What is a Solid?????

A solid is a three dimensional object having

length, breadth and thickness. It is
completely bounded by a surface or surfaces
which may be curved or plane.
 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

-The shape of the solid is described by

drawing its two orthographic views usually
on the two principle planes i.e. H.P. & V.P.

-For some complicated solids, in addition to

the above principle views, side view is also
required.

-A solid is an aggregate of points, lines and

planes and all problems on projections of
solids would resolve themselves into
projections of points, lines and planes.
Classification of Solids:
Solids may be divided into two main
groups;

(A) Polyhedra

(B) Solids of revolution

(A) Polyhedra :
A Polyhedra is defined as a solid
bounded by planes called faces which
meet in straight lines called edges.
There are seven regular Polyhedra
which may be defined as stated below;

(1) Prism
(2) Pyramid
(3) Tetrahedron
(4) Cube or Hexahedron:
(5)Octahedron: Eight equal equilateral
triangles as faces
(6) Dodecahedron: Twelve equal and
regular pentagons as faces
(7) Icosahedron: Twenty faces all
equal equilateral triangles
(1) Prism:
It is a polyhedra having two
equal and similar faces
called its ends or bases,
parallel to each other and Faces
joined by other faces which
are rectangles.
-The imaginary Edge
line joining the
Centres of the
bases or faces is
called Axis of Axis
Prism.
According to the shape of its base,
prism can be sub classified into
following types:
(a) Triangular Prism:

(b) Square Prism:

(c) Pentagonal Prism:

(d) Hexagonal Prism:

(2) Pyramid:
This is a polyhedra having plane
surface as a base and a number
of triangular faces meeting at a
point called the Vertex or Apex.

-The imaginary
line joining the Edge
Apex with the
Centre of the
base is called Axis
Axis of pyramid.
Base
According to the shape of its base,
pyramid can be sub classified into
following types:
(a) Triangular Pyramid:

(b) Square Pyramid:

(c) Pentagonal Pyramid:

(d) Hexagonal Pyramid:

(B) Solids of Revolutions:
When a solid is generated by revolutions
of a plane figure about a fixed line (Axis)
then such solids are named as solids of
revolution.
Solids of revolutions may be of following
types;
(1) Cylinder
(2) Cone
(3) Sphere
(4) Ellipsoid
(5) Paraboloid
(6) Hyperboloid
(1) Cylinder:
A right circular cylinder is a solid
generated by the revolution of a
rectangle about its vertical side
which remains fixed.

Rectangle
Axis

Base
(2) Cone:
A right circular cone is a solid
generated by the revolution of a right
angle triangle about its vertical side
which remains fixed.

Right angle Generators

triangle
Axis

Base
Ellipsoid Paraboloid Hyperboloid
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:
(1) Edge or generator:
For Pyramids & Prisms, edges are the
lines separating the triangular faces or
rectangular faces from each other.

For Cylinder, generators are the

straight lines joining different points
on the circumference of the bases with
each other
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:
(2) Apex of solids: Apex
For Cone and Edges
Pyramids, Apex
is the point PYRAMID
where all the
generators or Apex
the edges meet.
Generators

CONE
Rectangle
Axis

Generators
Faces

Base

CYLINDER Edge

PRISM
Axis
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(3) Axis of Solid:

For Cone and Pyramids, Axis is an
imaginary line joining centre of
the base to the Apex.

For Cylinder and Prism, Axis is an

imaginary line joining centres of
ends or bases.
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(4) Right Solid:

A solid is said to
be a Right Solid
if its axis is
perpendicular to
its base.

Axis
Base
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(5) Oblique Solid:

A solid is said
to be a Oblique Axis
Solid if its axis
is inclined at
an angle other
than 90° to its
base.

Base
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(6) Regular Solid:

A solid is said to be a Regular
Solid if all the edges of the base
or the end faces of a solid are
equal in length and form regular
plane figures
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:
CUTTING PLANE
PARALLEL TO
(7) Frustum of Solid: BASE

When a Pyramid or a
Cone is cut by a Plane
parallel to its base,
thus removing the top
portion, the remaining
lower portion is called
its frustum. FRUSTUM OF A
PYRAMID
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(8) Truncated Solid :

When a Pyramid or a
Cone is cut by a Plane
inclined to its base,
thus removing the top
portion, the remaining
lower portion is said to
be truncated.
 Projection of Solid in Simple
Position
• A solid in simple position may have its axis perpendicular
to one reference plane or parallel to both
– When the axis is perpendicular to H.P., the top view should be
drawn first and the front view projected from it
– When the axis is perpendicular to V.P., the front view should be
drawn first and the top view projected from it
• When the axis is parallel to both H.P. and V.P., neither
the top view nor the front view will show the actual shape
of the base
– The side view drawn first. Then the front view and top view are
then projected from the side view
Axis perpendicular to H. P. and hence parallel
to both V.P. & P.P.

o’
Axis

a’,b’ c’,d’
X Y

a d

o
b c
Axis perpendicular to V.P. and hence parallel to
both H.P. & P.P.

f’,6’ e’,5’
a’,1’ d’,4’

b’,2’ c’,3’
X 1 2,6 3,5 4 Y

H
a b,f c,e d
Axis perpendicular to P.P. and hence parallel
to both H.P. & V.P.

