GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 1

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 2

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GATE 2015Cut-off Marks

BRANCH GENERAL SC/ST/PD OBC(Non-Creamy) Total

Appeared
Computer Sc. & 25.00 16.67 22.50 115425
IT

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 3

Contents
Chapter : 1 C-Programming

Chapter : 2 Data Structures

1. Arrays
2. Stacks and Queues
3. Linked List
4. Trees
5. Graphs
6. Hashing

Chapter : 3 Algorithms (DAA)

1. Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notations
2. Divide and Conquer
3. Greedy Method
4. Dynamic Programming
5. P and NP Concepts
6. OBST
7. Miscellaneous Topics

Chapter : 4 Digital Logic

1. Boolean Algebra and K-Maps
2. Combinational Circuits
3. Sequential Circuits
4. Number Systems

Chapter : 5 Computer Organization

1. Machine Instructions, Addressing Modes
2. Control Unit Design, I/O Interface
3. Instruction Pipelining
4. Memory Organization

Chapter : 6 Operating System

1. CPU Scheduling
2. Dead-Locks
3. Process Synchronization
4. Process Management
5. Memory Management
6. Virtual Memory
7. File & Disk Management

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 4

Chapter : 7 DBMS
1. ER Model
2. Functional Dependencies and Normalization
3. SQL
4. Relational Algebra and Calculus
5. Transactions and Concurrency Control
6. File Structures and Indexing

Chapter : 8 Theory of computation

1. Regular Language and F.A
2. CFL and PDA
3. CSL, REC, RE and TM
4. Decidability and NP – Completeness

Chapter : 9 Compiler Design

1. Lexical Analysis
2. Parsing
3. Syntax Directed Translation (SDT)
4. Intermediate code generation.
5. Code Optimization, Runtime Environment and other

Chapter : 10 Software Engineering

1. Software Engineering Concepts
2. Process Models

Chapter : 11 Web Technologies (WT)

Chapter : 12 Discrete Mathematics

1. Mathematical Logic
2. Combinatorics
3. Graph Theory
4. Set Theory & Algebra
5. Linear Algebra

Chapter : 13 Computer Networks

1. Introduction, Physical Later, DLL
2. Network Layer (IP)
3. Transport Layer (TCP, UDP)
4. Upper Layers, Network Security

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 5

Chapter : 1 C-Programming
C Programming

1. The output of the following C program is _______ GATE-2015 (SET-1)

void f1(int a, int b) {
int c;
c=a; a=b; b=c;
}
void f2 (int *a, int*b) {
int c;
c=*a; *a=*b; *b=c;
}
int main () {
int a=4, b=5, c=6;
f1(a,b);
f2(&b, &c);
printf (“%d”, c-a-b);
}

2. What is the output of the following C code? Assume that the address of x is 2000 (in decimal) and an
integer requires four bytes of memory. GATE-2015 (SET-1)
int main () {
unsigned int [4][3] =
{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}};
printf(“%u, %u, %u”, x+3, *(x+3), *(x+2)+3);
(a) 2036, 2036, 2036 (b) 2012, 4, 2204 (c) 2036, 10, 10 (d) 2012, 4, 6

3. Consider the following function written in the C programming language.

void foo (char *a) { GATE-2015 (SET-2)
if ( *a && *a != ‘ ‘) {
foo(a+1);
putchar(*a);
}
}
The output of the above function on input “ABCD EFGH ” is

(a) ABCD EFGH (b) ABCD (c) HGFE DCBA (d) DCBA

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 6

4. Consider the following C function. GATE-2015 (SET-2)

int fun(int n){
int x=1, k;
if (n=1)return x;
for (k=1; k<n; ++k)
x = x + fun(k) * fun(n-k);
return x;
}

The return value of fun (5) is ________

5. Consider the C program below. GATE-2015 (SET-2)

#include <stdio.h>
int *A, stkTop;
int stkFunc(int opcode, int val)
{
static int size=0, stkTop=0;
switch (opcode) {
case -1: size = val; break;
case 0: if (stkTop < size) A[stkTop++] = val; break;
default: if (stkTop) return A[--stkTop];
}
return -1;
}
int main()
{
int B[20]; A = B; stkTop = -1;
stkFunc (-1, 10);
stkFunc (0, 5);
stkFunc (0, 10);
printf (“%d\n”, stkFunc(1, 0) + stkFunc(1, 0));
}
The value printed by the above program is __________.

6. Consider the following C program. GATE-2015 (SET-3)

# include <stdio.h>
int f1(void);
int f2 (void);
int f3(void);

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 7

int x = 10;

int main ( )
{
int x= 1;
x += f1( ) + f2( ) + f3( ) + f2( );
printf (“%d”, x);
return 0;
}

int f1( ) { int x = 25; x++; return x;}

int f2( ) {static int x = 50; x++; return x;)
int f3( ) {x *= 10; return x};

The output of the program is __________

7. Consider the following C program. GATE-2015 (SET-3)

# include<stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
static int a[ ] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
static int *p[ ] = {a, a+3, a+4, a+1, a+2};
int **ptr = p;
ptr++;
printf(“%d%d”, ptr-p,**ptr);
}

The output of the program is ___________.

