Page |1

PROJECT REPORT
On
“ARDIUNO BASED TEXT TO SPEECH (TTS)CONVERTER”

Submiteed by : JASSPEEET KSUE

Class : B.Sc. EEM 3red Year
University roll no : 191039443
College roll no : 191057
Submiteed to : Dr. DUSHYSNT GUPTS
Heaed of Electronic Department
IIHS,KUEUKSHETES UNIVEESITY KUEUKSHETES
Page |2

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certfy that the project enttleed, “ Ardiuno based text to

speech (ts) converter” is completeed by Ms. JASPREET
KAUR,191057,B.Sc. EEM 3rd Year, IIHS as a part of BSc EEM course ,
with my own eforts uneder the supervision of Dr. DUSHYANT
GUPTA , Head of Electronic Department , INSTITUTE OF INTE-
GRATED AND HONOURS STUDIES , KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KU-
RUKSHETRA.

Signature- JASPREET KAUR

Page |3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Primarily I would thank God for making me able to complete this project
with not only success but with great enthusiasm. I would like to convey my
deepest gratitude to the faculty and staff of Electronics Department for their
unrelenting support and encouragement throughout the Project Work.

I am greatly thankful to my project incharge Dr. Dushyant Gupta for his valu-
able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me in completing the
work efficiently on time.

Finally,I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my parents for their

blessings and supporting everytime in everyway they can in making this project
also my friends who helped me even at midnight whenever I face problem in
my project. They only dreamed about my project and have care for me. I am
greatly indebtly thankful to my friends who also worked for my project even
they are not with me but yet they also care for my project .

JASPREET KAUR
Page |4

CONTENT

CERTIFICATE………………………………………………….2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………3

CONTENT…………………………………………………4

Chapter1 : introducton………………………5-10
Chapter2:circuit descripton…………….11-16
Chapter3:components details…………..17-38
Chapter4:project development…………39-45
Chapter5:testng and measurement…46-47
Chapter6: conclusion………………48
Chapter7:refrences……………………49
Page |5

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Text to speech or TTS system normally converts normal text into
speech . This tech allows the system to speak out in a human
voice.There are many examples of text to speech converter that we
come across in our eday to eday life . Snnouncment in public transport,
customer care calls, voice assistant in our smartphone , etc .

The system uses an open source haredware Sreduino as

a moedule to generate the phonetcs the text given as a input to the
Sreduino in the form of source coede.The coede is compileed aned writen
using a sofware applicaton. Then the coede is processeed by the Sr-
eduino aned the corresponeding phonetcs are createed which are avail-
able in the library of the Sreduino. Then the amplifer circuit compris-
ing of IC LM386 is useed in its maximum gain for the amplifcaton of
the output aned clear souned. The output of amplifer is then proviedeed
to the speaker which gives the output auedible to human ears. The
goal of this project is to make the impaireed people enable a new to
speak out their voice with the help of this edevice.

Our project here is aiming to create a conversion be-

tween two ediferently ableed people. Ss a person having a speaking
edisability wants to share his views with a person who’s visually im-
paireed it won’t be possible edue to their physical edisabilites. Ss the
person who can write can proviede the input to the Text to- speech
moedule using a keyboared aned the moedule recites the writen input
proviedeed by the person. The output of the processor is proviedeed to
an amplifer for clear aned higher volume aned then the signal is
passeed to the speaker which converts it into a voice signal auedible to
a human ear. The seconedary use of the circuit can be useed to convert
 Page |6

e-books into auedio books easily by just copy aned pastng the contents
of ebook into the input moedule of the circuit. Text-to-speech con-
verts normal text into speech. This tech enables the system to speak
out the text in a human voice. This system changes normal text writ-
ten into speech aned it allows the system to speak out the text in a
human voice.

The frst level of this system is preprocessing which is also

calleed the normalizaton. This step involves the conversion of the
symbols , numbers aned abbreviatons into the woreds that can be reaed
by the machine like ‘?’ will be converteed into “queston mark”.

The seconed level incluedes the conversion of normalizeed text into

phonemes or phonetc transcripts . the phonemes are the small parts
of spoken woreds i.e. these are the souneds that make sentences. This
step is really essental so that machine can speak the speak the
woreds as humans edo .

The last step is the synthesis of phonemes into spoken voice.

This step can be achieveed by ediferent methoeds like by recoreding the
human voice for ediferent woreds\phrases or by generatng basic
souned frequencies aned pile them up as phonemes or by copying hu-
man speaking mechanism.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :- SPESKEE

SMPLIFIEE
POWEE SUPPLY SEDIUNO
CIECUIT
Page |7

APPLICATIONS :-
 Eeaeding Internet- baseed edata streams (such as e-mails or twit-
ter feeeds)
 Conveying status or sensor results from robots, scientfc equip-
ment , or inedustrial
 Language learning or speech aieds for eeducatonal environments
 Text to speech convert is also useed to make announcement at
pubic transport
 For customer care calls
 Voice assistants in your smartphones
 The navigaton menu of any machine
 Speech synthesis walking edevice for blined
 Sutomatc reaeding of computer screen
 Eobotcs
 Eailway aned airline announcment