L
c’ 3’ c”3”

a’,b’ 1’2’ a”1” b”2”

X Y
a 1
c 3
b 2
Axis parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P. by θ &
also inclined to P.P.
Example 1 :
A right regular pentagonal prism,
side of base 30 mm and height of
axis as 75mm rests on HP on one
of its base corners such that its
long edge containing the corner is
inclined to the HP at 60°. Draw its
projections.
 d’ c’
c1’ d1’ e1’ b1’ e’b’
a 1’
a’

75

31’ 11’ 60°

X Y
41’ 21’ 51’
e1 51 5 e
41
4 d
d1
11
1 a
30

c1 a1
31 3 c
b1 21 2 b
SCALE:-1:1
 d’ c’
c1’ d1’ e1’ b1’ e’b’
a1’
a’

75

31’ 11’ 60°

X Y
41’ 21’ 51’
e1 51 5 e
41
4 d
d1
11
1 a
30

c1 a1
31 3 c
b1 21 2 b
SCALE:-1:1
 Example 2 :
A regular pentagonal prism of
25mm long edges and axis
70mm long rests on HP on one
of its corner of the base. The
slant edge passing through
corner makes 45 with HP and
the side opposite to the same
corner makes 30 with VP.
Draw its projections.
 11’ 22’ 1 2’
2’ 3’ 4’ 2 1 ’ 5 1’ 32’ 5 2’
1’ 5’ 3 1’ 4 ’
1 4 2’

a 1’ b2’ a2’
b1’ e1’
e’ c1’ d1’ c2’ e2’
a’
X b’ c’ d’ =45 a d ’ Y
e1 = 30 2 2
5 51 b2
1a e a1 11 e2
d1 12
d 4 41 c2
2
b
c
b1 21 2 2 d2 52
3 c1 31
32 42
 11’ 22’ 1 2’
2’ 3’ 4’ 2 1 ’ 5 1’ 32’ 5 2’
1’ 5’ 3 1’ 4 ’
1 4 2’

a 1’ b2’ a2’
b1’ e1’
e’ c1’ d1’ c2’ e2’
a’
X b’ c’ d’ =45 a d ’ Y
e1 = 30 2 2
5 51 b2
1a e a1 11 e2
d1 12
d 4 41 c2
2
b
c
b1 21 2 2 d2 52
3 c1 31
32 42
 Example 3 :
A tetrahedron of 40 mm
long edges, rests on HP on
one of its edges such that
the face containing that
edge is inclined to HP at
30° and the same edge is
inclined at 45° to VP. Draw
the projections of the solid.
 d’ a1’ a2’

d1 ’ d2’

a’ b’ b1 ’ 30 b2 ’ c2’
X c’ c1 ’ 45 c2 Y
c c1 a2

d a1
40

a d1 b 2
d2
b b1
 d’ a1’ a2’

d1 ’ d2’

a’ b’ b1 ’ 30 b2 ’ c2’
X c’ c1 ’ 45 c2 Y
c c1 a2

d a1
40

a d1 b 2
d2
b b1
 Example 4 :
A cone, diameter of base 60mm and
height 70mm, is resting on HP on
the point of periphery of the base.
Axis of the cone makes 60 with HP
and 30 with the VP. Draw the
projections of the cone, when the
apex is nearer to the VP.
 O1’ O2’
O’

a1’ a2’
70

g2 ’ c2’
a’ e’ 60 e 2’
b’,h’c’,g’d’,f’ e 1’ O2 30 Y
X Locus of
g g1 e2 O2
h f
g2 O c2
e a1 e1 O
60

a O 1
a2
b d
c c1
 Example 5 :
A regular hexagonal prism of
30 mm sides and axis 80 mm
long is resting on HP on one
of its corners of the base. The
axis makes 30 with HP and
plan of the axis makes 45
with the VP. Draw its
projections.
 11’ 1 2’
61’ 22’ 62’
2’6’ 3’ 5’ 21’
1’ 4’ 51’ 5 2’
31’ 4 ’ 3 2’
a1’ f1’ 1 a2’ 4 2’
b2’ f2’
b1’ e2’
e1’
a ’ d’ c1’ d ’ c2’ d2’
X 1 Y
b’ f’ c’ e’ 45f2
f e f1 e1 61 5 a2
6 5 1 e2
a1 4 d a1 d111 4 1 b2 62
d2
2 3 c2 12 52
b c b c
1 1 21 31
22 42
32
 Exercise 1
A cube of 40 mm edges, is resting on the H.P. on
one of the edges of the base with face containing
that edge making 30 with the H.P. The edge on
which the cube rests on the H.P. is making 30
with the V.P. Draw the projections.

Exercise 2
A square pyramid, side of base 50 mm and height
64 mm, is freely suspended from one of the
corners of the base. Draw its projections when
vertical plane containing axis makes an angle of
45 with the VP.
PROJECTIONS OF
SOLIDS