ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to all the faculty members of Civil

Engg Department of HOOGHLY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for their
support and guidance to make us able to do the project work.

We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Smt. Nipa Acharya,

Lecturer in Civil Engg, for her guidance and care to help us in
completing the project work successfully.

We also thankful to other Departmental teachers for getting us

different ideas in preparation of the project work. Without their
valuable guidance it would not been possible to complete the
project work.

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 Last of all we extend our heartiest thanks to all the fellow
friends of civil engg department for exchanging their ideas and
encouragement throughout the period of the project.

With thanks to all of you.

Name of group members Roll No

AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to plan and design the framed structure of a residential building (G+2) as
well as to find the approximate cost of the project.

ABSTRACT

KOLKATA is one of the largest metro city in India. As it is rapidly developing the construction in the
city is very costly, from economic point of view, if the building is constructed at a far distance from
the city it will be cheaper and residents can live peaceful life without any external polluted sources.
Having peaceful surroundings is the main point of view of most of the people in today’s lifestyle.

So we have selected an imaginary site at Chinsura, Hooghly district, West Bengal,

which is well connected by railway, Highway and water way.

The project is a three storied ( G+2 ) Residential building with parking space in ground floor.
According to the guidelines provided in the syllabus around 210 sq m of covered area is taken for a

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building unit. The building is comprised of two flats per floor, each containing two bed rooms,
Kitchen, Living area, two toilets, one balcony.

To support the above project, detailed drawing, design, estimating and specification has to be
prepared. The entire building with R.C.C framed structure; foundation detailing, design of stair case
etc are done as per standard codes of practice and reference books.

The estimate of the project has been prepared on the basis of standard rules and present market
rate.

All the drawings are prepared with the help of Auto CAD.

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 INDEX

1. PROJECT REPORT

2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

3. INTRODUCTION

4. DESIGN DATA & CALCULATION OF DESIGN

5. SPECIFICATIONS

6. PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE

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 7. QUANTITY ESTIMATE

8. ABSTRACT COST

9. BAR CHART

10. PLAN & DRAWING

11. REFERENCE BOOKS

• REPORTS ON ESTIMATES:-

1) History:-

1.a.i) Particulars relating to the initiating and reasons leading

up to the proposal.

1.a.ii) General necessity of the project along with

reference to previous correspondence or to the proposal.

2) Design:-

2.a.i) A description of the original proposals and those finally

adopted with regard to selection of site or selection of
alignment, area of land, nature of soil, topography of the
land, orientation.

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 2.a.ii) Reference to specifications, basis of design
calculations and drawings etc.

3) Scope or provisions made:-

Accommodations provided and the works that are covered and

the works that are not included in the estimates should be
distinctly stated. For a big project arrangements of labour
amenities temporary accommodation of staff and reference to
the arrangements that are not included in the estimate should
be mentioned.

4) Land:-

Arrangement of land and its acquisition if necessary

5) Rates:-

Basis on which the rates have been provided giving reference to

the standard schedule at rates of locality or department,
supporting analysis of rates for the items which are not covered
by the schedule of rates

6) The manner for execution:-

The manner of execution of the work whether by item rate, or

percentage rate or any other type of contract or daily labour
basis etc, should be mentioned.

7) Total cost:-

The total cost of the project and item rate or percentage rate or
how to be financed, return or revenue income, if any.

8) Establishment:-

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 Provision made for work charged establishment and its rate.

9) Tools and plants:-

Provision made in the estimate to purchase constructions plants,

tools etc, that may be necessary to execute the work with
reference to specification etc.

10) Time of completion:-

Time of starting and time of completion.

A project or major scheme consists generally of the following

marks:-

1. Preliminary investigation, reconnaissance survey, preliminary

survey, location survey, traffic survey for road projects, soil
testing by trial boring etc. as the case may be.

2. Preparation of preliminary estimate to give an idea at the cost

involved and obtaining administrative approval.

3. Detailed surveying of site or alignment by transverse

surveying, leveling, contouring, plane table surveying etc, as
the case may be.

4. Plotting or drawing work, preparation of topographic map or

basic map showing the location of residential, commercial,
industrial buildings, location of sewers, main railway lines,
existing roads. Cultivated land etc as the case may be,
preparation of longitudinal and cross-sections for a road or
canal project.

5. Selection of site or alignment on the drawing.

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 6. Investigation and working out the accommodation or
requirement of plinth area, number, type and sizes at
buildings of various kinds in the case of buildings project;
width and type of road, the type and number of cross
drainage structure, for a road project; length of basin area and
capacity of canal for an irrigation project.

7. Land acquisition:- Calculation for area of land to be acquired

for road or canal project, the area of homes, and preparation
of land acquisition plan.

8. Preparation of layout plan of the proposed building structure,

or making formation line of road or formation line of bed of
canal and drawing cross-section of the road or canal etc.

9. Structural detailed design data and detailed calculations.

10. Preparation of working drawings consisting of plan,

sections, elevations and structural details.

11. Preparation of site plan or index plan for a building

project and in the case of a road or irrigation project,
preparation of key map, index map, detailed location, survey
plan and longitudinal sections, detailed cross-sections for
building like bungalows, rest houses etc.

12. Quantity estimate of different items of works involved in

the project from the working drawing.

13. Collecting data required for preparing estimate from

sponsoring departments.

14. Preparation of detailed specification for the items of

works which are not provided in the department schedule.

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 15. Calculations of quantities of road or irrigation works, the
detailed calculations of earth work are attached with the
project estimate and for other type of works calculation for
each item of works.

16. Preparation of detailed estimate and abstract of cost for

different sub-heads of items.

17. Preparation of general abstract of cost. This includes the

name of the project and cost of different sub-heads along
with mark charges, tools and plants, operation and
maintenance during construction etc.

18. Working out the cost benefit ratio specially for irrigation
project.

19. Purchase of different materials and equipment. The

particulars of quantities of different materials for the project
as bricks, stone chips, bitumen M.S. rounds cement, spun pipe
etc. and equipment required to be purchased and supplied
departmentally to contractors.

20. Accommodations of field staff: This includes temporary

accommodation of staff quarters, site offices arrangement of
water supply, sanitation, electrification, approach road etc.

21. Project report or general report and report on estimate.

22. Bar chart showing the phasing, the physical and financial
performance for the entire plan period at the project.

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 PLANNING OF BUILDING: - Before starting the planning of a
building the following main points should be considered by
the planner-

a) Climate of site and its effects;

b) Living habits of the owner and his requirements;

c) Budget of the owner;

d) Bye-laws and regulations of the sanctioning authority;

e) Materials for construction and methods of construction.