ADVANTAGES:-
 Enhanceed customer experience
 Efectve braneding across touchpoints
 Global market penetraton
 Optmizeed edevelopment aned maintenance
 More autonomy for the edigital content owner
 Increaseed web presence
 Save tme aned money
 Easier implementaton with internet of things
 Wored-of-mouth marketng
 Enhanceed employee performance with corporate learning pro-
grams
 Extened the reach of your content
 Sccessibility is relevant
Page |8

 Populatons are evolving

 S growing elederly populatons edepeneds on technology
 People are increasingly mobile aned looking for convenience
 People with ediferent learning styles
 It helps to listen to class notes, text books aned electronic text
 It facilitates eeducaton
 It avoieds eyestrain from too much reaeding
 It helps in learning languages which you edo not know
 It helps in preparaton of speeches by hearing your work reaed
aloued
 It helps in listening e-books or e-material eduring journey
 It amuses chiledren by letng your pc reaed stories to them when
you are busy
 It helps seniors or those having vision problems
 It can be aedapteed easily to say whatever users want them to
say
 It can help in reaeding large paragraphs aned ofers range of edif-
ferent accents aned voices .

DISADVANTAGES:-
 The system is very tme consuming as it requires huge edata-
bases aned hared-coeding of combinaton to form these woreds. Ss
a result speech synthesis consumes more processing power.
 The resultng speech is less than natural aned emotonless. This
is because it is impossible to get auedio recoredings of all possible
woreds spoken in all the possible combinaton of emotons,
stress etc .
 pronunciaton analysis from writen text is a major concern
 it is edifcult to builed a perfect system
 fltering backgrouned noise is a task which can even be edifcult
for humans to accomplish.
Page |9
P a g e | 10

CHAPTER-2
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Here in this text to speech converter , we have useed an amplifer cir-
cuit to reeduce the noise aned get a clear souned . The amplifer circuit
is maede by using the IC LM386. Circuit ediagram for it is given below:-

5v C1
10uf

E2
10K C5(0.1uf)

Srediuno uno 6 C2
+ 3 + 1 8 220uf
EV1 5
100K 2 - 7
- LM386 C3
4 0.05uf
C4
10uf E1
10K SPESKEE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
P a g e | 11

S 100k potentometer is useed to aedjust the souned . aedjust it to get a

clear souned .if you edon’t have the exact values of resistor aned capaci-
tors then use the closeed ones . this circuit has two parts input pro-
cessing through arediuno uno aned then the amplifer circuit to pro-
educe the edesireed volume aned clear output voice .

Sreduino boared edesigns have a variety of microprocessors aned con-

trollers. The boareds are equippeed with sets of edigital aned analog in-
put/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaceed to various expansion
boareds. The Sreduino boareds have the feature of serial communica-
tons interfaces, inclueding Universal Serial Bus on some of the moed-
els, which are also useed for loaeding programs from personal comput-
ers. The microcontrollers can be programmeed using C aned C++ pro-
gramming languages. Slong with this traeditonal compiler tool chains,
like the Sreduino relateed project proviedes an integrateed edevelopment
environment baseed on the Processing language project. Now here
are the steps through which we interface the Sreduino boared to the
text proviedeed aned get its auedio heared by the human.

 Input to Sreduino:- we are using cell phone or pc to proviede

the input to the Sreduino. The instructon giving makes it
hanedy aned easy to carry.
 Eole of Potentometer:- It enables us to control the edegree
of amplifcaton aned hence it is useed as volume control in the
circuit.
 Gain aned flter:-The capacitor helps to maximize the gain aned
also it acts as flter.
 Op-amp IC LM386:- This IC can be useed as comparator, aededer
aned for other operatons but it’s best use is as auedio ampli-
fer which is the essental requirement of our system.
 Speaker:- The result of the amplifer circuit is passeed to the
speaker connecteed which proeduces the fnal auedio output .
P a g e | 12

 Text-input processing:- The frst part of the circuit to analyze

the text given to it through the source coede aned create a cor-
responeding analog output signal to the worled. The processing
is edone by using a microprocessor Sreduino Uno.
 Smplifcaton:- The seconed part of the circuit is to take the
output of the Sreduino as input signal aned proviede the ampli-
feed version of the same signal using the amplifer circuit.It
also enables us to change the volume of plot.

WORKING:-
We connect the power supply to the amplifer circuit
aned also atach the edigital pin 3 of the Sreduino to the 10K resistor
aned then connect the grouned of Sreduino to the grouned of given cir-
cuit. Sned afer that we also connect the speaker by connectng its
negatve terminal to the grouned aned positve terminal to the 220uf
capacitor aned at last we connect the power supply to run the system.

PROGRAMMING ARDIUNO FOR TTS (TEXT TO

SPEECH):-
The program for this Arduino based TTS is also very
easy as the library is available for this. This library is calleed
as Talkie aned it can be aededeed by library manager. To aeded the library,
go to Sketch->Include Library->Mange Libraries.
P a g e | 13

This library is very hanedy aned it has over 1000 woreds aned commaneds.
There are many other TTS libraries like jscrane TTS library, google TTS
library etc.

