2

3
 Unit Symbol Value
The most basic unit of data. It can be either
Bit bit, b
"0" or "1".
Byte B 1 B = 8 bits

Kilobyte KB 1 KB = 210 B = 1024 B = 210 B

Megabyte MB 1 MB = 210 KB = 1024 KB = 220 B

Gigabyte GB 1 GB = 210 MB = 1024 MB = 230 B

4
 Unit Symbol Value

Bit per second bps, bit/s, b/s One bit of data is transferred every second.

Kilobit per second kbps, kbit/s, kb/s 1 kbps = 103 bps = 1000 bps = 103 bps

Megabit per second Mbps, Mbit/s, Mb/s 1 Mbps = 103 kbps = 1000 kbps = 106 bps

Gigabit per second Gbps, Gbit/s, Gb/s 1 Gbps = 103 Mbps = 1000 Mbps = 109 bps

Terabit per second Tbps, Tbit/s, Tb/s 1 Tbps = 103 Gbps = 1000 Gbps = 1012 bps

5
Decimal number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary number 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

6
 11012

Digit 1 0 0 1
Place value 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of the
8 × 1 = 8 4 × 1 = 4 2 × 0 = 0 1 × 1 = 1
digit

11012 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 1310

7
 101101012

Digit 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Place value 27 = 128 26 = 64 25 = 32 24 = 16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of
the digit

101101012

8
 Digit 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Place value 27 = 128 26 = 64 25 = 32 24 = 16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of
128 × 1 = 128 64 × 0 = 0 32 × 1 = 32 16 × 1 = 16 8×0=0 4×1=4 2×0=0 1×1=1
the digit

101101012

9
 11810

11810 11101102

10
14910

14910

11
14910

14910 100101012

12
1011012 1111102

13
1110112 11001012

14
1110112 11001012

15
1111102 1011012

16
11001012 − 1110112

17
11001012 − 1110112

18
 1st pattern 2nd pattern
0 1

1st pattern 2nd pattern 3rd pattern 4th pattern 5th pattern 6th pattern 7th pattern 8th pattern
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

19
 The range of a digit
Binary number 0 to 1
Decimal number 0 to 9
Hexadecimal number 0 to 9, A to F

20
 B4AF16

Digit B (11) 4 A (10) F (15)

Place value 163 = 4096 162 = 256 161 = 16 160 = 1

Value of 4096 × 11 =
256 × 4 = 1024 16 × 10 = 160 1 × 15 = 15
the digit 45056

B4AF16 45056 + 1024 + 160 + 15 4625510

21
 9C7E16

Digit 9 C (12) 7 E (14)

Place value 163 = 4096 162 = 256 161 = 16 160 = 1

Value of
4096 × 9 = 36864 256 × 12 = 3072 16 × 7 = 112 1 × 14 = 14
the digit

9C7E16 36864 + 3072 + 112 + 14 = 4006410.

22
 5462510

5462510 D56116

23
3460410

3460410

24
3460410

3460410 872C16.

25
B4AF16 + 9C7E16

26
6D6116 + 972C16

27
6D6116 + 972C16

28
972C16 − 6D6116

29
972C16 − 6D6116

30
15A

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Decimal number -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Two’s complement
100 101 110 111 000 001 010 011
representation

39
 101

Digit 1 0 1
Place -(22) = -4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of the
-4 × 1 = -4 2 × 0 = 0 1 × 1 = 1
digit

1012 = -4 + 0 + 1 = 310

40
 0101

Digit 0 1 0 1
Place -(23) = -8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of the
-8 × 0 = 0 4 × 1 = 4 2 × 0 = 0 1 × 1 = 1
digit

0101 = 4 + 0 + 1 = 510

41
 1010

Digit 0 1 0 1
Place value -(23) = -8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of the
digit

1010 =

42
 1010

Digit 0 1 0 1
Place value -(23) = -8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of the
-8 × 1 = -8 4 × 0 = 0 2 × 1 = 2 1 × 0 = 0
digit

1010 = -8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = -610

43
 10101

Digit 1 0 1 0 1
Place value -(24) = -16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of
the digit

10101 =

44
 10101

Digit 1 0 1 0 1
Place value -(24) = -16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
Value of
-16 × 1 = -16 8 × 0 = 0 4 × 1 = 4 2 × 0 = 0 1 × 1 = 1
the digit

10101 = −16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = −1110

45
 310
310

310
310

46
Decimal number -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Two’s complement Out of
100 110 110 111 000 001 010 011
representation range
Out of
Two’s complement 011 010 001 000 111 110 101 100
range

110 111
−110

47
 2710

2710 11011
0001 10112

28 1 0000 0000

2710 1110 0101

48
49
 4510

4510 101101
0010 1101

1101 0011
4510 1101 0011
−4510

50
51
001 0001
001 0010
110 1110
110 1111

52
0000 0001
1000 0001
1111 1110
1111 1111

53
 1001
11 0111
0001 0111

54
 0110
1011

55
56
 Addition Subtraction
910 + 910 = 1001 + 1001 1010 − 1210 = 1010 − 1210 = 1010 − 1100