After considering all the above points the next step will
be the orientation of the building.

Orientation of the building means, positioning the plan

of the building with respect to the geographical direction, the
direction of the wind, altitude and azimuth of sun to get the
maximum contest from the sun and air. The best orientation
of a building will be to enjoy as much sun in winter and as
minimum as possible in summer. But except rural areas the
shape of the plot of land and facing of a building with
reference to front road are fixed, practically no choice is left
for orientation. So the plan of the building as a while not is
angled with reference to the sun. This orientation of a
building in practical sense is placement of different
apartments of a building according to their functional
requirements with reference to north, south east and west
directions to enjoy sunshine and breeze whenever required,
and to avoid the same when it is not required. The easiest
method of providing comfort through orientation is to avoid
the aspects which raise the temperature inside the building
either by eliminating the penetration of the sun’s rays or by

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 providing an envelope of shade over as large a part of the
building as possible. In cases of cold climates exactly the
reverse consideration will prevail to the need for maximum
warmth and the sun.

PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING: - Whether it is “general housing”

or “industrial housing” or any other type of housing, certain
general principle of planning should carefully be considered
and checked before finalization of the plan. The principles are
(1) Aspect; (2)Prospect; (3)Grouping; (4)Economy;
(5)Roominess; (6)Circulation; (7)Flexibility; (8)Furniture
requirements; (9)Elegance; (10)Privacy; (11)Sanitation

1) ASPECT: - Aspect is the border sense means to direct proper

sunshine and breeze to create a pleasant and hygienic
atmosphere with judicious location of rooms of a building and
location of suitable windows at proper points in the rooms,
desirable wind movements indorse the requested verification
can be ensured .It is necessary that this movement should
occurred in building at the level of occupancies and use .as
per rule every habitable room shall have opening directly to
the external air or into an open verandah, excluding dress
inclusive of frames shall not be less than :

a) One-tenth of the floor area for dry hot climate.

b) One-sixth of floor area for intermediate climate.

c) One-twelfth of the floor area for cold climate and cross-

ventilation by means of windows shall be provided either by
means of windows in opposite walls or at least in the
adjoining walls.

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 2) PROSPECT: - Prospect means the outside view as seen while
looking through the window and door in external walls from a
room of the house. Every one desires that outside views from
a room of building should be pleasant and accordingly doors
and windows should be located in the external wall. Towards
unpleasant views, openings should not be provided. But doing
so the quality of aspect may hamper. In such circumstances
experienced planner may minimise the conflict between
aspect and prospects i.e.; openings in external walls shall be
provided for cheerful atmosphere in the rooms but
unpleasant views remain concealed.

3) GROUPING: - Grouping is the arrangement of various rooms

with reference to their function. For residential building
planning should be grouped as – (a) living area; (b) sleeping
area and (c) service area.

a) Living area: - living area is the area for general use and should
be next to the front verandah or near the entrance. Drawing
room or guest room should not provide direct passage to the
bedrooms, but should be adjacent to the dining room. It
would be sufficiently ventilated and spacing in order to
accommodate furniture. It should get an alternative view of
the surroundings and garden etc.

b) Sleeping area: - This is the area of bed rooms and should be

located so as to guard privacy .The size should be sufficient to
accommodate beds dressing table etc.

c) Service area:-This includes the area of kitchen, dining rooms

bath rooms and toilets.

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 i. Kitchen should be adjacent to the dining room but
kitchen activities should be guarded.

ii. Common bath and W.C should have direct access from
all rooms.

d) Circulation area:-area for passage lobby, corridor etc.

e) Other area: - study room, puja room, office etc. may be

located near living room or bed room.

4) Economy- Economy is a vital factor in building planning .The

planner should know the amount of money within which
construction of the building shall have to be completed and
the plan shall have to be finalised accordingly. While planning
this should be remembered that (a) shape of a square building
is most economical, since it provides the maximum amount of
floor area with least amount of wall area. (b) bigger the size of
rooms, lesser is the cost. For the same floor area, a number of
smaller rooms will involve more cost than a lesser number of
bigger rooms.(c) minimum offsets should be provided to
satisfy and other practical consideration can also be effected
(d) economy in construction can also be effected by using as
many common walls as possible by arranging two rooms side
by side.(e) detached building costs more in comparison to that
at a semidetached one.(f) planning size of rooms,
consideration the position of door window and furniture a
great economy can be effected by reducing the size of rooms
without the effect of crowding. (f) To lower the cost of a
building such common space should be reduced to the whole
area of a building server their purpose comfortably. (g) The

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 cost for doors and windows is more than 1/5th the total cost of
a building structure. Therefore the numbers and sizes for the
same should be minimum after providing for calculated
amount of light and ventilator. In some case windows placed
by the side of a corridor passage remains closed due to
privacy of the room. (h) Reducing structural cost the
foundation and other construction should not be designed to
be UN necessary strong by assuming large volume of loads
and few values for the working stresses. (I) economy in using
building material local material should be used in the
construction as much as possible

5) Roominess- roominess is the accomplishment of economy of

space, planning should be such as the maximum benefit can
be obtained from the minimum dimension required for the
function excepted to be availed for the space for utility a
rectangular room is better than a square room is better than a
square room of the same floor area accordingly the length and
the breadth should be 1:2:1 for 1:5:1. In case the length of a
room more than one and half times more its mirth it will
tunnel effect.

6) Circulation-A certain amount of face space area is required for

movement and access to different room’s kitchen bath etc. . . .
. for those also are the building and is known as circular on or
free space area this includes varandah, balconies, passages,
corridors, entrance, halls and shafts for lifts .the circulation
should be so designated that this will pressure the privacy of
every room and also not disturb any house holder.

7) Flexibility- The term of flexibility means provision in original

plan for its future or change in inside planning of room,

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 bathroom, W.C etc by changing the position of partition walls.
For R.C.C framed structure building greater freedom in
planning I.e.; flexibility can be availed at future extension
development in public building like school hospitals, hostels
etc.

8) Furniture requirement- During planning location of furniture

and other utility should be so arranged in the respective
rooms is as to give the maximum area for movements
convenience for operating requirement is neglected than
difficulties may arrive to place the almirah, dressing show case
in the drawing room dining table with chair in the dining
room. An example is set in fig3-2 indicating furniture
arrangements for different rooms, positions of ceiling fan
should also be located. In modern plans the positions of all
such utility articles are shown to avoid such potential
difficulties after construction. For public buildings like schools,
theatres, furniture requirement plan is essential to determine
the strength of accommodation.

9) Elegance: Elegance means the external appearance of a

building produced by elevation depending upon the
proportion of width, height and position of doors and window
and also choice of materials. During planning of a building
architectural design and composition should be visualized to
create elegant structures.