So let's start coeding. Firstly include some header

files. Talkie.h is useed to initalize this library aned set the Digital pin 3
of Sreduino as output pin. The Vocab_US_Large.h is useed to use the
alerts we are using aned Vocab_Special.h is useed to use the pause we
are using

#include "Talkie.h"

#include "Vocab_US_Large.h"

#include "Vocab_Special.h"

Now edefne an object ‘value’ to use the commaneds :-

Talkie voice;

Here the same message will be repeateed in the speaker so keep

the setup functon empty aned put the commaneds in loop functon.
The frst commaned voice.say(spPAUSE2) is to take a short pause
while repeatng the alert message. Sned the next commaneds are just
simple woreds that imply: DSNGEE DSNGEE STOEM IN THE NOETH.

void setup() {

void loop() {

voice.say(spPAUSE2);

voice.say(sp2_DANGER);
P a g e | 14

voice.say(sp2_DANGER);

voice.say(sp3_STORM);

voice.say(sp3_IN);

voice.say(sp3_THE);

voice.say(sp3_NORTH);

Finally uploaed the coede in the Sreduino aned connect the power sup-
ply to it. Ss soon as you power up the circuit you will start hearing
the alerts! If you edon’t get a clear souned then try aedjustng the knob
of pot or check if the Sreduino is getng proper power supply aned
make sure that the GND of Sreduino is connecteed to grouned of the cir-
cuit.

Code:-
#include "Talkie.h"
#include "Vocab_US_Large.h"
#include "Vocab_Special.h"
Talkie voice;
void setup() {
}
void loop() {
voice.say(spPAUSE2);
voice.say(sp2_DANGER);
voice.say(sp2_DANGER);
voice.say(sp3_STORM);
voice.say(sp3_IN);
voice.say(sp3_THE);
P a g e | 15

voice.say(sp3_NORTH);
}

ARDIUNO CODE

WITH INPUT TEXT

COMPILING THE CODE SND

PEOVIDING IT TO THE SEDIUNO

OUTPUT TO THE SMPLIFIEE

CIECUIT

FLOWCHART OF ARDIUNO PROCESS

OUTPUT secton;-
afer all the processing edoneby the arediuno text
get converteed into speech aned those signal are transferreed to the
speaker afer amplifcaton through circuit . aned we get the text into
speech form .`
P a g e | 16

CHAPTER – 3
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Componnents Number of compo- Price( in Es. )
nents useed
Speaker 8 ohm 1 70
LM386 1 20
Eesistors-10K 2 4
Capacitor- 220Uf 1 3
Capacitor-10Uf 2 6
Capacitor- 0.1 uF 1 3
Capacitor-0.05uF 1 3
Potentometer 1 20
Batery5-12V 1 20
Srediuno uno 1 750

TSBLE OF COMPONENTS USED

LIST OF REQUIRED COMPONENTS:-
 Sreduino boared
 Sn Smplifer Circuits
 IC LM386
 SPESKEE 8 ohm
 Capacitors- 220uF,10uF(two), 0.1uF,0.05uF
 Eesistors – 10K (two)
 Potentometer- 100K
 Batery 5-12V
 cc
Arduino board :-

Sreduino Uno is a popular microcontroller edevelopment boared

baseed on 8-bit STmega328P microcontroller. Slong with ST-
P a g e | 17

mega328P MCU IC, it consists other components such as crystal oscil-

lator, serial communicaton, voltage regulator, etc. to support the
microcontroller.

Arduino Uno Pinout Confiurrtion

Pin Crteiory Pin Nrme Detrils

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to

Arduino when using
an external power
source.
5V: Regulated
power supply used
to power microcon-
troller and other
components on the
board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply
generated by on-
board voltage regu-
lator. Maximum cur-
rent draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the micro-

controller.
Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide
analog input in the
range of 0-5V
P a g e | 18

Input/Output Pins Digital Pins 0 – 13 Can be used as in-

put or output pins.
Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and
transmit TTL serial
data.
External Interrupts 2, 3 To trigger an inter-
rupt.
PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM
output.
SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), Used for SPI com-
12 (MISO) and 13 munication.
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the in-
built LED.
TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA)
Used for TWI com-
munication.

AREF AREF To provide refer-

ence voltage for in-
put voltage.

Arduino Uno Technicrl Specifcrtions

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR fam-

ily microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V
P a g e | 19

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide
PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot-
loader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz
Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (out of which 6 can
be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a USB connec-
tion, A Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
P a g e | 20

How to use Arduino Board

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output
pins by using pinMode(), digitalRead() and digitalWrite() func-
tions in arduino programming. Each pin operate at 5V and can
provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current, and has an in-
ternal pull-up resistor of 20-50 KOhms which are disconnected
by default. Out of these 14 pins, some pins have specifc func-
tions as listed below:

 Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to re-
ceive and transmit TTL serial data. They are connected with
the corresponding ATmega328P USB to TTL serial chip.
 External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be confg-
ured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling
edge, or a change in value.
 PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM
output by using analogWrite() function.
P a g e | 21

 SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These

pins are used for SPI communication.
 In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in
LED, when pin 13 is HIGH – LED is on and when pin 13 is
LOW, its of.