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

Ans : 1 Numerical answer : –5

EXP:
int main (){
int a = 4, b=5, c=6;
f1(a,b);
f2(&b,&c);
printf (“%d,”c-a-b);

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 8

void f1 (inta, intb){

intc;
c=a; a=b; b=c;
}

void f2 (int*a,int*b)
{
intc;
c=*a; *a=*b; *b=c;
}
a b c
4 5 6 6 5
1000 2000 3000
When the function f1(a,b) is called, values of a, b are passed
So,
a b c
5 4 5 4 4
4000 5000 6000

call by value is done for function f1

now, when function f2 is called (call by address) address of b, c are passed so,
a b c
2000 3000 5
7000 8000 9000

Now (c–a–b) = 5 – 4 – 6= –5

Ans : 2 a
1 2 3
4 5 6
EXP: int X [4] [3] =   is a 2D array
7 8 9
 
10 11 12 

%, X +3 indicates  skipping 3 row’s from the base address but the 4th row is not yet selected as there is no
* operator involved
so, 9 elements are skipped and every element is of 4 bytes
2000 + 9  4 = 2036
%, *(X +3) indicates skipping three rows and the 4th row is selected which also points to the some address
2036
%, *(X + 2)+3 indicates skipping two rows, third row is selected and then skipping 3 columns but the
elements are not yet selected as further no * operator is involved.
i.e., 2000 + (64) + (34) = 2036 Hence, option (a) is correct.

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 9

Ans : 3 d
EXP: The program prints all characters before ‘ ‘ or ‘/0’ (whichever comes first) in reverse order.
Hence, the correct option is (d) DCBA
Ans : 4 Numerical answer : 51
EXP:
fun(5) = 1 + fun(1)  fun(4) + fun(2)  fun(3) + fun(3)  fun(2) + fun(4)  fun(1)
= 1 + 2  [fun(1)  fun(4) + fun(2)  fun(3)] …(1)
Putting the value of fun(1) = 1
The equation (1) becomes
1 + 2  [fun(4) + fun(2)  fun(3)]
Now calculating the value of fun(2), fun(3) and f(4) respectively,
fun(2) = 1 + fun(1)  fun(1) = 1 + 1  1 = 2
fun(3) = 1 + 2  fun(1)  fun(2) = 1 + 2  1  2 = 5
fun(4) = 1 + 2  fun(2)  fun(3) + fun(2)  fun(2) = 1 + 2  1  5 + 2  2 = 15
Substituting these values in equation (1)
fun(5) = 1 + 2  [15 + 2  5] = 51

Ans : 5 Numerical answer : 15

EXP: The code in main program, basically initializes a stack of size 10, and then 5 is pushed on to the stack
and then 10 is pushed.
Finally, the printf statement prints sum of two pop operations which is: 10 + 5 = 15
Stk fun c (–1, 10)  Initialize size as 10
Stk fun c (0, 5)  pushes 5
Stk fun c( 0, 10)  pushes 10
Printf(“%d\h”, stkfunc(1,0) + stkfun c(1,0); 
Prints the sum of two pop operations which is 15.

Ans : 6 Numerical answer : 230

EXP: x + = f1( ) + f2 + f3 ( ) + f2 ( );
x = x + f1 ( ) + f2( ) + f3 ( ) + f2 ( );
f1( ) returns 26
f2 ( ) returns 51
f3 ( ) returns 100
second call to f2 ( ) returns 52
(x is static in f2( ))
x = 1+26+51+100+52 = 230

Ans : 7 Numerical answer : 140

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 10

EXP: int main ( )

static int a [ ] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

static int * P[ ] = {a, a+3, a+4, a+1, a+2}

int **p = p;

ptr ++;

print + (“%d, %d ”, ptr-p, ** ptr);

1000 1002 1004 1006 1008

a 10 20 30 40 50
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
 p 1000 1006 1008 1002 1004

2000
ptr
ptr    2004
ptr
ptr  p  2004  2000  1 (because it means skipping 1 element)
** ptr  40

So, the output is 140.

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 11

Chapter : 2 Data Structures

Arrays

1. Consider the following two C code segments. Y and X are one and two dimensional arrays of size n
and n n respectively, where 2  n  10 .Assume that in both code segments, elements of Y are
initialized to 0 and each element X[i][j] of array X is initialized to i+j. Further assume that when
stored in main memory all elements of X are in same main memory page frame.
Code segment 1: GATE-2015 (SET-3)
// initialize elements of y to 0
// initialize elements of X[i][j] of x to i+j
For(i = 0; i < n; i++)
Y[i] += X[0][i];
Code segment 2:
// initialize elements of y to 0
// initialize elements of X[i][j] of x to i+j
For(i = 0; i < n; i++)
Y[i] += X[i][0];
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
S1: Final contents of array y will be same in both code segments
S2: Elements of array X accessed inside the for loop shown in code segment 1 are
contiguous in main memory
S3: Elements of array X accessed inside the for loop shown in code segment 2 are
contiguous in main memory.
(a) Only S2 is correct
(b) Only S3 is correct.
(c) Only S1 and S2 are correct.
(d) Only S1 and S3 are correct.