10) Privacy: Sound planning protects privacy of occupants of a

building. It is not expected that adjoining house holders shall
see the happening of a good planned house. Thus it is not
desirable that a guest or person when he enters into the
house or drawing room shall see the happening in kitchen or

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 bedroom. Thus privacy is of two kinds. [i] External Privacy and
[ii] Internal Privacy.

i. External privacy: of the whole building with reference to the

surrounding building and roads can be guarded by placing the
window sills at such a height that can cut the vision of
outsiders to the bed in the bedroom or dining table top but
does not stand against entry of outside air. This can also be
protected by screening entrance, planting trees etc.

ii. Internal privacy: In modern planning it is often seen that a big

central hall is provided to serve as drawing room. Such
planning of rooms often cannot satisfy the factor of privacy,
one can see the inside of a kitchen and portion of bedrooms,
as soon as the enters into the hall. In this case location of
doors should be such that the privacy is maintained.

11) Sanitation: - Sanitation means environment of house and

includes (a) lighting (b) ventilation (c) cleanliness and (d)
plumbing service, health and happiness at the dwellers
depend upon the sanitation of the house and as such this
consideration plays an important role in building planning.

a) Lighting: - there are three types of lighting, (i) natural lighting

(ii) assisted lighting and (iii) artificial lighting. Direct sunlight if
any is always excluded from natural or assisted lighting.

i. For natural lighting: - The design may be based on the

clear sky with sun at 15 degree altitude. The principle of
window design is that taller windows give greater
penetration; broader windows give better distribution
of light. But broader windows may also be equally or

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 more effectively provided if their sills are raised by 30
cm to 60 cm above the working plane. For a given
penetration, a number of small windows properly
positioned along the same adjacent or opposite walls
will give better distribution of illumination then a single
large window. Windows on two opposite sides will give
greater uniformity of informal daylight illumination
specially when the room is 7 m or more across.

ii. Assisted natural lighting: - This is the component of

daylight factor contributed by reflection from the inside
surfaces. This depends on the reflection factors of the
floor wall and ceiling surfaces inside and of the ground
outside. For rooms while washed on walls and ceiling
and windows of normal sized internal reflection
component will have a sizeable value even at points for
away from the windows. So good contrasts at colour
and brightness is desirable for better assisted lighting.

iii. Artificial lighting: - Artificial lighting may have to be

provided[a] against the possibility of the level of
illumination falling below the design value due to cloudy
sky. [b] Where the fineness of visual task may demand a
higher level of illumination at special locations which
occasionally is required.

b) Ventilation: -Ventilation of building is required to supply fresh

air for respiration of occupants, for dilute inside air to present
vitiation by body odours and to provide, such thermal
environments as will assist in the maintenance of heat

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 balance of the body. Enough outside air for this purpose
normally enters the areas of occupancy through and other
openings. Ventilation may be effected by:

i. Natural supply and natural exhaust at air

ii. Natural supply and mechanical exhaust at air

iii. Mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust

c) Cleanliness: - Dust may accumulate on skirting’s, mouldings,

cornices or an ornamental design at plastering near roof level.
Dust is injurious for health as it allows the growth of bacteria
which spreads diseases. So such ornamental design and
where these are provided should be cleaned at regular
inforvals.

d) Plumbing Services: - Adequate arrangement for water supply,

satisfactory drainage of all sewage and waste mater shall be
provided in the building design. Harmful waste water such as
water containing, kitchen waste shall be satisfactory disposed
off. Walls of both and water closet shall be so designed that
these can be cleaned properly.

Ventilation:-The term ventilation means supply of outside air

into, or the removal and replacement of inside air from an
enclosed space. Ventilation of building is required.

a) To supply fresh air for respiration of occupants.

b) To dilute inside air to prevent concentration at body

odours.

c) To remove any flammable concentration of gas vigour or

other contaminants in air.

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 d) To provide such thermal environments as will assist in
the maintenance of heat balance of the body in order to
discomfort and injury to health of the occupants.

There are some occurrences that during cold nights a

member of persons used to sleep in a small room with all
doors and windows closed keeping a hurricane lamp inside
the room by lowering down the burning flame. But at
morning it was found that all of them are dead. The cause of
the ill effect is concentration of carbon-di-oxide through the
burning kerosene lamp without supply of oxygen through
ventilation. But normally the content of carbon-di-oxide in air
even in the worst ventilated rooms does not exceed 0.5 to 1
percent and is therefore incapable of producing any ill effect.

The amount of air space required per person for a

residential building is about 8.5 cm, a space of 8.5/3.3 = 2.58
sq. m is required per person.

The method of ventilation may be of two categories:

1) Natural ventilation and

2) Mechanical or artificial ventilation

a) Natural Ventilation:-This is supply of fresh air by natural

means through windows, doors or other openings. The rate of
ventilation depends on:

a) Wind action arising from wind outside and the sizes and
deposition of opening,

b) Stack effect arising from temperature of vapour pressure

difference between inside and outside the room and also
the difference of height between the inlet and outlet

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 openings. Cool outside air (generally at night) will tend to
enter through openings at low level and warm air will
tend to leave through opening at high level. This process
of natural ventilation clears only top heated air in a room
without providing air movement.

Ventilation in residential buildings due to stack pressure

both in hot air region and humid region appears to be
insignificant and may be neglected.

Generally rules and design guide lines for natural ventilation

(according to BIS 3362)

For the best possible utilization of out-door, wind in-doors the

following important rules during designing building should be
followed:

1) Inlet openings should not as for as possible be

obstructed by adjoining buildings, trees or other
obstructions in the path of air flow. For a building height
from above the plinth level up to 6.0 m the minimum
width of open air space throughout should be 3.0 m.
Thus, where the height of the building above the plinth
level be 9.0 m the minimum width of open air space
should be 3.9 m. When the height of a building increases
them a more wide open air space should be provided for
ventilation to the adjoin buildings.

2) The inlet and outlet openings should have nearly areas

at the same level to obtain greatest flow per 0.unit area
of openings.

3) A total area of inlet and outlet opening should be 20 to

30 percent of the floor area. Further increase in window

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 size increase the available velocity but not in the same
proportion.

4) Where the direction of wind is quite constant and

dependable the openings may be readily arranged to
take full advantages of the wind. But where the wind
direction is quite variable openings should be arranged
approximately of equal areas on all sides.

5) In the case of a room with only one wall exposed to

outside, two windows should be provided on the wall
instead of single big window.