Along with 14 Digital pins, there are 6 analog input pins, each
of which provide 10 bits of resolution, i.e. 1024 diferent values.
They measure from 0 to 5 volts but this limit can be increased
by using AREF pin with analog Reference() function.

 Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI com-
munication using Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

 AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs

with analogReference() function.
 Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

Communicrtion
Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another
Arduino board or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P mi-
crocontroller provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication
which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and digital pin 1 (Tx).
An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communica-
tion over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on
the computer. The ATmega16U2 frmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However,
on Windows, a .inf fle is required. The Arduino software in-
cludes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. There are two RX and TX
LEDs on the arduino board which will fash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to
P a g e | 22

the computer (not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A

SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of
the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328P also supports I2C (TWI)
and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire
library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

Proirrmmini Arduino:-
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required
to program the Arduino Uno board. Once arduino IDE is in-
stalled on the computer, connect the board with computer us-
ing USB cable. Now open the arduino IDE and choose the cor-
rect board by selecting Tools>Boards>Arduino/Genuino Uno,
and choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port. Arduino
Uno is programmed using Arduino programming language
based on Wiring.

Applicrtions
 Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems
 Multiple DIY Projects.
 Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.
 Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communica-
tions.
P a g e | 23

Microcontroller ATmega328P
ATmega328P is a high performance yet low power consump-
tion 8-bit AVR microcontroller that’s able to achieve the most
single clock cycle execution of 131 powerful instructions thanks
to its advanced RISC architecture. It can commonly be found as
a processor in Arduino boards such as Arduino Fio and Arduino
Uno. The ATmega328P is supported with a full suite of program
and system development tools which includes: C compilers,
macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit em-
ulators, and evaluation kits.
The fast PWM mode that provides a high-frequency PWM wave-
form generation allows for it to be suited for power regulation.

Prrrmetrics
Program Memory Type Flash

Program Memory Size 32

CPU Speed (MIPS/DMIPS) 20

SRAM (KB) 2,048

Data EEPROM/HEF (bytes) 1,024

Digital Communication Peripheral 1-UART, 2-SPI, 1-I2C

Capture/Compare/PWM Periph-
1 Input Capture, 1 CCP, 6PWM
eral

Timers/Counters 2 x 8-bit, 1x 16 bit

Number of Comparators 1
P a g e | 24

Temperature Range -40 to 85deg

Operating Voltage Range (V) 1.8 to 5.5V

Pin Count 32

Low Power Yes

Advrntries:
 Processors are simpler to use, with the usage of 8bit and
16bit instead of 32/64bit which are more complex
 Readily usable without additional computing components
with 32k bytes of onboard self-programmable fash program
memory as well as 23 programmable I/O lines
 Code Efcient, all 31 registers are directly connected to
the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), making it 10 times faster than
conventional CISC microcontrollers
 Optimized for AVR enhanced RISC instruction set

Disrdvrntries:
 Lacks performance compared to higher bit microcon-
trollers

IC LM386:-
The LM386 is an all – in – one Class AB Audio Amplifer IC that
can be used in a variety of applications. LM386 IC has been in
use for decades and is still being used as Amplifer in Com-
puter speakers and Portable Stereos.

LM386 is a low voltage power amplifer with an inactive power

draw of 24mW, which makes it suitable for battery controlled
applications. The most common package for LM386 is an 8 –
pin DIP. It is a very low cost audio amplifer and can power any
speaker. For the cost and size of the circuit, the sound from the
LM386 Audio Amplifer can be adequately loud.

There are many Audio Amplifer Circuits designed using LM386

IC. The main problem with these circuits is noise and interfer-
P a g e | 25

ence. The noise from the Amplifer Circuit designed in this

project is considerably less and if designed on a proper circuit
board, this will make a great Audio Amplifer.

The Audio Amplifer using LM386 is a low power circuit that can
deliver a maximum power of 1 Watt (1W) and can be used in a
wide range of applications like portable speakers, laptop speak-
ers, etc.The following image shows the pinout diagram of the IC
LM386

From the pin diagram, it is clear that LM386 is a simple Ampli-

fer IC with possibly minimum external connections.

Pin Number Pin Nrme Function

1 Gain
2 Input –
3 Input +
4 GND Ground
5 Vout Output
6 Vs Power Supply Volt-
age
7 Bypass Bypass decoupling
path
P a g e | 26

8 Gain Gain Setting Pin

 Pins 1 and 8 are Gain Control Pins. By default, the Gain of

the LM386 Amplifer is set to a factor of 20. When a capacitor
is placed between pins 1 and 8, it bypasses the internal resis-
tor (which is responsible for setting the gain to 20) and in-
creases the gain to 200.
 Pins 2 and 3 are the inverting and non – inverting inputs of
the amplifer (internally, they are connected to an OP-AMP).
Audio input from devices like microphone, mobile phones,
laptops, etc. is given through these pin. The inverting input
(Pin 2) of LM386 is usually connected to Ground.
 Pins 6 and 4 are the power supply pins. The maximum
power supply to LM386 is 15V. We have used a 12V Power
supply in this project.
 Pin 7 sets the path for decoupling and a capacitor must be
connected between Pin 7 and Ground. Pin 5 is the output pin.
Proper fltering must be done before connecting the output to
a speaker as any DC signal might permanently damage the
speaker.

