သညဴ်အတွက်လည်ဵေကာင်ဵ၊
ဖဖစ်တန်ေြျရှိသည်ကို ေဖပာဆိုသညဴ်သေောဖဖစ်သညဴ်အတွက်လည်ဵေကာင်ဵ
Leads to ကိုေရွေဵဖြင်ဵဖဖစ်သည်။)
 58

# There are so many spelling (wrong/ errors/ mistakes/ faults) in

his letter.(Ans: errors)
(ေပဵထာဵသညဴစ
် ကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵအာဵလုဳဵ အဓိပာ္ပ ယ်တူသည်။ အသုဳဵဖပုရမညဴ်
ေနရာ ကွဲဖပာဵ ဖြင်ဵေကကာငဴ် errors ကိုေရွေဵြျင်ဵဖဖစ်သည်။)

ယခုပုဳစဳအတွက်အေကာင်ဵဆုဳဵအကကဳဖပုလိုသည်မှာ အဓိပ္ပာယ်တူ အသုဳဵကွဲသညဴ်

စကာဵလုဳဵမျာဵ (Synonyms) အာဵေလဴလာထာဵရန်ဖဖစ်သည်။

Exercises 4
1. A lot of teenagers (fix,keep,place,set) a high value on being
popular.
2. Some regions in Myanmar are ( able, due, going, prone) to serious
flooding in rainy season.
3. Many people ( do. make . take, undergo) risky cosmetic surgery.
4. Doctor (urged, requested, suggested, advised) him to give up
smoking.
5. We can (look for, search for, find, explore) a large amount of
information on internet.
6. He always (tells, speaks, says, takes) the truth. He is trusted man.
7. If you are (sick, ill, hot, boring), you should see the doctor.
8. It is harder to walk uphill than downhill because you must
(promote, lift, rise, increase) your body weight.
9. She can (say, talk, speak, tell) English well.
10. The (relationship, friendship, accompany, friendship) between
two friends like brothers.
 59

Keys
Tenses/Verb form
Old Questions
1. left 2. had 3. Was running 4. Sneezes
5. is shining 6. is waiting 7. missed 8. is raining
9. have 10.is 11.are 12. was udying
13. had 14. was waiting/ 15. was 16. have sent
finished arrived
17.will attend 18.jumped 19. celebrate 20. was studying

Exercises 1
1.arrived/ was watching 2. was preparing/rang 3.were
doing/arrived
4.learned/was working 5. were sitting/ began 6. isited/was
touring
7.was crossing/fell 8. saw/were waiting 9.were going/
broke
10.met/was walking 11. went 12. has played
13.booked 14. has been speaking 15. have you
visited
16.opened 17. has been waiting 18. had been
working
19.bought 20. have learned
 60

Exercises 2

1. woke/ had already prepared 2. Went/ had invited

3. Had heard/went/called 4. started/ had learned
5. Had typed/crashed 6. Arrived, had died
7. have never thought 8. had known/met
9. Did not know/had told 10. had been/ began
11.have just finished 12. Has already written

13. was 14.have not been

15. have not bought 16.Have you ever seen
17.had welcomed/asked 18.had broken/had

19.swam/ were sunbathing 20.were having/ran

Prepositions
Exercises 1

1.at 2.at 3.at 4. -/- 5.at

6.on 7.in 8.on 9.in 10.-
11.- 12.in 13.in 14.on 15.on
16. in 17.on 18.in 19.in 20.on

Exercises 2
1.at/by 2.by 3.at 4.on 5.of
6.about 7.At/by 8.in/at 9.on/on 10.in
 61

11.for 12.in 13.for 14.of 15.of

16. from 17.with 18.in 19. In 20.at
21. at 22.on 23.in 24.at 25.for/at
26.to 27.from 28.to 29.in 30.of
31.on 32.at 33.at 34.on 35.from
36.in 37.at 38.on 39.for 40.for
41.at 42.up 43.on 44.in 45.for
46.on 47.in 48.with 49.for 50.at

Exercises 3
1.in/in 2.on 3.into 4.with 5.for
6.to 7.in 8.from 9.with 10.of
11.at 12.during 13.to 14.at/on 15.to
16.to 17.by 18.at 19.in 20.from/at
21.during 22.of 23.to 24.on 25.from/to
26.on 27.in 28.at 29.to 30.for
31.with 32.in/to 33.at 34.on 35.with
36.for 37.from 38.by 39.for 40.at
41.at 42.through 43.on 44.in 45.at

Exercises 4
1.look down on 2.get on with 3.hand out 4.put off
 62

5.ran into 6.showing off 7.give up 8.drop in

9.come across 10.show up 11.Lift up 12.blown up
13.took off 14.get off

Exercises 5
1.break out 2./look forward 3.run out 4.keep up
5.called off 6.put up with 7.made up 8.carried away
9.do without 10. Passed away

Conditional Structure
Exercises

1. studied 2. had done 3. Arrives 4. had caught 5. see

6. If I have a lot of money, I will buy a big house.

7. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

8. If she had got up early, she would have caught the ferry.

9. If you eat a lot, you will gain weight.

10. If you heat the ice, it melts.

11. will be 12. get 13. was 14. get 15. would not have got
 63

Linking Words

Exercise1

1.Although 2.In spite of 3.Although 4.because

5.although 6.because of 7.in spite of 8.although
9.because of 10.although 11.consequently 12.although
13.because 14.because of 15.although

Exercise 2

1.despite 2.because 3.whereas 4.as if

5.however 6.but 7.but 8.as long as
9.in spite of 10.However 11.so that 12.on account of
13.due to 14.therefore 15.Due to 16.Because of
17.because of 18.consequently 19.therefore 20.Even though
21.Despite 22.Nevertheless 23.still 24.On the other hand
25.but

Exercise 3

1.However 2.On the other hand 3.Firstly 4.Though

5.At least 6.Then 7.whereas 8.Actually
9.Moreover 10.Besides

Word Forms Questions

Old Questions
1. wild 2.longer 3. strength 4. more
 64

5. advance 6. personnel 7. much 8.much

9. biggest 10. stressful 11. better 12.a
13. productive 14. Real
Exercises 1
1. take off 2. turn on 3. look after 4. give up
5. come into 6. clean up 7. get into 8. put off
9.turn down 10. get on

Exercises 2
1. sing 2. coming 3. to go 4. playing
5. walking 6. shouting 7. to answer 8. to wash, going
9. getting 10. to pass 11. go 12. To visit
13. to give 14. watching 15. looking 17. playing
18. coming 19. to visit 20. to accept

Exercises 3
1. frightened 2. worried 3. nervous 4. hall
5. making 6. honest 7. review 8. know
9. set 10. Hold

Exercises 4
1.place 2. Prone 3. Take 4. Urged 5.search for
6.tells 7. Sick 8. Lift 9.speak 10.friendship
65