6) For maximum air movement from an opening at

particular plane the sill height of that opening should be
85 percent at the height of the plane. For example,
consider the level of sitting chair in a window should be
75 cm*85/100= 63 cm. The following of occupancy is
generally followed:

a) For sitting on floor =40cm;

b) For sitting on chair = 75cm and

c) For sitting on bed = 60 cm.

7) Provision of vertical louvers is vertical sun breakers as

shown in fig 3-2(A) increase the room air motion,
provided that the vertical projection does not obstruct in
inside wind.

8) Windows located diagonally opposite to each other with

the windward window near the upstream corner as
shown in fig 3-2(B) give better performance than other

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 window arrangements for most of the buildings
orientations.

b) Mechanical or Artificial ventilation: - Where adequate air

changes for providing thermal environment within the limits
cannot be obtained by natural ventilation, mechanical
ventilation is provided. The System of ventilation is which
some mechanical arrangements are made to provide
ventilation in the room is termed mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation may be achieved in one of the

following ways;

a) Natural supply and mechanical exhaust of air.

b) Mechanical supply and natural exhaust of air and

c) Mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust of air.

For lighting ventilation and according to the National building

code:-

The minimum of openings, excluding inclusive of frames, shall

be not less than

a) One-tenth of the floor area for dry not climate;

b) One-sixth of the floor area for met hot climate;

c) One-eighth of the floor area for intermediate climate;

d) One-twelveth of the floor area for cold climate.

c) Clean liners: - Dust may accumulate on skirtings, mouldings,

and carriers or on the ornamental designs of plastering near

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 roof level. Dust is injurious to health as it allows the growth of
bacteria which spreads diseases. So much ornamental design
and where these are provided should be cleaned at regular
intervals.

d) Plumbing services: - Adequate arrangement for water supply,

satisfactory drainage of all sewage and waste water shall be
provided in the building design. Harmful waste water such as
water containing kitchen waste shall be satisfactorily disposed
off. Walls of bath and water closet shall be so designed that
these can be cleaned properly.

e) Functional planning: - Functional planning is establishing first

the functional relationships among the principal’s areas, for
this a diagram knows as flow diagram is drawn as shown in the
fig 2-3, for a building. This is definitely not a building plan for
do this contribute to this contribute to the only possible
relationships between the programme elements. It is intended
that such a floe diagram will assist in understanding the inter
relationships between the major programme elements. Next
step for functional will assist in understanding the inter
relationships between the major programme elements. The
principal factors to be considered in planning the dining area
are;

i. Number of persons to be seated,

ii. Space requirement for the table,

iii. Space for chairs and for passage behind them,

iv. Sitting arrangement,

v. Storage space for glassware etc.

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 Thus, during designing primary and secondary school
buildings efforts must be made for creation of a school which
actively and attractively suits the functions of the education it
serves and which not only accommodates but also contributes
to a very special environment for learning. During designing
each unit the prime objectives are the physical space
required, the users of this space, and the occupancy and
equipment needs in each space.

Thus, for planning a Museum it is essential to determine the

size and locations of the various services, has much space can
and should allocated for subsidiary activities or for these
necessary to the functioning of the museum.

Arrangements of rooms for residential building usual

requirement and purpose: - Rooms should be arranged
according to their functional requirements and for this a flow
diagram should be drawn. Such a diagram illustrates the
relationship that should exist among rooms. All internal
services should be worked out so as to minimise extensive
plumbing and sanitary work. The bath and W.C units should be
adjacent to the near walls. Facilities for washing, drying of
clothes and utensils should be provided.

1. Drawing or living room: - It is the main room and living area

where friends are entertained and family members relax.
Sometimes this is used as combined drawing and dining room.
It should be situated on the front entrance of the building and
should not provide direct access to the bedrooms and toilet
block. It should be spacing to accommodate furniture for
sitting, well lighted, ventilated and adjacent to dining room.

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 2. Bedroom: - The bedroom should be allocated as to maintain
primary and at least one of its walls should be an external
outer wall of the building to get natural ventilation and light.
The orientation of the room should be North-west for entry of
cool breeze inside the room. Attached bath and W.C is
preferable for modern planning. There should be no
connection with the kitchen.

3. Kitchen: - Kitchen should be located near dining room. Kitchen

should be ventilated according to the standard of bedrooms
near the ceiling as far as possible. There should be no
connection with toilet block. Provision of cooking shelves,
cup-boards, storage shelves and washing utensils should be
made in the kitchen.

4. Dining room: - Dining room should be adjacent or attached to

kitchen. For attached dining room the activities of kitchen
should be screened by a screen wall or partition. Locations of
drawing, Dining and kitchen should be side by side. A wash
basin should be provided attached or inside the dining room.
Service window may be provided between kitchen and Dining.

5. Store room: - For storing food grains other articles it is choice

able to place those in any other room or in a store room.
Ventilation and natural lighting is less important for these
rooms may be used as a store room.

6. Bath and W.C (Toilet): - Bath and water closet maybe in a

same room known as toilet. In modern planning some
bedrooms are attached with bath and W.C but one bath and
W.C should be provided separately for common use. This must

25 | P a g e
 be situated that at least one of its walls shall open to external
wall.

7. Dressing room: - This Should be adjacent to toilet and

connected bedrooms.

8. Corridor: - It is a covered common passed age in the building

for independent entrance to various rooms.

9. Verandah: - For economic use of space the provision of

verandah is becoming minimum in modern planning. But a
certain amount of free space area for corridor and verandah
(covered) in required to provided independent access to
different rooms, seating space and for drying clothes etc. A
minimum width of 1.2 m and having a length as that of a front
room may be provided.

10. Stair: - Provision at stair of a single storied buildings in

necessary for the purpose of inspection, clearing at the roof
and also to use the roof as outdoor sleeping area. For storied
building the location of a stair case should be such that each
floor or flat is separated from the general movement of stair.
Generally western or northern side of the building may be
selected to locate the stair case. For family use it should be
located centrally and most of the rooms should have easy
approach for the stair provided the privacy of any room does
not suffer. For public buildings the stairs may be provided near
the entrance. Every stair case should be well lighted and
ventilated for easy and safe movement.

11. Mezzanine floor particulars according to the national

building: - Minimum height =2.2m; minimum size =9.5 sq.m.

26 | P a g e
 The mezzanine floor may be permitted over a room or a
compartment provided:

a) It conforms to standards of living rooms as regards lighting

and ventilation;

b) The mezzanine floor or any part of it shall not be used as a

kitchen, and not to be converted into unventilated
compartments

Sizes of rooms for residential buildings: - This defends upon

the standard of the individual. Big size rooms are generally
preferred. A bed room should not be by placing too many furniture.
For luxurious planning the size of a drawing or living room can be
made as big as possible. But considering all the points as indicated
above some average dimensions for high income group (H.I.G)
Middle income group (M.I.G); Low income group (L.I.G) and
minimum size as per code at practice for building by laws are given
here after for general guidance.

