ILM – ECED 125

MODULE 2
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE

MODULE 2- HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE

Overview:
This module discusses the history and development of guidance as part pf psudo-
science and traces the start of guidance movement in the Philippines., .
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the module, the pre-service teacher can:
1. Trace the history and development of guidance
2. Explain what pseudo-science is and its relationship with guidance.
3. Discuss the start of guidance movement in the Philippines
CONTENT:
1. History and development of guidance
2. Pseudo-science
3. History of guidance movement in the Philippines
TIME ALLOTMENT – 3 hours Week 3

LESSON 2 – History and Development of Guidance

Time Allotment
Student Learning Outcomes: At the end of Expected Outputs:
the lesson, the pre-service teachers can:
1. Trace the history and development of Do NUTSHELL
guidance
2. Explain what pseudo-science is and its .
relationship with guidance.
3. Discuss the start of guidance
movement the United States, France,
Russia, Germany and the Philippines
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Introduction
History and dev
country and local communities perceived its role and importance in every individual as well as
building a nation. Lack of trained personnel and sympathetic administrators, lack of funds, and
misconception about guidance were some of the factors which is resulted into sluggish
progress of guidance. But despite of these hindrances, guidance has come to stay as a newer
field of educational psychology. The movement of guidance has been spread in some countries,
including the Philippines.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE

Guidance at present is an outgrowth of several movements which are

centered on human behaviour patterns like psychology, philosophy, mental
hygiene and others. However, during the earliest period guidance is
motivated by religious and superstitious belief in helping others to discover their potentialities,
analyze their abilities and even predicts one future.
It may seems unbelievable, but some people are still influenced by these practices as
evidenced by their behavior and they spent much money and time waiting for that lucky day.

What is Pseudo-science?
 Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both
scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.
 Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable
claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of
openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when
developing hypotheses; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific
hypotheses have been experimentally discredited.
 In other words, pseudo- science are sciences which are not true since they are not
according to the qualifications of being called as such, real science.

Pseudoscientific Techniques in Guidance

1. Numerology- is predicting of future outcomes or events in terms of lucky and unlucky

numbers.
 Prediction of life partner through numbers.
 Omission of thirteen (13) in the numbering of rooms in buildings and other hotels.
 Friday the thirteen
 Feng shui
 Horoscope
 All of this has been part of our traditions.

2. Astrology- associating one’s fate with the course of the stars and other heavenly bodies.
3. Graphology- analyzing one’s character in terms of one’s penmanship. Intensity of strokes
Shapes and Size Slant of the letters.
4. Palmistry it is a belief that the lines on one’s hand tell the fate and destiny of an individual.
5. Phrenology individual traits can be determined by the size and shape of the head, the form
of the forehead. 
6. Physiognomy- Predicts personality traits through facial characteristics, bodily structure or
muscular set.
7. Occultism and spiritualism Common ways of looking into the past or the future. Examples:
Espiritistas Ouija Board

HISTORY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

Guidance and Counselling practice is as old as the human race. Long ago, man has always sought
guidance from persons he/she feels is in a position to help. Through traditional (informational)
ways, the contribution of region leaders, elders, priests, Imams, friends and well-wishers
towards meeting the guidance needs of people in their societies have been highly eventful and
impactful.
However, modern Guidance and Counseling began in the United States of America (USA)
under Frank Parsons in 1908, and since then it has spread to various Countries and Continents.
Guidance and Counseling have grown worldwide acquiring a steady reputation as it meets the
educational, vocational and personal social needs of a reputation as it meets the educational,
vocational and personal social needs of a reputation as it meets the educational, vocational and
personal social needs of various recipient countries. 

Guidance in the United States

In the United States the school counseling profession began as a vocational guidance
movement in the beginning of the 20th century . Jesse B. Davis is considered the first to
provide systematic school guidance program. In 1907, he became a principal of a high school
and encouraged the school English teachers to use compositions and lessons to relate career
interests, develop character and avoid behavioral problems.

The first organized guidance movement which assist young people was started by a civic-
minded leader, Frank Parson, Father of Vocational Guidance in Boston, Massachussetts . He
started as a volunteer in the Civic Service House in Boston to observe maladjusted young men
and women . Most of them were out of school and performed work which they were not
qualified.mHe organized the Breadwinners institute in 1905 with a planned program for
vocational guidance.