2. A program P reads in 500 integers in the range [0, 100] representing the scores of 500 students. It then
prints the frequency of each score above 50. What would be the best way for P to store the
frequencies? GATE-2005 (SET-3)
(a) An array of 50 numbers (b) An array of 100 numbers
(c) An array of 500 numbers (d) A dynamically allocated array of 550 numbers

3. A single array A[1..MAXSIZE] is used to implement two stacks. The two stacks grow from opposite
ends of the array. Variables top1 and top2 (top1 < top2) point to the location of the topmost element in
each of the stacks. If the space is to be used efficiently, the condition for “stack full” is
GATE-2004
(a) (top 1 = MAXSIZE/2) AND (top 2 = MAXSIZE/2 + 1)
(b) top 1 + top 2 = MAXSIZE
(c) (top 1 = MAXSIZE/2) or (top 2 = MAXSIZE)
(d) top 1 = top 2 – 1

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 12

4. Two matrices M1 and M 2 are to be stored in arrays A and B respectively. Each array can be stored

either in row-major or column-major order in contiguous memory locations. The time complexity of

an algorithm to compute M1  M 2 will be GATE-2004

(a) Best if A is in row-major, and B is in column-major order

(b) Best if both are in row-major order
(c) Best if both are in column-major order
(d) Independent of the storage scheme

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Stacks and Queues

5. The result evaluating the postfix expression 10 5 + 60 6 / * 8 – is

(a) 284 (b) 213 (c) 142 (d) 71 GATE-2015 SET-3

6. Suppose a stack implementation supports an instruction REVERSE, which reverses the order of
elements on the stack, in addition to the PUSH and POP instructions. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE with respect to this modified stack? GATE-2014
(a) A queue cannot be implemented using this stack.
(b) A queue can be implemented where ENQUEUE takes a single instruction and DEQUEUE takes
a sequence of two instructions.
(c) A queue can be implemented where ENQUEUE takes a sequence of three instructions and
DEQUEUE takes a single instruction.
(d) A queue can be implemented where both ENQUEUE and DEQUEUE take a single instruction
each.

7. Consider the following operation along with Enqueue and Dequeue operations on queues, where k is a
global parameter GATE-2013
MultiDequeue (Q) {
m = k
while (Q is not empty) and (m > 0) {
Dequeue (Q)
m = m – 1
}
}
What is the worst case time complexity of a sequence of n queue operations on an initially empty
queue?
(a)  (n) (b) (n + k) (c) (nk) (d) (n2)

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 13

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

Ans : 1 c
EXP: Basically, what this program is describing is that 
In C, 2D arrays are stored in row major order.
Therefore, S2 is correct, but S3 is not correct.

Ans : 2 a
EXP: An array of size 50 looks the best option to store number of students for each score. We need to
store frequencies of scores above 50. We can ignore scores below 50 and to index the scores above 50.

Ans : 3 d
EXP: A single array

As both stack grow from the opposite end of the array and grow in the opposite direction so stack will
be full only if both Top1 and Top2 are adjacent to each other. Only option (d) satisfies the condition.

Ans : 4 d
EXP: Since matrices are stored in array, complexity is independent of how they are stored. If the starting
address of array is known, with indexes of elements their address can be calculated.

Ans : 5 c
EXP: 10 5 + 60 6 / * 8 –

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 14

/

6 10
5  
60 15
10
15

*
10
15

150


8  142
150

Ans : 6 c
EXP: We can implement queue with the help of two stacks but if we have one stack with REVERSE
operation then we can implement the queue operation.
For de-queue operation
(i) Pop the top of the stack
For Enqueue operation
(i) REVERSE (ii) PUSH (iii) REVERSE
So de-queue can be implemented by 1-stack operation and enqueue can be implemented by 3-stack
operation option (c) is correct.

Ans : 7 c
EXP: In the stack and queue every operation takes 0(1) time. Here there are total n operations.
Let a be the en-queue operations
b be the de-queue operations
c be the multi-queue operation
a+b+c=n
All en-queue, de-queue, and multi-queue operations takes constant time so total time complexity is
0(n).

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 15

Chapter : 3 Algorithms (DAA)

Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notations
1. Consider the following C function. GATE-2015 SET-1
int funl (int n) {
int i,j,k,p,q=0;
for(i=1; i<n; ++1) {
p=0;
for (j=n; j>1; j=j/2)
++p;
for (k=1; k<p; k=k*2)
++q;
}
return q;
}

Which one of the following most closely approximates the return value of the function funl?
(a)n3 (b) n (log n)2 (c) n log n (d) n log (log n)

2. Consider a complete binary tree where the left and the right subtrees of the root are max-heaps. The
lower bound for the number of operations to convert the tree to a heap is GATE-2015 SET-1

(a) (log n) (b) (n) (c) (n log n) (d) (n 2 )

n
3. Consider the equality  i 3  X and the following choices for X GATE-2015 SET-3
i 0

I.  (n 4 )

II.  ( n5 )

III. o(n5 )

IV. ( n3 )

The equality above remains correct if X is replaced by

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) I or III or IV but not II
(d) II or III or IV but not I

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 16

4. Consider the following recursive C function. GATE-2015 SET-3

Void get (int n)
{
if (n<1) return;
get (n–1) ;
get (n–3) ;
printf (“%d” , n) ;
}
If get (6) function is being called in main ( ) then how many times will the get ( ) function be
invoked before returning to the main ( ) ?
(a) 15 (b) 25 (c) 35 (d) 45

5. Let f(n) =n and g(n) = n(1+sin n), where n is a positive integer. Which of the following statements
is/are correct? GATE-2015 SET-3
I. f (n)  o( g (n))
II. f (n)  ( g ( n))
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

Ans : 1 d

EXP:
int fun 1(intn)}
int, i, j, k, p, q = 0;
for (i=1; i<n; i++) This loop runs (n) time
}
p =0
for (j=n; j>1; j=j/2)This loop runs logn time and P =
logn
for (k=1;k<p; k=k2)This loop also runs (Logn) time and
k=log logn [p=logn], 2k = logn, [k=loglogn]

hence, overall time complexity is (nloglogn)

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 17

Ans : 2 a
EXP: Call Max-heapify procedure which recurses at most through the height of the heap i.e., 
(logn)

Ans : 3 c
EXP:

 i3  X
i 0

X = sum of natural no. cubes.

i.e. = 13  2 2  33  43  ....