27 | P a g e
Name of H.I.G M.I.G L.I.G Minimum
The room All dimension Length x Breath (as per I.S)
Are in meter
Drawing 5.0x4.2 to 4.2x3.6 to 3.5x3.0 9.5 sq. m.
Room 7.2x5.5 4.5x4.0 7.5 sq. m.
Dining 4.0x3.5 to 3.5x3.1 to 3.0x2.8 7.5 sq. m.
Room 5.0x4.0 7.0x3.1
Bed 4.8x4.2 4.6x3.6 3.5x3.0 9.5 sq. m.
Room
Office 4.0x3.6 3.5x3.0 _ _
Room
Store 3.0x3.0 3.0x2.8 2.25x1.5 3.0 sq. m
Kitchen 3.5x3.0 2.0x2.5 2.5x2.2 4.5 sq. m
Dressing 3.5x3.0 3.0x2.5 _ _
Bath and 3.5x2.5 3.0x1.6 2.10x1.5 1.0x1.8
W.C (comb)
Bath(separate) 3.0x2.0 2.0x1.5 1.50x1.20 1.0x1.2
W.C (separate) 2.5x2.0 1.8x1.2 1.1x1.0 0.9x1.0
Servant Room 3.0x3.0 3.0x2.5 _ _
Porch 6.0x3.0 to _ _ _

What is specification: - A specification is a specific description

of a particular subject. An engineering specification contains
detailed description of all workman ship and materials which
are required to complete and engineering project in
accordance with its drawings and details. The technical
drawing of a structure will show the proportion and relative
positions of the various components of the structure. Many a
time it is not possible to furnish the information on the
drawings, regarding the quality of materials to be used and the

28 | P a g e
 quality of workman ship to be achieved during construction
due to shortage of space. This data regarding a separate
contract document which is known as the “specifications” for
the mark. Thus the drawings with the specifications “will
completely define the structure”. The “specification” furnished
separately along with drawings and is an essential part of all
engineering contracts.

Necessity of Specification: -
The necessities of specification are two following:-

i. The cost of a unit quantity of work is governed by its

specification.

ii. Specifications of a work are required to describe the quantity

and quantity of different materials required for a contraction
work and is one of two essential contract documents. Then a
contractor can make and to procure the materials required for
a project and the owner can cheek the quality of materials
conforming to the specification avoiding dispute with
contractor.

iii. This also specific the non clanship and the method of doing
the work. Thus specification at a work serves on a guide to the
supervising staff of the contractor as well as the owner to
execute the work to their satisfaction.

iv. A work is cashed out according to its specification and the

contractor is paid for the same. Any charge in specification
charges the tendered rate.

29 | P a g e
 v. As the rate of a work is based on specification a contractor can
calculate the rates of various items of works in a tender
with his procurement rates of materials and labour. Thus
tender paper without specification any of works is baseless, in
complete an in valid.

vi. Specification is necessary to specify the equipments. Tools and

plants to be engaged for a work and thus enables to
procure them beforehand.

vii. The necessary of specification is to verify and cheek the

strength at materials for a work involved in a project.

viii. Specification is an essential contract document and is required

for arbitration or court cases.

Type of specification: - the specification are broadly divided

in to two types –

a) General specification

b) Detailed specification

a) General Specifications: -In general specification nature and

lass of work of materials and proportion that should be used
in the various item or works are described .only a brief
description of each and every item in given. It is useful for
estimating the project without going through the lengthy
detailed specification, but they do not from part of the
contract document.

b) Detailed specification: -The detailed specification from a part

of the contract document detailed specification for a
particular item specify the quantities and proportions of
materials and the method of perorations and elevation for

30 | P a g e
 that particular item in work in a project. The defiled
specifications of the different item of works are prepared
separately and they describe about the works should be and
here they shall be executed and constructed. Physical,
chemical and electrical tests if any require for the finished
work to ensure the desired strength or quality and specified
in the detailed specification. The types of machinery,
equipments and special tools and plant their methods of
operation when involved during execution are described in
the detailed specified in the detailed specification. This also
specifies the involvements and responsibility for auxiliary
works, incidental damages etc. during execution of the
original work. While writing the detailed specifications the
same order of sequence, as the work is to be carried out, is
maintained. Engineering departments maintain detail
specifications for different items of work those are followed
to carry out works.

Standard specification: -Detailed specification for different

works are drawn up by an engineering department and
printed to survey as a slandered guide to the department and
also to in the specifications save valuable time, labour,
stationery expenditure and mistake during preparation of
huge number of tender papers through a divisional office.

For example, specifications for earth work, concrete

works, brickwork etc. are commonly required for different
works. The specifications for these common works become
same se it is kneelers to write such common specification
repeatedly in the specification part of a fender paper .instead

31 | P a g e
 of milling such specification they are referred to the
departmental standard specification.

The departmental specification may be revised periodically

according to the development of technology. Generally the
C.P.W.D, P.W.D, M.E.S irrigation and waterways, railways
departments have their own departmental standard
specifications. Offer departmental or organizations that have
no standard specification on generally after to any of the
above departments for the same.

Special specification: - some item that are not covered or

works not well covered by the departmental standard
specification, special specification for such items are drawn up
by the engineer in charge, appareled and included in the
tender paper under a heading “special specification”.

Open specifications on manufacturers specification:- Open

specification are specification of products at manufactures
which state both physical and chemical properties and such
offer information’s of the product ,but not description of
workmanship to be achieved during construction. The physical
properties specify mainly the strength, weight,

thickness or size and such other physics properties of the

product. The chemical, properties specify mainly the
composition of chemical contents of the product and
precautionary measures if any required for storing the
product.

An authority requiring a product such as steel, cement,

pipes, valves, wire, paints, bricks etc. specifies the minimum
requirement of properties of product through open

32 | P a g e
 specification .manufactures we can product materials
satisfying the open specifications may be permitted to supply
the materials at an agreed cost.

Advantages and disadvantages of open specification:-

Advantages at open specifications: -

a) When procurement at materials are not restricted among a

few traders with their respective traditional and any tender
can supply materials satisfying the open specification
,progress of work does not suffer due to short supply at
materials.

b) Due to open specifications materials can be procured at

more competitive rate.

c) Regional or local manufacturers can take the advantage to

manufacture the materials as results the transportation
charge and devilry time may be reduced.

d) Due to open specifications, the quality at materials is

standardized and as a result, private parties can easily
select a material depending on its quality.

