MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS a.

the environment plays no role in

personality
QUESTIONS b. genes play no role in personality
c. the environment plays an important role
1. Phrenologists tried to find out about in personality
personality by: d. the Big Five traits account for about half
a. reading a person’s horoscope of our personality
b. feeling a person’s skull 9. Humanistic psychologists embraced the
c. looking at a person’s hands idea of:
d. asking people questions a. repression
2. A limitation of selective breeding studies is b. free will
that they cannot: c. unconscious drives
a. tell us anything about the role of genes d. the id
b. be used to study human beings 10. According to Eysenck, extraverts seek to
c. provide information relevant to the ________ their arousal while introverts
nature/nurture debate seek to ________ their arousal.
d. tell us anything about the role of the a. decrease, increase
environment b. hide, reveal
3. Which neo-Freudian challenged his ideas c. increase, decrease
about penis envy? d. reveal, hide
a. Adler 11. Allport believed that traits could be
b. Fromm organized into three levels:
c. Jung a. primary, secondary, tertiary
d. Horney b. cognitive, emotional, physiological
4. Someone who feels as though they are not c. id, ego, superego
living up to expectations would be d. cardinal, central, secondary
described by Adler as having: 12. The MMPI is used to measure:
a. low self-realization a. unconscious drives
b. an Adlerian complex b. the Big Five traits
c. an inferiority complex c. personality and psychological disorders
d. low actualization d. leadership potential
5. According to Freud, the mind’s three 13. Which of the following is NOT one of the
components are: Big Five traits?
a. ego, id, superego a. sense of humour
b. unconscious, moral, immoral b. openness to experience
c. oral, anal, phallic c. conscientiousness
d. primary, secondary, tertiary d. extraversion
6. The idea that you can assess someone’s 14. Freud founded the ________ approach to
personality by studying their face is called: understanding human behaviour.
a. phrenology a. palliative
b. physiology b. psychodynamic
c. somatology c. patronymic
d. physiognomy d. psychedelic
7. The ________ complex is to girls as the 15. The influence of parents on the personality
________ complex is to boys. of their children is:
a. Electra, Oedipus a. non-existent
b. Oedipus, Electra b. weakest in early childhood
c. oral, phallic c. strongest in early childhood
d. phallic, oral d. consistent across the lifespan
8. The discovery that the heritability of the Big 16. What is special about “knockout” mice?
Five personality traits is around 40% – 50% a. they are very attractive
suggests that: b. their DNA has been modified
 c. they are easy to knock out b. discredited
d. they are unusually aggressive c. shown to be accurate for thin people but
17. The aim of behavioural genetics is to learn not overweight people
about: d. shown to be accurate for women but not
a. the extent to which geneticists can for men
modify people’s behaviour 24. Which of the following is not a defence
b. the possibility of eradicating behavioural mechanism?
problems in children a. projection
c. the genetic and environmental influences b. regression
on human behaviour c. ingratiation
d. the ability of animals to learn language d. sublimation
18. Monozygotic is to ________ twins as 25. Rohan is self-disciplined, focused on
dizygotic is to ________ twins. achievement and keen to do his duty. He
a. male, female, would be
b. female, male expected to score highly on:
c. fraternal, identical a. neuroticism
d. identical, fraternal b. agreeableness
19. Which of the following characteristics c. extraversion
describe someone who, according to d. conscientiousness
Maslow, is self-actualized? 26. The Barnum effect helps to explain people’s
a. creativity belief in:
b. confidence a. fortune-telling
c. spontaneity b. astrology
d. all of the above c. horoscopes
20. According to Freud, children pass through 4 d. all the above
stages of psychosexual development. 27. ________ are the basic biological units that
Which of the following shows the stages in transmit characteristics from one
the correct developmental order? generation to the next:
a. oral, anal, phallic, latency a. genes
b. latency, oral, anal, phallic b. neurons
c. phallic, anal, oral, latency c. glia
d. oral, phallic, latency, anal d. instincts
21. Projective tests claim to reveal information 28. Which of the following would NOT be
about: useful to a behavioural geneticist?
a. career aptitude a. family studies
b. intellectual attainment b. case studies
c. unconscious processes c. adoption studies
d. parenting style d. twin studies
22. Traits are defined as: 29. According to Freud, the id is to the
a. physical characteristics that distinguish ________ principle as the ego is to the
us from other people ________ principle.
b. relatively enduring characteristics that a. aggressive, sexual
influence our behaviour across many b. sexual, aggressive
situations c. pleasure, reality
c. unconscious tendencies to act in different d. reality, pleasure
ways according to the situation 30. Lana is friendly, always willing to help
d. permanent personality tendencies that others and compassionate. We