2
 n(n  1)  n 2 (n  1) 2
    O(n 4 ) or O(n5 ) or (n3 )
 2  4

i.e. option (c) is correct.

Ans : 4 b
EXP:

Total 25 calls

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 18

Ans : 5 d
EXP:
f ( n)  n

g (n)  n(1sin n)

Since, trigonometric function are non-comparable

 f (n)  O( g (n)) and f (n)  ( g (n)) are both false.
The value of sine function varies from –1 to 1 for sin = 1 or other negative values. I becomes
false. For sin = 1 or other positive values. II becomes false.

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 19

Chapter : 4 Digital Logic

1. Boolean Algebra and K-Maps

1. Consider the operations GATE-2015 SET-1
f ( X , Y , Z )  X 'YZ  XY ' Y ' Z ' and g ( X , Y , Z )  X 'YZ  X 'YZ ' XY
Which one of the following is correct?
(a) Both {f} and {g} are functionally complete
(b) Only {f} is functionally complete
(c) Only {g} is functionally complete
(d) Neither {f} nor {g} is functionally complete
ANS: b

55. The number of min-terms after minimizing the following Boolean expression is ___________.
[D’ + AB’ +A’C +AC’D + A’C’D]’ GATE-2015 SET-2
ANS: 1

40. Given the function F = P’ + QR, where F is a function in three Boolean variables P, Q and R and P’ = !
P, consider the following statements. GATE-2015 SET-3
(S1) F =  (4, 5, 6)
(S2) F =  (0, 1, 2, 3, 7)
(S3) F =  (4, 5, 6)
(S4) F =  (0, 1, 2, 3, 7)
Which of the following is true?
(a) (S1)- False, (S2)-True, (S3)-True, (S4)-False
(b) (S1)- True, (S2)-False, (S3)-False, (S4)-True
(c) (S1)- False, (S2)-False, (S3)-True, (S4)-True
(d) (S1)- True, (S2)-True, (S3)-False, (S4)-False
ANS: a

62. The total number of prime implicants of the function f ( w, x, y, z )  (0,2,4,5,6,10) is _____.

GATE-2015 SET-3
ANS: 3

1. Consider the following Boolean expression for F: GATE-2014: SET-1

F ( P, Q, R, S )  PQ  PQR  PQRS

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The minimal sum of products form of F is

(a.) PQ + QR + QS (b.) P + Q + R + S (c.) P  Q  R  S (d.) PR  PRS  P

2. The dual of a Boolean function F(x1, x2, …., xn, +, ., ’) FD, is the same expression as that of F with +
and. Swapped. F is said to be self duel if F = FD. The number of self dual functions with n Boolean
variables is GATE-2014: SET2
n n1
(a.) 2n (b.) 2n – 1 (c.) 22 (d.) 22

3. Consider the following minterm expression for F: GATE-2014: SET-3

F ( P, Q, R, S )   0, 2,5,7,8,10,13,15

The minterms 2, 7, 8 and 13 are ‘do not care’ terms. The minimal sum – of – products form for F is

(a.) QS  QS (b.) QS  QS

(c.) QRS  QRS  QRS  QRS (d.) PQS  PQS  PQS  PQS

A binary operation  on a set of integers is defined as x  y  x  y

2 2
4. . Which one of the

following statements is TRUE about  ? GATE-2013

(a) commutative but not associative (b) both commutative and associative
(c) associative but not commutative (d) neither commutative nor associative

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

Ans : 1 a

EXP:
F ( P , Q , R , S )  PQ  PQR  PQRS

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Ans : 2 d
EXP: For ‘n’ variables.
n
Total number of Boolean functions = 22

n 1
And number of self dual functions = 2 2

Ans : 3 b
EXP: F (P, Q, R, S) =  (0, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15)
Where 2, 7, and 13 are don’t care
K – map

Ans : 4 a
EXP: Verifying commutative law:
x  y  x2  y 2  y 2  x2  y  x 
 Commutative
Verifying associative law:

  
x   y  z  x  y 2  z 2  x2  y 2  z 2  ... 1
2

 x  y  z   x2  y 2   z   x2  y 2  ...  2
2
z

From (1) and (2)it is clear that,

x   y  z   x  y  z 
 Not Associative.