Disadvantage of open specifications:-

a) Frequent checking at materials at various manufacturers

becomes necessary .but checking at properties at materials
is done mainly from govt. test laboratories. Due to heavy
such from different manufactures the results of are
delayed. As results procumbent order to a new
manufacturer cannot be placed timely.

33 | P a g e
 b) Due to limitations of open specification interest for
improvements at the quality of materials is hampered.

c) New manufactures may receive the order altering very low

rates but after a short supply may fail be supply of
materials throughout the supply period.

Earthwork in excavation of foundation tenders:-

1. Before the earthwork is stinted, the whole area where the

work is to be done shall be cleared of grass, of trees gains
matter.

2. The excavation shall be carried out exactly in accordance with

the dimension shown on the engineer in change may decide.

3. Sides at the trenches shall be vertical and its bottom shall be

perfectly leveled, both longitudinally and transversely .where
the soil is soft ,choose or sully the trench shall be with danced
for allowing steps on emitter side or the sides sloped or
slowed up.

4. During excavation if woks or soils are found those shall be

leveled as far as possible and the small specs which are
difficult to level shall be field in with concrete.

5. If the excavation is earth, the bottom of the thickness shall be

sprinkled with a little water and rammed. Any excess digging
or any patches of bad soil or hollows shall be removed by
placing concrete or shall be subject to any offer special
treatment as the engineer in charge decides.

6. No materials excavated from foundation shall be placed

manner them one meter to the outer edges of the
excavations.

34 | P a g e
 7. Water in trenches must be bailed or pumped out and where it
is apprehended that the sides may fall down arrangement
shall be mode for adequate timber shoring.

8. When bit is specified that the work is to be carried out

without removing pipes, cabs, sewers, etc. all of them shall be
temporarily showed and saved from any damage.

9. The materials or valuables found during excavation shall be

the property of the Government.

10. The cost of all materials and labour required for fencing
in and protection against risk of accidents due to open
excavation shall be provided.

Earthwork in Filling: -
• Earth: -Earth used for filling be loose, free from brickwork ,
stone, boulder, not longer than 75mm in any direction , salts,
organic or any other foreign organic matter. Normally
excavated earth from the same area shall be used for filling.
However, if such earths contain deleterious materials etc. the
same shall not be used.

• Filling: -The spaces around the foundation, pipes and drains in

trenches shall be cleaned of all debris, brick bats etc. The filling
shall be used in layers, not exceeding 20cm each layer. Each
layer shall be watered, rammed, and consolidated before the
succeeding one is laid. Earth shall be crammed with iron
rammers where damage is caused to the pipes, designed
masonry in the trenches below. In case f filling water floors the

35 | P a g e
 finished level of filling shall be kept sloping, intended to be
given to the floor.

Sand filling in plinth: -

• Sand: -Sand used for filling shall be fine free from dust, organic
and foreign matter.

• Filling: -Sand shall be uniformly spread over a layer not

exceeding 20cm the entire filling area. The sand shall then be
thoroughly saturated with water.

• Ramming: -Ramming shall be used by a number of rammers in

a row for the space between the two plinth walls. The spacing
between two rammers shall be 1.5m and simultaneous
ramming by all rammers in the below row shall be done upto
the end of the other side of the area. Successive course of
ramming shall be done in a transverse direction of the first
course of ramming. After thorough consolidation of first layer
the second layer of sand for a thickness not exceeding 2cm
shall be spread uniformly over the first consolidated layer. The
second layer of sand shall be thoroughly saturated with water
as in of first layer and the process of ramming shall be
continued.

Brick Soling in foundation trenches:-

• Picked jhama or second class brick in dry condition shall be laid

on the foundation bed as leaders with frog upwards.

• All bricks shall be laid closely with break joints and the small
gaps between them shall be filled up with local fine sand or dry
loose earth.

36 | P a g e
 • Brickbats which are permitted to be used only to provide break
joints shall be used at the edges of trenches.

• The finished surface shall be leveled both longitudinally and

transversely

Cement Concrete: -
a) Materials: -

1) Coarse aggregate: -It shall be crushed or broken from hard

stone obtained from diary. It shall be hard, strong, dense and
durable, clean and free from soft, thin and flat elongated or
laminated pieces and shall be roughly cubical in shape. It shall
be clean and free from dirt and any other foreign matter.
Coarse aggregate may be gravel or may be riverbed silt. It shall
be sound, hard clean suitable hard. This shall be free flat
particles of powdered clay, silt. Unless specially maintained
the size of the coarse aggregate shall be 20mm graded down
and shall be retained in a 5mm squares. In this case of road or
mass concrete bigger size 40 to 60mm may be specified.

2) Fine aggregate: -Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS

sieve is known as fine aggregate. Sand as fine aggregate
shall be in course, consisting of sharp, angular grains and be of
standard specification. It shall be used free and dust, dirt
stone may be used as fine aggregate.

3) Cement: -Cement shall be fresh Portland cement and conform

to the IS: 269 upto date modification.

4) Water: -Water used shall be clean and reasonably free from

injurious quantities of deleterious materials such as oils, acids,

37 | P a g e
 alkalis, salts, and vegetable growth. Generally portable water
shall be used.

b) Proportioning: - Proportion of cement sand and coarse

aggregate shall be 1:2:4 or as specified. Coarse aggregate and
sand shall be measured by measuring box of 30*30cm each of
suitable size equivalent to the content of one bag of cement
of 1/30cum or 0.035cum. Cement shall be measured by bag of
its dry volume. In case of damp sand, the bulkage shall be
determined at site and the extra quantity of sand so
determined shall be added.

c) Mixing: -

1) Hand Mixing: -Hard mixing by batches shall be permitted on

small works. Normally all structural concrete shall be mixed in
mixture machine. Mixing by hand shall be employed only in
special cases with the specific prior permission of the engineer.
The mixing shall be done on clean water tight masonry or
concrete shall be dumped on the sand and distributed evenly.
The cement shall be mixed thoroughly with space turning with
mixture over and over again. Limit it is of even colour
throughout and free from streaks.

2) Machine Mixing: -The mixer drum shall be flushed clean with

water. Measured quantity of dry coarse aggregate shall be
placed first in the hopper. This small be followed with
measured quantity of coarse aggregate followed by cement
and sand. Finally add before quantity of the coarse aggregate.
The dry materials shall be mixed in the mixing drum for at least

38 | P a g e
 four turns of the drum, after which the correct quantity of
water shall be added gradually while the drum is in motion. To
ensure even distribution with the dry materials. The total
quantity of water for mixing shall be introduced before 25
percent of the mixing time has elapsed.