Functional Block Diagram of LM386

Functionally, the LM386 Audio Amplifer IC can be divided in
to Amplifer, Gain Control, Bypass, Power and Output. The fol-
lowing image shows the functional block diagram of LM386.
P a g e | 27

Applications
 LM386 is already one of the important IC in audio depart-
ment and is featured commonly portable speakers and
laptop speakers.
 The LM386 Audio Amplifer Circuit can be used for record-
ing voice from microphone, building small speakers that
are battery operated, in FM Radio Devices, etc.
 They can also be used in TV Sound Systems, Line Drivers,
Servo Drivers, Ultrasonic Drivers, etc.
Resistors :-
Resistors are used in virtually all electronic circuits and many
electrical ones. Resistors, as their name indicates resist the
fow of electricity, and this function is key to the operation most
circuits.
P a g e | 28

Resistors of all types are used in vast quantities in manufactur-

ing electronic equipment. In fact the resistor is probably the
most common type of electronic component used in electrical
and electronic circuits.
There is a large number of diferent types of resistor that can
be bought and used. The properties of these diferent resistors
vary, and it helps to obtain the right type of resistor for any
given design to ensure that the best performance is obtained.
Although many resistors will work in a variety of applications
the type of resistor can be important in some cases. Accord-
ingly it is necessary to know about the diferent resistor types,
and in which applications each type of resistor can be used.
There are two main circuit symbols used for resistors. The old-
est one is still widely used in North America and consists of a
jagged line representing the wire used in a resistor. The other
resistor circuit symbol is a small rectangle, and this is often
termed the international resistor symbol and it is more widely
used in Europe and Asia.

The unit or resistance is the Ohm, Ω and resistor values may be

seen quoted in terms of Ohms - Ω, thousands of Ohms or kilo-
hms - kΩ and millions of Ohms, megohms, MΩ. When written on
circuits values like 10k may be seen meaning 10 kilohm, or 10
kΩ. The Omega sign is often omitted and the decimal point re-
placed by the multipler: e.g. 1R5 would be 1.5 Ohms, 100R is
100Ω, 4k7 is 4.7 kΩ, 2M2 is 2.2MΩ and so forth.
There are many diferent types of resistor. Some are for special
applications like being used as variable resistors, and others
are used for surge u limitation whilst others provide a variable
P a g e | 29

resistance with temperature. All of these characteristics can be

used.limitation whilst others provide a variable resistance with
temperature. All of these characteristics can be used.
However for fxed resistors there are diferent characteristics
that need to be taken into accountEven though the actual resis-
tance of the component is of paramount importance, other
characteristics also need to be taken into consideration. Power
dissipation, noise, inductance, thermal stability and a number
of other characteristics may all have a bearing on the operation
of the circuit in which the resistor is used.
Diferent materials and diferent structures within the resistor
can have a major impact. Accordingly when selecting a resistor
to be used, these characteristics must also be taken into con-
sideration.
Resistance used in circuit:-

Capacitors:-
The capacitor is an electric component that has the ability to
store energy in the form of electrical charges that creates a po-
P a g e | 30

tential diference, which is a static voltage, much like a small

rechargeable battery.
The most basic design of a capacitor consists of two parallel
conductors (Metallic plate), separated with a dielectric mate-
rial. When a voltage source is attached across the capacitor,
the capacitor plate gets charged up. The metallic plate at-
tached to the positive terminal will be positively charged, and
the plate attached to the negative terminal will be negatively
charged.

Types of Capacitors
1. Film Capacitors: Film capacitors are the ones that use plas-
tic flm as the dielectric medium. They are available in
nearly any value and voltages up to 1500 volts. They
range from 10% to 0.01% in any tolerance. Additionally,
flm condensers arrive in a combination of shapes and
case styles. There are two types of flm condensers, radial
type lead, and axial type lead.
2. Ceramic Capacitors: Ceramic capacitors are the ones that
use ceramic as the dielectric material. It is used in high-
frequency circuits such as audio to RF. In ceramic capaci-
tors, one can develop both high capacitance and low ca-
pacitance by altering the thickness of the ceramic disc.
3. Electrolytic Capacitors: Electrolytic capacitors are the ones
that use the oxide layer as the dielectric material. It has a
wide tolerance capacity. There are mainly two types of
electrolytic capacitors, tantalum, and aluminum. They are
available with working voltages of up to approximately
500V, but the maximum capacitance values are not avail-
able at high voltage, and higher temperature units are
available but are rare.
4. Variable capacitor: Variable capacitors mostly use air as the
dielectric medium. A Variable Capacitor is one whose ca-
pacitance can be mechanically adjusted several times. For
example, this form of the capacitor is used to set the reso-
P a g e | 31

nance frequency in LC circuits to change the radio to

match impedance in antenna tuner devices.