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 22

Chapter : 5 Computer Organization

Machine Instructions and Addressing Modes

1. For computers based on three-address instruction formats, each address field can be used to specify

which of the following: GATE-2015 SET-1

(S1) A memory operand

(S2) A processor register

(S3) An implied accumulator register

(a) Either S1 or S2

(b) Either S2 or S3

(c) Only S2 and S3

(d) All of S1, S2 and S3

2. Consider a processor with byte-addressable memory. Assume that all registers, including Program

Counter (PC) and Program Status Word (PSW), are of size 2 bytes. A stack in the main memory is

implemented from memory location (0100)16 and it grows upward. The stack pointer (SP) points to the

top elements of the stack. The current value of SP is (016E)16. The CALL instruction is of two words, the

first word is the op-code and the second word is the starting address of the subroutine (one word = 2

bytes). The CALL instruction is implemented as follows: GATE-2015 SET-2

 Store the current value of PC in the stack

 Store the value of PSW register in the stack

 Load the string address of the subroutine in PC

The content of PC just before the fetch of a CALL instruction is (5FA0)16. After execution of the CALL

instruction, the value of the stack pointer is

(a) (016A)16 (b) (016C)16 (c) (0170)16 (d) (0172)16

3. A machine has a 32-bit architecture, with 1-word long instructions. It has 64 registers, each of which is

32 bit long. It needs to support 45 instructions, which have an immediate operand in addition to two

register operands. Assuming that the immediate operand is an unsigned integer, the maximum value

of the immediate operand is __________. GATE : 2014

4. Consider a hypothetical processor with an instruction of type LW R1, 20 (R2), which during execution

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reads a 32-bit word from memory and stores it in a 32-bit register R1. The effective address of the

memory location is obtained by the addition of constant 20 and the contents of register R2. Which of the

following best reflects the addressing mode implemented by this instruction for the operand in memory?

GATE : 2011

(a.) Immediate Addressing

(b.) Register Addressing

(c.) Register indirect scaled addressing

(d.) Base indexed Addressing

5. A computer handles several interrupt sources of which ,the following are relevant for this question.

GATE : 2011

Interrupt from CPU temperature sensor ( raises interrupt if CPU temperature is too high).

Interrupt from mouse ( raises interrupt if the mouse is moved or a button is pressed).

Interrupt from keyboard ( raises interrupt when a key is pressed or released).

Interrupt from hard disk ( raises interrupt when a disk read is completed).

Which one of these will be handled at HIGHEST priority?

(a.) Interrupt from Hard Disk (b.) Interrupt from mouse

(c.) Interrupt from Keyboard (d.) Interrupt from CPU temperature sensor

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

Ans : 1 a

EXP: …………(Sample file here) ……

Ans : 1 d

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EXP: …………(Sample file here) ……

3. ANS: 16383

number of Registers: 64

number of instructions supported by machine: 45

Instruction size: 32 bit

x = 32 – 18 = 14bits

Immediate operand is the operand which is available in the instruction itself.

number of bits for immediate operand = 14 bits

Maximum value of immediate operand = 214 – 1 = 16383

4. ANS: d

LW R1 , 20( R2 )

Immediate Addressing:

In this mode, operand is specified in the instruction itself.

Register Addressing:

In this mode, operands are in registers that reside within CPU.

In the above instruction:

EA of memory: 20 + [R2]

R1  M  20  [ R2 ]

In indexed AM, content of index register is added to address part of the instruction, to obtain the

effective address.

5. ANS: d

Interrupt from CPU temperature sensor will be handled at highest priority.

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Chapter : 6 Operating System

CPU Scheduling

1. Consider a uniprocessor system executing three tasks T1, T2 and T3, each of which is
composed of an infinite sequence of jobs (or instances) which arrive periodically at intervals
of 3, 7 and 20 milliseconds, respectively. The priority of each task is the inverse of its period,
and the available tasks are scheduled in order of priority, with the highest priority task
scheduled first. Each instance of T1, T2 and T3, requires an execution time of 1, 2 and 4
milliseconds, respectively. Given that all tasks initially arrive at the beginning of the 1st
millisecond and task preemptions are allowed, the first instance of T3 completes its execution
at the end of __________ milliseconds. GATE-2015 SET-1

2. For the processes listed in the following table, which of the following scheduling schemes will give the
lowest average turnaround time? GATE-2015 SET-3
Process Arrival time Processing time
A 0 3
B 1 6
C 4 4
D 6 2
(a) First Come First Serve
(b) Non-preemptive shortest job First
(c) Shortest Remaining Time
(d) Round Robin with Quantum value two

3. Consider the following set of processes that need to be scheduled on a single CPU. All the times are
given in milliseconds.
Process Name Arrival Time Execution Time
A 0 6
B 3 2
C 5 4
D 7 6
E 10 3
Using the shortest remaining time first scheduling algorithm, the average process turnaround time (in
msec) is ________________. GATE-2014

2. Three processes A, B and C each execute a loop of 100 iterations. In each iteration of the loop, a
process performs a single computation that requires tc CPU milliseconds and then initiates a single I/O
operation that lasts for tio milliseconds. It is assumed that the computer where the processes execute
has sufficient number of I/O devices and the OS of the computer assigns different I/O devices to each
process. Also, the scheduling overhead of the OS is negligible. The processes have the following
characteristics: GATE-2014
Process id tc tio
A 100ms 500ms
B 350ms 500ms

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C 200ms 500ms
The processes A, B, and C are started at times 0, 5 and 10 milliseconds respectively, in a pure time
sharing system (round robin scheduling) that uses a time slice of 50 milliseconds. The time in
milliseconds at which process C would complete its first I/O operation is __________.

3. An operating system uses shortest remaining time first scheduling algorithm for pre-emptive
scheduling of processes. Consider the following set of processes with their arrival times and CPU
burst times (in milliseconds): GATE-2014

Process Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0 12
P2 2 4
P3 3 6
P4 8 5

The average waiting time (in milliseconds) of the processes is ____________.