3) Mixing Time: -

The materials shall be mixed in a drum for a period of time not

less than 2 mins and until a uniform consistency and colour is
obtained. The time shall be counted from the moment all the
materials have put into the drum.

d) Consistency: -The quantity of water to be used for each mix at

50kg cement to give the required consistency shall not be
used more than 34 liters for 1:3:6 mix , 30 liters for 1:2:4 mix,
27 liters for 1:1/2:3 mix and 25 liter for 1:2:1 mix. In the case
of rated concrete, the limit specified may be suitably reduced
to avoid segregation.

e) Laying: -The entire concrete used in the work shall be laid

gently in layers not exceeding 15cm and shall be thoroughly
liberated by means of mechanical vibrators till a dense
concrete is obtained. The Engineer may however relax this
condition at his discretion for certain items depending upon
the thickness of the members. Hand compaction shall be done
with the help of punning rods and tamping with wooden
tampers so that concrete is thoroughly compacted and
completely worked into the corners of the framework. The
layers of concrete shall be so placed that the bottom layer
does not finally set before the top layer is placed.

39 | P a g e
 During cold weather casting of iron shall be done when
the temperature falls below 4.5`c. During hot weather
precautions shall be taken to see that the temperature of the
wet concrete does not exceed 38`c. Concrete shall not be
deposited under water. Where found necessary to deposit any
concrete under water. The method and equipment shall first
be approved by the engineer. Concrete shall be deposited
continuously until it is brought to required height; while
depositing, the top surface shall be kept as nearly level as
possible and the formation of seams shall be avoided. The
concrete shall be deposited under water by one of the
approved methods such as treamic method. Deep and bottom
bucket, bags etc.

When the placing of concrete is suspended, or resumed

on the following day, necessary rough ending of the surface
for joining future work shall be done before the concrete sets.
When the work is resumed the previous work must be
thoroughly cleaned, roughened, watered and a group of neat
cement slurry of the proportion, 1 Kg of cement per 2 liters of
water applied uniformly.

f) Protection and curing: -Freshly did concrete shall be

protected from mean by suitable covering. The work should
also be protected from damage and main during constriction.
After the concrete has began to under i.e. about 1 to 2 hours
after is laying, it shall be protected with moist gunny bags,
sand an and any after material approved by the engineer in
charge against quick drying .after 24 hours at laying at
concrete the surface shall by flooding with user at above

40 | P a g e
 25mm depth 02 by covering with absorbent materials. The
curing shall be done for a minimum prayed of 14 days.

Over the foundation concrete, the masonry work may be

standard after 48 hours at its laying but the curing at cement
concrete shall be continued alone with the masonry work for
a minimum period of 14 days. In case at cement concrete used
at sub-grade for flooring. The flooring may be commenced
before the curing period of sub grade is over but the curing at
sub – grade shall be continued alone with the day lying at
flooring for a minimum period of 14 days.

Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C): -

a) Form work: -From work was include all forms or moulds
required for forming the concrete which is cast-in situ,
together with all temporary construction required for their
support.

i. Materials for from work: -From work shall be at plywood,

or steel approved by the engineer in charge. Timber used
for from work shall be easily workable with nails without
splitting and at light weight .it shall be stiff and strong
enough to avoid in due deflation when lorded and not

41 | P a g e
 liable to many when exposed to sun and rain wetted during
casting of concrete.

From work shall be at constriction true to shape and

dimensions shown on drawings. It shall be strong enough
to withstand the dead and live loads and forces eased by
reaming and vibration at concrete and other incidental
loads imposed upon it during and after costing at concrete.
It shall be mode sufficiently rigid by using adequate number
at us and ties.

All form work shall be so constructed as to be removable

in sections in the desired sequence, without damaging the
surface of concrete or discussing other sections. Forms
should be easy to strip off as connecting and no piece
should be keyed into the concrete.

ii. Propping and Contouring: - Props used for contouring shall

be at steel, timber, posts, bullies or any of her material
approved by the Engineering charge. In case when bullies
are used none shall be less than 100mm in diameter
measured at mid length and 80 mm at thin end. Bullies
shall rest on wooden sole plates at not less than 40 mm
thickness having a minimum bearing sea of 0.1 square
meter laid on ground or on 40 × 40 mm thick masonry
pillars in mud mortar of height not exceeding 40 mm.

In case a spam exceeds 4.50 meters and height exceeds

3.50 meters suitable horizontal as well as diagonal bracings
shall be provided after accounting for all forces including
action of the mind which may produce lateral forces.

42 | P a g e
 Before the casting of concrete is started, the preps and
wedges shall be thoroughly checked to see that these are in
fact.

b) Shuttering: -The shuttering shall be of approved dressed

timber of well seasoned wooden boards to give a smooth and
even surface and the joints shall not permit leakage of
cement grout. The timber shall be free from loose knots,
projected nails, splits, adhering grout or after defects that
may mar the cement surface of concrete. It shall not be so
green or wet as to shrink after erection. Species of timber
which are not of affected appreciably by its contact with
water shall be used.

i. Surface treatment for shuttering: -The surface of timber

shuttering that would come in contact with concrete shall
be thoroughly cleaned and well wetted and coated with
soar solution, raw linseed oil, or form oil of approved
manufacture, or any offer approved material such as
polythene shuts, to prevent adhesion of concrete to form
work.

ii. Camber: -Suitable comber shall be provided in horizontal

members of structures specially in long members to
counteract the effects of deflection.

iii. Removal of Form work: -The form work shall be removed

avoiding shock or vibration that may cause any damage to
concrete. In a slab and beam construction, sides of beam
shall be stripped first; then the under sides of slab and
lastly the underside of the beam.

43 | P a g e
 Where Ordinary Portland
Cement is used forms may be
Parts of structure
removed after expiry of the
following periods

24 to 48 hours as may be
Wall, columns and vertical faces
1. decided by the Engineer in
of all structural members
charge

2. Slabs (props left under) 3 days

3. Beams soffits (props left under) 7 days

Removal of props under slabs

4. a) Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
b) Spanning over to 4.5 m 14 days

Removal of props under beams and arches

5. a) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
b) Spanning over 6 m 21 days

In case of cantilever slabs and beams, the centering shall remain till
structures of bearing down have been created and have sufficient
strength.

c) Reinforcement: - Mild steel bars shall conform to the I. S.