57
 Addition Subtraction
310 + 510 = 0011 + 0101 −410 − 610 = −410 + (−610) = 1100 + 1010

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
•
•

69
 Code
BD73 BD58 A874 B2CE B1E0 C2EB CFB5 CDB3
(in hexadecimal representation)
Character in Big-5 code 編 碼 系 統 晤 鎢 炵 苀
Character in Guobiao (GB) code 絪 絏 ╰ 参 编 码 系 统

70
71
 Code
7DE8 78DC 7CFB 7D71 7F16 7801 7CFB 7EDF
(in hexadecimal representation)
Character in Unicode 編 碼 系 統 编 码 系 统

72
 Language Character encoding system Size per character
English ASCII 7 bits to 1 byte
Traditional Chinese Big-5 code
2 bytes
Simplified Chinese Guobiao (GB) code
Most languages in the world Unicode 1 to 4 bytes

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
•
•

Readable
barcode

Unreadable
barcode

84
85
86
Rotated Distorted Dirtied

Coloured Multicoloured Obstructed by a logo

87
 Attribute Barcode QR code
A QR code can be scanned from any
direction. Even if the scanner is at an
Normally, a barcode can only be scanned
Easiness to scan angle that distorts the scanned image, it
from two angles, which are 0° or 180°.
still has a chance to read the QR code
successfully.
If the width of a single bar or a single A QR code has a higher error correction
Error correction
space is altered, a barcode cannot be capability than a barcode. It can often
capability
scanned correctly. restore up to 30% of data.

The maximum length of the number Usually, the character limit of the text
Character limit
sequence is around 50. string is at least 1000.

88
89
90
91
•

92
Analog data storage Digital data storage

93
 Attribute Analog data Digital data

Physical. The change between its values Discrete symbols. Usually, the symbols
Way of representation
is continuous. are "0" and "1" in digital devices.

High.
Viability to reduce storage
Low. Digital television signals occupy less
size by compression
radio spectrum.

Low. High.
Calculation results written on a ledger An electronic spreadsheet can update
Capability of data
needs to be updated manually when data automatically when relevant data
analysis
relevant data is changed. is changed and even create charts in no
time.
94
•
•

95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
•
•

106
107
 Lossless Compression Lossy compression

No data lost after compression Some data lost after compression

Original file can be retrieved File slightly different after

Saves less storage space Saves more storage space

108
 𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒

109
File format BMP PNG JPG

Compression Uncompressed Lossless Lossy

Image

File size 1376 KB 609 KB 5 KB

Compression
1376 KB / 609 KB = 2.26 1376 KB / 5 KB = 275
ratio

110
111
112
 File format BMP JPG
Compression Uncompressed Lossy

Image

File size 1 MB 1 MB
Image width 550 1618
Image height 635 1871
File size after compressing
853 KB 1017 KB
into a ZIP file
Compression ratio of
compressing it into a ZIP 1024 ÷ 853 = 1.20 1024 ÷ 1017 = 1.01
file

113
BMP JPG

114
•
•

115
•

116
•

117
File format Type Remarks
Relatively small file size.
TXT Plain text Widely supported by different operating systems.

Native to Microsoft Word.

Native to Adobe Acrobat, but is usually exported from other file formats.
Contain multimedia, including images, audios, videos and hyperlinks.
PDF Formatted text Provides consistent document layout and text format across different devices
as well as operating systems, i.e. it is cross-platform.

118
119
120
121
•

122
•

123
•

124
1-bit colour 3-bit grayscale 3-bit colour 8-bit colour

125
High-resolution image Low-resolution image

126
Original image Image with blank spaces Cropped image

127
16:9 monitor 4:3 monitor

128
129
Transparent Not Transparent

130
 File Support Support
Type Compression
format transparency animation
BMP Bitmap Uncompressed
JPEG/
Bitmap Lossy
JPG
GIF Bitmap Lossless
PNG Bitmap Lossless
WebP Bitmap Lossless or Lossy
TIFF/TIF Bitmap Lossless
SVG Vector Uncompressed

131
Colour depth 24 bits
Resolution 1024 × 768

132
133
134
135
136
137
•
•
•

138
Sampling with a high bit depth Sampling with a low bit depth

139
Sampling with a high bit depth Sampling with a low bit depth

140
•

141
File format Compression Remarks
High audio quality.
WAV/WAVE Uncompressed
Relatively large file size.
MP3, AAC,
Lossy Relatively small file size.
OGG
High audio quality.
FLAC, ALAC Loseless
Relatively large file size.

142
Bit depth 16 bits
Number of channel(s) 2
Sampling rate 96,000 Hz
2 minutes and 30
Duration
seconds

143
144
145
1. Advantage: WAV has a higher audio quality.

Disadvantage: WAV has a larger file size.

146
•
•
•
•

147
148
149
 Browser
File format Codec File size Features and applications
support
Relatively small with high
MPEG-4 Most • Video streaming
compression rate
• Live streaming
H.264
Most Smaller than MPEG-4
MP4 (AVC)
• HD and Full HD video streaming
• Live streaming
H.265
Few Smaller than H.264
(HEVC) • Better image quality for streaming
videos with a resolution above 2K
Most • Video streaming
Smaller than H.264 with
WebM VP8 latest
higher compression rate
versions • Live streaming
150
Bit depth 16 bits
Resolution 640 × 360
Frame rate 24 fps
Duration 1 hour

151
 Original files Compressed files
A. A.png A.zip
B. B.jpg B.zip
C. C.wav C.zip
D. D.wmv D.zip

152
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154