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

Operating System Solutions

Ans : 1 Numerical answer : 12

EXP:
Periods of T1, T2 and T3 are 3ms, 7ms and 20ms
Since Priority is inverse of period, T1 is the highest priority, then T2 and finally T3
Every instance of T1 requires 1ms, that of T2 requires 2ms and that of T3 requires 4ms.
Initially all T1, T2 and T3 are ready to get processor, T1 is preferred.
Second instance of T1, T2 and T3 shall arrive at 3, 7 and 20 units of time
Third instance of T1, T2 and T3 shall arrive at 6, 14 and 49 respectively.
Time-Interval Process
0–1 T1
1–2 T2
2–3 T2
3–4 T1 (second instance of T1 arrives)
4–5 T3
5–6 T3
6–7 T1 (Third instance of T1 arrives)

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7–8 T2(Second instance of T2 arrives)

8–9 T2
9 – 10 T1(Fourth instance of T1 arrives)
10 – 11 T3
11 – 12 T3(First instance of T3 arrives)

Ans : 2 c
EXP: Turnaround time is the total time token between the submission of a program for execution and the
return of the complete output.
Turnaround time = Completion time – Arrival time
FCFS = First come first serve (A, B, C, D)
SJF = Non-pre emptive shortest job first (A, B, C, D)
SRT = Shortest remaining time first (A(3), B(1), C(4), D(2), B(5))
RR = Round Robin with time quantum 2
(A(2), B(2), A(1), C(2), B(2), D(2), C(2), B(2))
Ans : 3 Numerical answer : 7.2 m sec
EXP:

Process name Arrival name Execution time Completion time Turnaround time
A 0 6 8 8

B 3 2 5 2

C 5 4 12 7

D 7 6 21 14

E 10 3 15 5
36
CPU Scheduling Algo:
Shortest remaining time First (SRTF)
A B A A C C E D
0 3 5 7 8 10 12 15 21
36
Average T.A.T =  7.2m sec
5
Ans : 4 Numerical answer : 1000
EXP:
Process ID Arrival Time tc t IO
A 0ms 100ms 500ms

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B 5ms 350ms 500ms

C 10ms 200ms 500ms

CPU scheduling Algo: Round Robin (RR)
Time Quantum: 50ms
Gantt Chart:

Ready Queue:
A, B, C, A, B, C, B, C, B, C, B..........
At t = 200, process A completes its computation and initiates its first I/O operation which completes
at t = 700ms.
At t = 500, process C initiates its first I/O operation which completes at t = 1000ms. Note that I/O
operations of different processes can be overlapped.
Whenever a process initiates I/O operation it changes its state from running state to wait state.

Ans : 5 Numerical answer : 5.5

EXP:
CPU Scheduling Algorithm: SRTF
Process Arrival time Burst time Completion Completion time – Waiting time
time arrival time
P1 0 12 27 27 15
P2 2 4 6 4 0
P3 3 6 12 9 3
P4 8 5 17 9 4
22

P1 P2 P3 P3 P4 P1
0 2 6 8 12 17 27

Average Waiting Time: 22/4 = 5.5ms

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Chapter : 7 DBMS
ER Model
1. Consider an Entity-Relationship (ER) model in which entity sets E1 and E2 are connected by an m:n
relationship R12. E1 and E3 are connected by a 1:n (1 on the side of E1 and n on the side of E3)
relationship R13.
E1 has two single-valued attributes a11 and a12 of which a11 is the key attribute. E2 has two single-valued
attributes a21 and a22 of which a21 is the key attribute. E3 has two single-valued attributes a31 and a32 of
which a31 is the key attribute. The relationships do not have any attributes.

If a relational model is derived from the above ER model, then the minimum number of relations that

would be generated if all the relations are in 3NF is ____________. GATE-2015 SET-I

2. Given the basic ER and relational models, which of the following is INCORRECT?

GATE-2012
(a) An attribute of an entity can have more than one value
(b) An attribute of an entity can be composite
(c) In a row of a relational table, an attribute can have more than one value
(d) In a row of a relational table, an attribute can have exactly one value or a NULL value

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 3 and 4: GATE-2008

Consider the following ER diagram

3. The minimum number of tables needed to represent M, N, P, R1, R2, is

(a.) 2 (b.) 3 (c.) 4 (d.) 5
4. Which of the following is a correct attribute set for one of the tables for the correct answer to the above
questions?

(a.) {M 1, M 2, M 3, P1 } (b.) {M 1, P1, N1, N 2}

(c.) {M 1, P1, N 1} (d.) {M1, P1}

5. Let E1 and E2 be two entities in an E/R diagram with simple single-valued attributes. R1 and R2 are two
relationships between E1and E2, where R1 is one-to-many and R2 is many-to-many. R1 and R2 do not
have any attributes of their own. What is the minimum number of tables required to represent this
situation in the relational model? GATE-2005

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(a.) 2 (b.) 3 (c.) 4 (d.) 5

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

ER Model

Ans : 1 Numerical answer : 4

EXP: …………(Sample file here)

Ans : 2 c
EXP:
a. Multi valued attributes are allowed in ER model and is represented by double ellipses.
b. ER model allows composite attributes e.g. Name is a composite attribute with component
attributes first – name, middle – name, last – name.
c. Multi valued attributes are not allowed in relational model.
d. Is true
C is incorrect statement.