Uses of A Crprcitor
The capacitors have both electrical and electronic applications.
They are used for several things such as flters, energy storage
systems, engine starters, signal processing devices, etc.
 Capacitors are used for storing energy, which can be used
by the device for temporary power outages whenever they
need additional power.
 Capacitors are used for blocking DC current after getting
fully charged and yet allow the AC current to pass through the
certain of a circuit.
 Capacitors are used as the sensor for several things like
measuring humidity, fuel levels, mechanical strain, etc.
 Capacitors can be used in a time-dependent circuit. This
could be connected to any LED or loudspeaker system,
and it’s likely that any fashing light/regular beeping uses
a timing capacitor.

Following capacitors are used in my circuit:-

220uF:-

10uF:-
P a g e | 32

0.1uF:-

0.05uF-
P a g e | 33

Potentiometer:-
A potentiometer (also known as a pot or potmeter) is de-
fned as a 3 terminal variable resistor in which the resis-
tance is manually varied to control the fow of electric cur-
rent. A potentiometer acts as an adjustable voltage di-
vider.

Potentiometer Types
There are two main types of potentiometers:
 Rotary potentiometer
 Linear potentiometer
Although the basic constructional features of these poten-
tiometers vary, the working principle of both of these
types of potentiometers is the same.

Rotrry potentiometer-
The rotary type potentiometers are used mainly for ob-
taining adjustable supply voltage to a part of electronic
circuits and electrical circuits. The volume controller of a
radio transistor is a popular example of a rotary poten-
tiometer where the rotary knob of the potentiometer con-
trols the supply to the amplifer.
This type of potentiometer has two terminal contacts be-
tween which a uniform resistance is placed in a semi-cir-
cular pattern. The device also has a middle terminal which
is connected to the resistance through a sliding contact at-
tached with a rotary knob. By rotating the knob one can
move the sliding contact on the semi-circular resistance.
The voltage is taken between a resistance end contact
and the sliding contact. The potentiometer is also named
P a g e | 34

as the POT in short. POT is also used in substation battery

chargers to adjust the charging voltage of a battery. There
are many more uses of rotary type potentiometer where
smooth voltage control is required.

Linear Potentiometers
The linear potentiometer is basically the same but the only dif-
ference is that here instead of rotary movement the sliding con-
tact gets moved on the resistor linearly. Here two ends of a
straight resistor are connected across the source voltage. A
sliding contact can be slide on the resistor through a track at-
tached along with the resistor. The terminal connected to the
sliding is connected to one end of the output circuit and one of
the terminals of the resistor is connected to the other end of
the output circuit.

This type of potentiometer is mainly used to measure the volt-

age across a branch of a circuit, for measuring the internal re-
sistance of a battery cell, for comparing a battery cell with a
standard cell and in our daily life, it is commonly used in the
equalizer of music and sound mixing systems.

Diiitrl Potentiometers
Digital potentiometers are three-terminal devices, two fxed
end terminals and one wiper terminal which is used to vary the
output voltage. Digital potentiometers have various applica-
tions, including calibrating a system, adjusting ofset voltage,
tuning flters, controlling screen brightness, and controlling
sound volume.

However mechanical potentiometers sufer from some serious

disadvantages which make it unsuitable for applications where
precision is required. Size, wiper contamination, mechanical
wear, resistance drift, sensitivity to vibration, humidity, etc. are
some of the main disadvantages of a mechanical potentiome-
ter. Hence to overcome these drawbacks, digital potentiome-
ters are more common in applications since it provides higher
accuracy.
P a g e | 35

Applicrtions of Potentiometer
There are many diferent uses of a potentiometer. The three
main applications of a potentiometer are:

1. Comparing the emf of a battery cell with a standard cell

2. Measuring the internal resistance of a battery cell
3. Measuring the voltage across a branch of a circuit

SPEAKER 8 ohm:-
The purpose of speaker is to produce audio output
that can be heard by the listeners. Speakers are the transduc-
ers that used to convert the electromagnetic waves into sound
waves. It receives audio input from computer or audio re-
ceivers. The input fed to speaker is in analog or digital form.
Analog speakers simply amplify electromagnetic waves into
sound waves while digital frst convert the signal into analog
and then amplify it.

Sound produced by the speaker is defned by frequency and

amplitude, where frequency determines how high or low the
pitch of the sound is. Amplitude or loudness of the speaker is
defnes by the change in the air pressure created by the
speaker’s sound waves.

We all know that, speakers have few diferent parameters like

impedance, power handling, size, frequency response. Here,
impedance tells syou that how much current will fow through a
speaker at a certain voltage. Like this speaker has 8 ohms of
impedance and comes with a power handling capacity of 1W.
P a g e | 36

BATTERY:-
A battery is an energy source consisting of one or more
electrochemical cells and terminals on both ends called an an-
ode (-) and a cathode (+). Electrochemical cells transform
chemical energy into electrical energy. Inside the battery is an
electrolyte, often consisting of soluble salts or acids, it serves
as a conductive medium, allowing the electric charge to travel
through the battery.
When a battery is disconnected, the charge at the positive and
negative ends is equal, meaning there is no electric current.
When connected to an outside resistance or device, the battery
experiences an imbalance in charge that pushes electrons
through the device's conductive material to the positive end of
the battery. But while the electrons—or the negative charge—
are what moves through the circuit, the electric current is mea-
sured following the positive charge's direction, which fows
from the positive to the negative end inside the battery, and
vice versa outside it.
Depending on its voltage and load, a single battery can power
anything from a car's motor or a computer to a cellphone or a
light bulb. When it comes to most electronic devices, working
with the wrong voltage could result in your device not turning
on or risk frying its electrical components, sometimes beyond
repair.
The right voltage battery would be able to power a device with-
out hindering its performance or harming its hardware. Also,
depending on the device's consumption of energy and the bat-
tery's load, a single battery charge could last you anywhere
from a few hours to multiple days.
P a g e | 37