determine our behaviour in any situation would expect Lana to score highly on:
23. Sheldon’s theory that people with different a. extraversion
body types have different personalities b. agreeableness
has been: c. neuroticism
a. supported by research d. openness to experience
 ANSWERS a. facts, values
b. ideas, emotions
1. b c. values, facts
2. b d. emotions, facts
3. d 4. According to the text, the lower level of
4. c explanation corresponds to
5. a ______ processes.
6. d a. social
7. a b. cultural
8. c c. biological
9. b d. interpersonal
10. c 5. A psychologist exploring the impact of a
11. d new drug on activity in the brain is working
12. c on the ______ level of
13. a explanation.
14. b a. lower
15. c b. middle
16. b c. upper
17. c d. all of the above
18. d 6. A psychologist studying what makes people
19. d laugh in different countries around the
20. a world is working on the ______ level of
21. c explanation.
22. b a. lower
23. b b. middle
24. c c. higher
25. d d. none of the above
26. d 7. Different people react differently to the
27. a same situation. This is referred to as:
28. b a. multiple determinants
29. c b. nativism
30. b c. the Simpson effect
d. individual differences
MULTIPLE CHOICE 8.  ______ is to nature as ______ is to nurture.
a. environment, genes
QUESTIONS b. conscious, unconscious
c. inaccuracy, accuracy
1. The word “psychology’ comes from: d. biology, experience
a. Latin 9. The term “tabula rasa” highlights the
b. Spanish importance of ______ in shaping behaviour.
c. Greek a. genes
d. Italian b. experience
2. Psychology is defined as the scientific study c. nature
of: d. predestination
a. people and things 10. The Greek philosopher ______ believed
b. emotions and beliefs that knowledge is acquired through
c. perception and religion experience and learning.
d. mind and behaviour a. Archimedes
3. The scientific approach is more useful at b. Rousseau
answering c. Plato
questions about ______ than questions d. Aristotle
about ______.
11.  ______ is to nature as ______ is to 19. Receiving an electric shock would be an
nurture. example of a ______ whereas being
a. Plato, Aristotle frightened would be an example of a
b. Aristotle, Plato ______.
c. Pliny, Archimedes a. stimulus, response
d. Stavros, Pliny b. punishment, reward
12.  ______ is the belief that the mind is c. reaction, emotion
fundamentally different from the body. d. reinforcement, stimulus
a. mindism 20. Dr Pula wants to explore differences in
b. dualism child-rearing practices between British and
c. centralism Chinese parents. She is most likely a:
d. specialism a. cognitive psychologist
13. The school of psychology whose goal was to b. physiological psychologist
identify the basic elements of experience c. cognitive-ergonomic psychologist
was called: d. social-cultural psychologist
a. experientialism 21. Nature is to ________ as nurture is to
b. dualism ________.
c. functionalism a. environment/genes
d. structuralism b. conscious/unconscious
14. Which of the following was most closely c. genes/environment
associated with the structuralist school of d. unconscious/conscious
psychology? 22. Freud emphasized the role of ________ in
a. Titchener shaping people’s personality.
b. James a. free will
c. Descartes b. unconscious desires
d. Watson c. hormones
15. Darwin’s theory of ______ argued that d. group influence
physiological characteristics evolve because 23. Evolutionary psychology has its roots in:
they are useful to the a. behaviourism
organism. b. collectivism
a. extreme usefulness c. functionalism
b. natural endowment d. structuralism
c. natural selection 24. Most human behaviour:
d. natural wellbeing a. can be easily explained
16. ______ was to structuralism as ______ was b. has multiple causes
to functionalism. c. stems from unconscious desires
a. Wundt, Titchener d. depends on social influence
b. Wundt, James 25. A forensic psychologist would be most likely
c. James, Titchener to study:
d. Milner, Thompson a. the accuracy of eyewitness memory
17. Freud championed ______ psychology. b. the impact of advertising on shopping
a. psychodynamic behaviour
b. cultural c. the effect of hormones on decision
c. conscious making
d. biodynamic d. gender differences in learning styles
18. Which school of psychology believes that it 26. The behaviourists rejected introspection
is impossible to objectively study the mind? because:
a. functionalism a. it was too slow
b. behaviorism b. it invaded people’s privacy
c. humanism c. it yielded too much data
d. socialism d. it was too subjective
 27. Another term for reinforcement is: 1. c
a. stimulus 2. d
b. reward 3. a
c. response 4. c
d. condition 5. a
28. East Asian cultures tend to be more 6. c
oriented toward ________ while Western 7. d
cultures 8. d
tend to be more oriented toward 9. b
________. 10. d
a. individualism/collectivism 11. a
b. collectivism/individualism 12. b
c. cultural norms/social norms 13. d
d. social norms/cultural norms 14. a
29. Watson and Skinner both contributed to 15. c
which school of psychology? 16. b
a. functionalism 17. a
b. cognitive 18. b
c. social-cultural 19. a
d. behaviourism 20. d
30. Which field of psychology would be most 21. c
likely to study the influence of 22. b
over-crowding on conformity? 23. c
a. personality 24. b
b. cognitive 25. a
c. clinical 26. d
d. social 27. b
28. b
29. d
ANSWERS  30. d