Ans : 3 b
EXP:

Double rectangle represents weak entity set, double lines indicate total participation of an entity in a
relationship set.
Strong entities are represented by separate tables, thus M, P are represented by separate tables.
Relation 1: R1 (M1, M2, M3, P1)
Relation2: R2 (P1, P2), N is a weak entity set.
Relation3: R3(N1, N2, P1)
Thus 3 tables are required.
Ans : 4 a

EXP: …………(Sample file here)

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Ans : 5 b
EXP:

E1, E2 are strong entities, thus must be represented as separate tables.

Relation1: R1 (A1, A2, A3)
Relation 2: R2 (B1, B2, A1)
M to M relationship R2 must require a new table including P. keys of E1, E2
Relation3: R3 (A1, B1)
Note:
In M to M relation: No merging is possible
In 1 to M relation: Merging is possible and 1 to M relation is transferred to M side table by taking
primary key of ‘one’ side as foreign key.
In M to 1 relation: Merging is possible and M to 1 relation is transferred to M side table by taking
primary key of ‘one’ side as foreign key.
In the above q also one to many relationship R1 is transferred to ‘many’ side
Total 3 tables are required.
Table 1: R1(A1, A2, A3)
Table 2: R2(A1, B1, B2)
Table 3: R3 (A1, B1)

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 32

Chapter : 8 Theory of computation

Regular Languages and Finite Automata
1.

Consider the DFAs M and N given above. The number of states in a minimal DFA that accepts the
language L(M)  L(N) is _________. GATE-2015 SET-1
ANS: 1
EXP: The language accepted by machine M is “strings ending with a”
The language accepted by machine N is “string ending with b”
The intersection between the two is  as no string can end with both ‘a’ and ‘b’.
so, for language = , the machine requires only one state.

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

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Chapter : 9 Compiler Design

Lexical Analysis
1. The lexical analysis for a modern computer language such as java needs the power of which one of
following machine model in a necessary and sufficient sense? GATE: 2011
(a.) Finite state automata (b.) Deterministic pushdown automata
(c.) Non-Deterministic pushdown automata (d.) Turing machine
2. In a complier, keywords of a language are recognized during GATE: 2011
(a.) Parsing of the program (b.) the code generation
(c.) The lexical analysis of the program (d.) dataflow analysis
3. Which data structure in a compiler is used for managing information about variables and their
attributes? GATE: 2010
(a.) Abstract syntax tree (b.) Symbol table
(c.) semantic stack (d.) parse table

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a c b d b c d a c b
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c d b a c c c b d a
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
d a a, b d b b d b d a
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
d c b c c b b a c a
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
6 d a d b b c b b b
51 52 53 54 55
a d c c b

Compiler Design Solutions

1. (a)
Lexical analysis phase of the compiler is used to recognize tokens. For recognizing tokens, a finite
automaton is used.
2. (c)
In compiler, keywords of a language are recognized during lexical analysis phase.
Purpose of lexical analysis is recognizing keywords, identifiers of a language.
3. (b)
Compiler uses symbol table for managing information about variables and their attributes

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

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Chapter : 12 Discrete Mathematics

1. Mathematical Logic
1. Which one of the following is NOT equivalent to p  q? GATE-2015 SET-1

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

2. Consider the following two statements. GATE-2015 SET-2

S1: If a candidate is known to be corrupt, then he will not be elected.

S2: If a candidate is kind, he will be elected.

Which one of the following statements follows from S1 and S2 as per sound inference rules of logic?

(a) If a person is known to be corrupt, he is kind.

(b)If a person is not known to be corrupt, he is not kind
(c) If a person is kind, he is not known to be output
(d)If a person is not kind, he is not known to be corrupt

3. Which one of the following well formed formulae is a tautology? GATE-2015 SET-2
(a) x y R ( x, y )  y x R ( x, y )
(b) (x [y R( x, y )  S ( x, y )])  x y S ( x, y )
(c) [x y ( P ( x, y )  R ( x, y )]  [x y ( P( x, y )  R( x, y )]
(d) x y P ( x, y )  x y ( P ( y, x)
4. In a room there are two types of people, namely Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 people always till the truth
and Type 2 people always lie. You give a fair coin to a person in that room, without knowing which
type he is from and tell him to toss it and hide the result from you till you ask for it. Upon asking, the
person replies the following GATE-2015 SET-3
“The result of the toss is head if and only if I am telling the truth.”
Which of the following options is correct?
(a) The result is head
(b) The result is tail
(c) If the person is of Type 2, then the result is tail
(d) If the person is of Type 1, then the result is tail.

…………(Sample file here) …… Question Continue ………..

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Answer Key & Descriptive Solutions

ANS: 1 c
EXP: Pstands for Ex-NOR
i.e., (P’q’ + pq)
now checking out the options. The correct option is (c)
(p’ + q) (p+q’)
= p’p + q’q’ + pq + qq’
= o + p’q’ + pq + o
= p’q’ + pq

ANS: 2 c
EXP:
S1 : If a candidate is known to be corrupt, then he will not be elected.
S2 : If a candidate is kind, he will be elected.
If pq, then qp
So from S1 , elected  not corrupt; and S2 is, kind elected
Therefore, kind not corrupt

ANS: 3 a

EXP: …………(Sample file here) ……

ANS: 4 a
EXP: “The result of the Toss is head if any only if I am telling the truth”
If the person is of type 1 who always tell truth, then result must be head.
If the person is of type 2 who always tell lie, then result must be head.
Negation of a sentence of the form “X is true if and only if Y is true” is “Either X is true and Y is false,
or X is false and Y is true”.
Which means “Either toss is head and I am not telling truth, or toss is tail and I am telling truth”
Since the person always lie, it is “Either toss is head and I am not telling truth”.