Connectng Wires:-
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to
travel from one point on a circuit to another because electricity
needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the con-
necting wires are made up of copper or aluminum.
P a g e | 38

Chrpter-4
Project development

Zero pcb:-
Zero PCB is basically a general-purpose printed circuit
board (PCB), also known as perfboard or DOT PCB. It is a thin
rigid copper sheet with holes pre-drilled at standard intervals
across a grid with 2.54mm (0.1-inch) spacing between holes.
Each hole is encircled by a round or square copper pad so that
component lead can be inserted into the hole and soldered
around the pad without short-circuiting the nearby pads and
other leads. For connecting the lead of component with another
lead, solder these together or join these using a suitable con-
ducting wire.

Veroboard or stripboard is also a general purpose PCB charac-

terised by a 2.54mm regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with
parallel strips of copper cladding running in one direction
across one side of the board. This general-purpose PCB is
known by the name of the original product, Veroboard, a trade-
mark of British company Vero Technologies Ltd and Canadian
company Pixel Print Ltd.
P a g e | 39

Both zero PCB and veroboard are popular among hobbyists, be-
ginners, and students for rapid prototyping asnd project works.

PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two

copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers
of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher compo-
nent density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would
19 otherwise take up surface space between components. The
rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and
especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent
with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multi-
layer PCBs make repair, analysis, and feld modifcation of cir-
cuits much more difcult and usually impractical.

LAYOUT OF CIRCUIT

The Layout is basically the line diagram in which line describes

wires and connections and pads depicts the components to be
soldered. Printed circuit board, PCB design, is one of the most
important design elements within the design of an electronics
product. In most instances an electronics hardware design engi-
neer will design the circuit, and then a PCB layout specialist will
undertake the PCB layout and design from a schematic pro-
vided using a PCB CAD system.
P a g e | 40

SOLDERING

Soldering is a joining process used to join diferent types of

metals together by melting solder. Solder is a metal alloy usu-
ally made of tin and lead which is melted using a hot iron. The
iron is heated to temperatures above 600 degrees fahrenheit
which then cools to create a strong electrical bond.

Solder is melted by using heat from an iron connected to a tem-

perature controller. It is heated up to temperatures beyond its
melting point at around 600 degrees fahrenheit which then
causes it to melt, which then cools creating the soldered joint.

As well as creating strong electrical joints solder can also be re-

moved using a desoldering tool.

Solder is a metal alloy used to create strong permanent bonds;

such as copper joining in circuit boards and copper pipe joints.
It can also be supplied in two diferent types and diameters,
lead and lead free and also can be between .032” and .062”. In-
side the solder core is the fux, a material used to strengthen
and improve its mechanical properties.
P a g e | 41

Metal used

Filler metals used in soldering were once lead based (lead sol-
der), however, owing to regulations, lead-based solders are in-
creasingly replaced with lead free solders, which may consist of
antimony, bismuth, brass, copper, indium, tin or silver.

Solderini iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat
to melt the solder so that it can fow into the joint between two
workpieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip
and an insulated handle. Heating is often achieved electrically,
by passing an electric current through a resistive heating ele-
ment. Cordless irons can be heated by combustion of gas
stored in a small tank, often using a catalytic heater rather than
a fame. Simple irons less commonly used than in the past were
simply a large copper bit on a handle, heated in a fame. Sol-
dering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and
limited production work in electronics assembly. High-volume
production lines use other soldering methods. Large irons may
be used for soldering joints in sheet metal objects. Less com-
mon uses include pyrography and plastic welding

Uses of a Soldering Iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used to heat solder, usually from
an electrical supply at high temperatures above the melting
point of the metal alloy. This allows for the solder to fow be-
tween the workpieces needing to be joined.
P a g e | 42

sThis soldering tool is made up of an insulated handle and a

heated pointed metal iron tip. Good soldering is infuenced by
how clean the tip of your soldering iron is. To maintain cleanli-
ness, a user will hold the soldering iron and use a wet sponge
to clean the soldering iron tip prior to soldering components or
making soldered connections.
In addition to the soldering iron, solder suckers are an impor-
tant part of the soldering setup. If excessive solder is applied,
these small tools are used to remove the solder, leaving only
that desired..