TRUE OR FALSE?

TIP

As well as writing down your answer see if you can write down WHY the statement is true or false AND
what else you can remember about the topic.

For example:
Statement: The Structuralism school of Psychology was influenced by Darwin.
Answer: False. Darwin influenced the Functionalists. Wundt was a Structuralist while James was a
Functionalist. Structuralism focused on basic elements or building blocks of experiences.

 QUESTIONS

1. Most behaviour has a single cause.

2. Wundt was an important contributor to the Structuralism school of Psychology.
3. Aristotle believed that behaviour was mostly the result of nurture.
4. Cognitive Psychology focuses on mental processes.
5. The Functionalism school of Psychology was founded by Freud.
6. The lower level of explanation focuses on interpersonal processes.
7. Hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to have positive memories of their childhood.
 8. Over time, psychology changed from being a philosophical to a scientific discipline.
9. Introspection involves asking people to report on their own mental processes as they happen.
10. Forensic psychology focuses on issues relevant to the criminal justice system.

ANSWERS

1. false
2. true
3. true
4. true
5. false
6. false
7. false
8. true
9. true
10. true

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS

Try these AFTER you have thoroughly studied the chapter.  You should not have to look back at the text to
answer them (only to check your answer!).  Remember, the point is NOT to memorize parts of the
textbook but rather to understand the material and describe it in your OWN WORDS.

If you are going to write more than a couple of paragraphs, think about the structure of your answer.

1. How do structuralism and functionalism differ?

2. Why shouldn’t we rely on intuition to answer questions about human behaviour?
3. What are some of the differences between collectivist and individualist cultures?
4. What are the key elements of psychodynamic psychology?

QUESTIONS

1. Evolutionary psychology has its roots in ________.

2. In terms of the nature-nurture debate, Aristotle argued for ________ while Plato argued for
________.
3. Free will is typically contrasted with ________.
4. ________ ________ are the ways of thinking, feeling or behaving that are shared by group
members and perceived by them as appropriate.
5. Western cultures are primarily oriented toward ________ while East Asian culture is primarily
oriented toward ________.
6. Freud, Jung, Adler and Erikson contributed to the ________ school of psychology.
7. ________ used introspection to try to identify the basic elements of psychological experience.
8. Biological processes underlie the ________ level of explanation while interpersonal processes
underlie the ________ level.
9. Descartes believed that the mind is fundamentally different from the mechanical body, in other
words he believed in the principle of ________.
10. ________ psychologists conduct research on the cognitive, emotional and social changes that occur
across the lifespan.