Chapter : 13 Computer Networks

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 36

1. Introduction, Physical, Layer, DLL

1. Suppose that the stop-and-wait protocol is used on a link with a bit rate of 64 kilobits per
second and 20 milliseconds propagation delay. Assume that the transmission time for the
acknowledgment and the processing time at nodes are negligible. Then the minimum frame
size in bytes to achieve a link utilization of at least 50% is _______. GATE-2015 SET-1
ANS: 1 Numerical Answer : 320
EXP: Transmission speed = 64kbps
Propagation delay = 20 millisec.
Since stop and wait protocol used, a packet is sent only when the previous packet is acknowledged
Let the size of packet be ‘x’
x
transmission time  ms
64
Since utilization is atleast 50% minimum possible total time for one packet is twice of transmission
delay.
x x
Which means 2
64 32

x x
  40
32 64

x
 40
64
x  2560 bits = 320 bytes

2. Consider a LAN with four nodes S1, S2, S3 and S4. Time is divided into fixed-size slots, and a
node can begin its transmission only at the beginning of a slot. A collision is said to have
occurred if more than one node transmit in the same slot. The probabilities of generation of
a frame in a time slot by S1, S2, S3 and S4 are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4, respectively. The
probability of sending a frame in the first slot without any collision by any of these four
stations is _________. GATE-2015 SET-1
ANS: 2 Numerical Answer : 0.40 to 0.46

EXP: …………(Sample file here) ……

3. A link has a transmission speed of 106 bits/sec. it uses data packets of size 1000 bytes each. Assume that
the acknowledgment has negligible transmission delay, and that its propagation delay is the same as the
data propagation delay. Also assume that the processing delays at nodes are negligible. The efficiency of
the stop-and-wait protocol in this setup is exactly 25%. The value of the one-way propagation delay (in
milliseconds) is _________ GATE-2015 SET-2
ANS: 3 Numerical Answer : 12
EXP: In stop and wait protocol next packet is sent only when acknowledgment of previous packet is
received.
This causes poor link utilization.
Transmission speed = 106

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 37

(1000  8) bits
Time to send a packet = = 8 milliseconds
106
(8  100)
Since, link utilization or efficiency is 25%, total time taken for 1 packet is = 32
25
milliseconds.
Total time is twice the one way propagation delay plus transmission delay. Propagation delay has to be
considered for packet and acknowledgment both.
Transmission delay is considered only for the packet as the question says that transmission delay for
acknowledgement is negligible.
Let propagation delay be x
2x+8 = 32
x = 12
4. Consider a CSMA/CD network that transmits data at a rate of 100 Mbps (108 bits per second) over a 1
km (Kilometer) cable with no repeaters. If the minimum frame size required for this network is 1250
bytes, what is the signal speed (km/sec) in the cable ? GATE-2015 SET-3
(a) 8000 (b) 10000 (c) 16000 (d) 20000
ANS: 4 d
EXP: Data should be transmitted at the rate of 100 Mbps
Transmission time = 2 * propagation time

(1250 *8) 2 * length

 
100  100 6
signal speed
2  10  100  106
 signal speed 
1250  8

 2  10  106 m / sec
 2  10  103 km / sec
 20000km / sec

5. Consider a network connecting two systems located 8000 kilometers apart. The bandwidth of the
network is 500106 bit per second. The propagation speed of the media is 4106 meters per second. It
is needed to design a Go-Back-N sliding window protocol for this network. The average packet size
is 107 bits. The network is to be used to its full capacity. Assume that processing delays at nodes are
negligible. Then, the minimum size in bits of the sequence number field has to be _________.
GATE-2015 SET-3
ANS: 3 Numerical Answer : 8
EXP:

8000  1000
Propagation time   2sec
4  106
Total round trip propagation time = 4 sec.
Packet size
Transmission time for one packet 
bandwidth

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 38

10 7
  0.02sec.
500  10 6
400
Total no. of packets that can be transferred before an acknowledgement comes back =  200
0.02
Maximum possible window size is 200
In GoBack-N protocol, max. sequence no. should be one more than window size.
So total 201 sequence numbers are needed 201 different sequence no. can be represented
using 8 bits.

6. Two hosts are connected via a packet switch with 107 bits per second links. Each link has a
propagation delay of 20 microseconds. The switch begins forwarded a packet 35 microseconds after it
receives the same. If 10000 bits of data are to be transmitted between the two hosts using a packet size
of 5000 bits, the time elapsed between the transmission of the first bit of data and the reception of the
last bit of the data in microseconds is ________. GATE-2015 SET-3
ANS: 3 Numerical Answer : 1575
500
EXP: Sender host transmits first packet to switch, the transmission time is which is 500ms.
107
After 500ms, the second packet is transmitted.
The first packed reaches destination in 500 + 35 + 20 + 20 +500 = 1075 ms.
While the first packet is travelling to destination, the second packet starts its journey after 500ms. and
rest of the time taken by second packet overlaps with first packet. So overall time is
1075 + 500 = 1575

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GATE Solution Computer Science & IT 39

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