Solderini wire
Filler metals used in soldering were once lead based (lead sol-
der), however, owing to regulations, lead-based solders are in-
creasingly replaced with lead free solders, which may consist of
antimony, bismuth, brass, copper, indium, tin or silver. The
greater the tin concentration, the greater the solder’s tensile
and shear strengths. Alloys commonly used for electrical sol-
dering are 60/40 Tin/lead which melts at 188 °C (370 °F)and
63/37 Tin/lead used principally in electrical/electronic work. The
63/37 is a 22 eutectic alloy, which has the lowest melting point
(183 °C or 361 °F) of all the tin/lead alloys; and the melting
point is truly a point — not a range

Flux :-
Flux is a chemical cleaning agent used before and during the
soldering process of electronic components onto circuit boards.
Flux is used in both manual hand soldering as well as the difer-
ent automated processes used by PCB contract manufacturers.
P a g e | 43

The main purpose of the fux is to prepare the metal surfaces

for soldering by cleaning and removing any oxides and impuri-
ties. Oxides are formed when metal is exposed to air and may
prevent the formation of good solder joints. The fux also pro-
tects the metal surfaces from re-oxidation during soldering and
helps the soldering process by altering the surface tension of
the molten solder.

Flux is made up of a base material and an activator which is the

chemical that promotes better wetting of the solder by remov-
ing oxides from the metal. It also contains other solvents and
additives to help with the soldering process as well as inhibiting
corrosion. Flux may be solid, pasty, or liquid in form depending
on how and where it will be used. For hand soldering, fux can
be applied by a fux pen or is usually in the core of the solder
wire that most technicians use. For the automated soldering
processes used by CMs during printed circuit board manufac-
turing, there are a couple of diferent ways that the fux will be
applied.

The soldering project of our circuit is

P a g e | 44

Desolderini :-
Desoldering is the process of melting the solder and removing
the joints made between two materials.

In electronics, it refers to the removal of electrical components

from PCB for troubleshooting, repairing, replacing, and sal-
vaging. Desoldering is most commonly used for this purpose.

To put it in simple terms, desoldering is the exact opposite of

soldering. You undo everything that you did in the soldering
process.

Like soldering, desoldering is also an intricate process and re-

quires some level of profciency. You have to follow similar
steps and adhere to strict safety measures as in the case of sol-
dering.

Methods of Desoldering

1. Using a Soldering Iron

2. Using a Soldering Wick

P a g e | 45

3 Using a Desoldering Pump

4. Using a Heat Gun

5. Using Compressed Air

Using a Soldering Wick-

The soldering wick method is used to remove un-
wanted solder after the process of soldering. Soldering wick is
made by braiding and intertwining copper coils together.
Hence, it is also known as a desoldering braid.

Copper wires are used to make the soldering wick because they
are good conductors of heat. As solder is attracted to heat, the
copper coils suck up the solder from the metal surface.

Some soldering wicks come with fux which makes it easier to

remove the solder from the surface. If your solder wick does
not have fux, you can dip the end of the wick into some fux to
enhance the speed of solder removal.
 P a g e | 46

Chrpter-5

Testini rnd mersurement

After manufacturing the PCB, we will have to test the cir-

cuit. Testing is the process in which we check the shorts,
opens, resistance, capacitance, and other basic quantities
which will show whether the assembly was correctly fabri-
cated or not.

Testini of components:-
·Resistor –
For checking the resistor, set the multi-meter to the Ohms
mode. Connect the two probes of multi-meter to the two
ends of resistor. If the resistance appears on the screen of
the multi-meter and matches with the manually calculated
reistance of the resistor then the resistor is in good condi-
tion.
· Connectng wires –
· For checking the connecting wire, set the multimeter to
the continuity mode. Connect the two probes of multi-me-
ter to the ends of wire ,if the beep sound occurs, then we
can use those wires in our circuit.
· Capacitor:-
· Use the multimeter and read the voltage on the capacitor
leads. The voltage should read near 9 volts. The voltage
will discharge rapidly to 0V because the capacitor is dis-
charging through the multimeter. If the capacitor will not
retain that voltage, it is defective and should be replaced.
·
· After checking all the components and if they are in good con-
dition, then we will put them on the PCB. After that we will
give supply to the circuit. Then audio output show the well
working of the circuit.

· Plrcement of components:-
P a g e | 47
P a g e | 48

Chrpter-6

Conclusion

Our project here is aiming to create a con-

version between two diferently abled people. As a person hav-
ing a speaking disability wants to share his views with a person
who’s visually impaired it won’t be possible due to their physi-
cal disabilities. As the person who can write can provide the in-
put to the Text to- speech module using a keyboard and the
module recites the written input provided by the person. The
output of the processor is provided to an amplifer for clear and
higher volume and then the signal is passed to the speaker
which converts it into a voice signal audible to a human ear.
The secondary use of the circuit can be used to convert e-books
into audio books easily by just copy and pasting the contents of
ebook into the input module of the circuit. Text-to-speech con-
verts normal text into speech. This tech enables the system to
speak out the text in a human voice. This system changes nor-
mal text written into speech and it allows the system to speak
out the text in a human voice.
P a g e | 49

Chrpter-7
References
USEFUL LINKS

 https://www.electronicshub.org/how-to-desolder/

 https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

 https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2019/10/22/at-
mega328p-the-one-microcontroller-you-should-start-with/

 https://www.electronicshub.org/lm386-audio-amplifer-cir -
cuit/

 https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/electronic_components/resistors/resis-
tor-types.php