From the 1920’s to the 1930’s , school counseling and guidance grew because of the rise of
progressive education in schools. The movement emphasized personal, social and moral
development. many schools reacted to this movement as anti-educational, saying that the
schools should teach only the fundamentals of education. This, combined with the economic
hardship of the Great depression, led to the decline in school counseling and guidance.

In the 1940’s the US used psychologists and counselors tp select, recruit and train military
personnel which propelled the counseling movement in schools by providing ways to test
students and meet their needs. Schools accepted thses military tests openly.

Guidance Movement in Europe

In Geat Britain, placement work is carried out for boys and girls who leave the elementary
school, having reached the age of 14 or 15 which is the end of the compulsory education period,
or 16 years which is the secondary –school-leaving age. This is undertaken by the Ministry of
Labor through the Juvenile Employment Exchange.

Same with United States, province in Great Britain suffered a setback during the second World
War because young workers could readily obtain employment without vocational guidance. In
France, schools are highly regimented subject to strict supervision and under the Ministry of
Education in Paris, There is no provision for guidance in the secondary schools, Vocational
guidance was recognized in 1922 when guidance services became established

In Germany, during the first Reich, vocational guidance enabled boys to find jobs and aided the
government to relocate workers where they wera Psychole needed. Under the second Reich,
individuals were given a test of freedom of personality in a democracy . But during the third
Reich, guidance was given only in the interests of the State. Today, elementary schools pupils
receive the most benefits in vocational guidance. However, Germany does not have a
systematic training program for guidance workers. Counselors are appointed if they are
successful in their respective occupations.

In Russia, the entire philosophy behind their educational system is work, work, and even more
work. Work activities are integrated in every school program in order to produce efficient and
loyal workers. The vocational guidance bureau handles the counselling program. Each bureau
serves a definite number of schools through agricultural and industrial enterprises sponsoring
the schools.

Guidance Movement in the Philippines

In the Philippines guidance is said to have both accidental anf incidental origin. Teachers and
principals have assisted pupils to make choices and make self-adjustments. They also treat
problems of misbehaviour among pupils in the classroom and on the playground, including the
cutting of classes or low or inconsistent grades.

In 1932, with as much concern with cases of student discipline, emotional , academic and
vocational problems, Dr. Sinforoso Padilla started a Psychological Clinic and was operating until
1941.
About the same time, counseling tests were administered to the convicts in Bilibid Prison in
1934 and to the inmates of Welfareville in 1939.

Psychological tests were also use for guidance purposes in private schools. In schoolyear 1939
– 1940, the deans from four public schools were chosen and assigned to look after the
behaviour and conduct of students who were referred to them by classroom teachers.

On November 1945, the first Guidance Institute was opened and the Bureau of Public Schools
started to send teachers as pensionados for observation and study of guidance services
abroad. Behind its success that helped much in making Filipino education officials guidance-
conscious were the guidance experts like Dr. Roy G. Bone, George H. Bennett , UNESCO
specialists in guidance, Edward S. Jones, and Dr. Henry Mcdaneil of Stanford University.

In 1953, division superintendents of schools recommended the establishment of guidance

services in the public schools. It was the Division of City Schools , Manila which has the best
developed guidance program, and provincial divisions have started to set up similar programs.

In 2004, Guidance and Counseling Act has been declared as a policy of the state to promote
the improvement, and protection of the guidance and counselling profession by undertaking
and instituting measures that will result in the professional, ethical, relevant, efficient and
effective guidance and counselling services for the development and enrichment of individuals
and group lives. The state recognizes the important role of guidance counsellors in nation-
building and promotes the sustained development of a reservoir of guidance counsellors whose
competence have been determined by honest and credible licensure examinations and whose
standards of professional practice and service are world-class and internationally recognized,
globally competitive through preventive regulatory measures , programs and activities that foster
continuing professional growth.

.
 1. Trace the history and development of guidance
2. Explain what pseudo-science is and its relationship with guidance.
3. Discuss the start of guidance movement the United States, France,
Russia, Germany and the Philippines

Are there individuals in your community who are often consulted for
solutions of problems? Why are they being consulted, what are their
expertise?

.Make a research on the history and development of guidance and

counseling in one of the Asian countries.

References:
The history and development of guidance in the Philippines Free Essay Example (studymoose.com)