ANSWERS
1. functionalism
2. nurture, nature
3. determinism
4. social norms
5. individualism, collectivism  ….. independence, interdependence is also an acceptable answer
6. psychodynamic
7. structuralism
8. lower, middle
9. dualism
10. developmental

MULTIPLE CHOICE explanation.

a. lower
QUESTIONS b. middle
c. higher
1. The word “psychology’ comes from: d. none of the above
a. Latin 7. Different people react differently to the
b. Spanish same situation. This is referred to as:
c. Greek a. multiple determinants
d. Italian b. nativism
2. Psychology is defined as the scientific study c. the Simpson effect
of: d. individual differences
a. people and things 8.  ______ is to nature as ______ is to nurture.
b. emotions and beliefs a. environment, genes
c. perception and religion b. conscious, unconscious
d. mind and behaviour c. inaccuracy, accuracy
3. The scientific approach is more useful at d. biology, experience
answering 9. The term “tabula rasa” highlights the
questions about ______ than questions importance of ______ in shaping behaviour.
about ______. a. genes
a. facts, values b. experience
b. ideas, emotions c. nature
c. values, facts d. predestination
d. emotions, facts 10. The Greek philosopher ______ believed
4. According to the text, the lower level of that knowledge is acquired through
explanation corresponds to experience and learning.
______ processes. a. Archimedes
a. social b. Rousseau
b. cultural c. Plato
c. biological d. Aristotle
d. interpersonal 11.  ______ is to nature as ______ is to nurture.
5. A psychologist exploring the impact of a a. Plato, Aristotle
new drug on activity in the brain is working b. Aristotle, Plato
on the ______ level of c. Pliny, Archimedes
explanation. d. Stavros, Pliny
a. lower 12.  ______ is the belief that the mind is
b. middle fundamentally different from the body.
c. upper a. mindism
d. all of the above b. dualism
6. A psychologist studying what makes people c. centralism
laugh in different countries around the d. specialism
world is working on the ______ level of
13. The school of psychology whose goal was to c. cognitive-ergonomic psychologist
identify the basic elements of experience d. social-cultural psychologist
was called: 21. Nature is to ________ as nurture is to
a. experientialism ________.
b. dualism a. environment/genes
c. functionalism b. conscious/unconscious
d. structuralism c. genes/environment
14. Which of the following was most closely d. unconscious/conscious
associated with the structuralist school of 22. Freud emphasized the role of ________ in
psychology? shaping people’s personality.
a. Titchener a. free will
b. James b. unconscious desires
c. Descartes c. hormones
d. Watson d. group influence
15. Darwin’s theory of ______ argued that 23. Evolutionary psychology has its roots in:
physiological characteristics evolve because a. behaviourism
they are useful to the b. collectivism
organism. c. functionalism
a. extreme usefulness d. structuralism
b. natural endowment 24. Most human behaviour:
c. natural selection a. can be easily explained
d. natural wellbeing b. has multiple causes
16. ______ was to structuralism as ______ was c. stems from unconscious desires
to functionalism. d. depends on social influence
a. Wundt, Titchener 25. A forensic psychologist would be most likely
b. Wundt, James to study:
c. James, Titchener a. the accuracy of eyewitness memory
d. Milner, Thompson b. the impact of advertising on shopping
17. Freud championed ______ psychology. behaviour
a. psychodynamic c. the effect of hormones on decision
b. cultural making
c. conscious d. gender differences in learning styles
d. biodynamic 26. The behaviourists rejected introspection
18. Which school of psychology believes that it because:
is impossible to objectively study the mind? a. it was too slow
a. functionalism b. it invaded people’s privacy
b. behaviorism c. it yielded too much data
c. humanism d. it was too subjective
d. socialism 27. Another term for reinforcement is:
19. Receiving an electric shock would be an a. stimulus
example of a ______ whereas being b. reward
frightened would be an example of a c. response
______. d. condition
a. stimulus, response 28. East Asian cultures tend to be more
b. punishment, reward oriented toward ________ while Western
c. reaction, emotion cultures
d. reinforcement, stimulus tend to be more oriented toward
20. Dr Pula wants to explore differences in ________.
child-rearing practices between British and a. individualism/collectivism
Chinese parents. She is most likely a: b. collectivism/individualism
a. cognitive psychologist c. cultural norms/social norms
b. physiological psychologist d. social norms/cultural norms
 29. Watson and Skinner both contributed to
which school of psychology?
a. functionalism
b. cognitive
c. social-cultural
d. behaviourism
30. Which field of psychology would be most
likely to study the influence of
over-crowding on conformity?
a. personality
b. cognitive
c. clinical
d. social

ANSWERS 

1. c
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. a
6. c
7. d
8. d
9. b
10. d
11. a
12. b
13. d
14. a
15. c
16. b
17. a
18. b
19. a
20. d
21. c
22. b
23. c
24. b
25. a
26. d
27. b
28. b
29. d
30. d