Specification, free from loose rust, dust, loose will scales, coats
of points, oil or other coatings which may destroy or reduce
bond.

i. Bending of over lapping: -Bars shall be bent cold, correctly

and accurately to the size and shape as shown on the detailed
drawing or as directed by the Engineer in charge. The
overlaps shall be staggered for different bars and located at

44 | P a g e
 points, along the span, where neither shear nor bending
moment is maximum. Over lapping of bars can be kept apart
by 25 mm or ¼ times the maximum size of coarse aggregate
whichever is greater, with concrete between them. But where
this cannot be done; the over lapping bass shall be bound
together at interval not exceeding twice the diameter at such
bars, with two strands of annealed steel wise of o.90 mm to
1.6mm thickness twisted tight. In case of semi-circular looks,
having clear diameter equal to form times the diameter at
bar.

ii. Placing in position: -Reinforcement bass shall be placed in

position as shown in the drawings. Bars of their points of
intersection shall be securely tied together with two strands
of annealed steel wise 0.90 to 1.6mm thick twisted fight to
make the skeleton at the steel work rigid so that
reinforcement does not get displaced during the deposition at
concrete.

d) Placing of concrete: - Materials for concrete: same as cement

concrete the size at coarse aggregate shall be 20mm unless
specially mentioned in the type of work.

i. Proportioning of concrete: - Same as cement concrete.

ii. Mixing: - Concrete shall be mixed by mechanical miser except

for small quantity when Engineer in charge permits
otherwise.

iii. Consistency or work ability: -To concrete, which will flow

sluggishly into the forms and around the reinforcement
without any segregation of coarse aggregate form the mortar

45 | P a g e
 shall be used. The consistency shall depend on whether the
concrete is vibrated or hand tamped.

e) Placing of concrete: -Pouring into moulds. Placing of concrete

shall be commenced only after the Engineer-in-charge has
inspected the centering, shuttering and reinforcement as
placed and approved the same.

In case of casting of concrete of slabs and beams,

wooden plants or cat-walks supported directly on the provided
to convey the concrete to the place of deposition without
disturbing the reinforcement.

In deep trenches and tenting, concrete shall be placed

through chutes as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. In case
of columns and walls, the shuttering shall be adjusted that the
vertical drop of concrete is not more than 1.5 meter at a time.
During cold weather, with below 4.5oC temperature, laying of
concrete shall be taken to see that the temperature of wet
concrete, does not exceed 38oC.

f) Compaction: -Concrete shall be compacted into a dense mass

immediately after placing by means of mechanical vibration
designed for.

First class brickwork: -

a) Materials: -Bricks shall be first class of standard specification,

regular in sharp and size with sharp edges and corners. They
shall emit a clear ringing sound on being struck. They shall be
of uniform deep red or copper colour, free form cracks, chips,
efflorescence, flows and lumps of any kind. Dry bricks shall
not absorb more than 20% of their weight when immersed in
water for 24 hours. Brick shall have an average compressive

46 | P a g e
 strength of not less than looking per sq.cm and not more than
100 Kg per sq.cm and not more than 125 Kg per sq.cm.

For cement mortar, cement shall be fresh Portland

cement of standard quality. Sand shall be medium coarse
sand, clean, sharp and free from clay, mica or organic matter.
For lime mortar, lime shall be slaked and fresh stone-lime
screened at work site- conforming to standard specification.
Surki shall be made from first class brick having uniform
colour and free from admixture of foreign matter.

b) Mortar: -The brickwork shall be done with the specified

mortar (cement or lime) mining the ingredients in the
specified proportion. In the care of cement mortar the unit of
measurement for cement shall be a bag of cement and this
shall be taken as 0.35cm m. send in specified proportion shall
be measured in boxes of suitable size 35 cm x 25 cm x 40 cm.
sand shall be measured on the basis of its dry volume. In case
of damp sand, its quantity shall be increased suitably to allow
for bulkage. Materials of mortar shall be first mixed dry till of
uniform colour on a solid clean watertight platform and then
mixed wet at least three times by adding water gradually and
evenly to have a workable consistency of a stiff paste.

c) Soaking of brick: -All bricks shall be thoroughly soaked in

water by submerging then in clean water for at least hours
just before use. The wetted bricks shall be stacked on a clean
platform to avoid any contact with mud.

d) Laying: - The bricklaying shall be of English bond unless

specially mentioned . A layer of mortar shall be spread on full
over width over a suitable length of the lower course. Each

47 | P a g e
 brick shall be properly bedded with frog upward and set (in
position) by gently tapping with handle on wooden mallet. Its
inside faces shall be mortar before the next brick in laid and
pressed against it. On completion of course, all vertical points
shall be fully filled from the top with mortar. Half, or cut brick
shall not be used except where necessary to complete the
bond. No damaged or broken brick shall be used. Closers in
such cases, shall be cut to the required size and used near the
ends of the walls. In exposed brickwork, selected bricks of the
specified class shall be used for face work. The brickwork shall
be true to line , plumb and all vertical joints shall be truly
vertical. Vertical joints in alternate courses shall come
diversely one over the other.

e) Joints: -Brick shall be so laid that all joints are full of mortar.
The thickness of joints shall be not exceed 1.0cm. All face
joints shall be naked to a minimum depth of 15mm by taking
tool during the progress of work when the mortar is still green
to period proper key for plastering or pointing to be done.

f) Brick coping: - To top courses of all plinths, parapet, steps and

top well below R.C.C shall be laid with brick on edges unless
specified otherwise.

g) Curing: - Brickwork shall be protected from rain by suitable

covering when the mortar is green. Masonry work in cement
mortar or lime mortar shall be kept constantly moist on all
faces for a minimum period of seven days.

h) Scaffolding: -For all exposed brickwork double scaffolding

having for sets of vertical supports shall be provided. The

48 | P a g e
 supports shall be sound and strong, tied together with
horizontal pieces over which scaffolding planks shall be fixed.

Damp proof course: -

D.P.C of cement concrete should have a mix of 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 usual

thickness 2.5 cm to 4 cm.

a) Materials: - Coarse aggregate shall be at clean, hard and dense

stone chips 12 mm down and shall be washed before used.
Fans shall be cleaned, sharp and coarse of average 5 mm size
and shall be free from dust and screened before use.

b) Mixing: - Course aggregate and sand shall be measured by

volume with gauze and cement by bag having a weight of 50 kg
or volume of 0.0347 cu. m. some sample tests of cement bags
shall be made at worksite to ensure the specified weight and
volume. The mixing shall be done on a clean solid platform.
Dry course aggregate shall be stacked evenly on the platform.
Sand and cement in the specified quantities at first shall be
mixed dry till of uniform color and spread over the stacked
course aggregate.

c) Preparation of base: - The top of the walls on which damp

proof course is to be laid shall be constructed with bricks on
edge or with frogs of the bricks down. The top of the plinth
bed over which damp proof course is to be placed shall be
thoroughly cleaned with a steel brush and waited before laying
the course of concrete.

d) Laying: - Damp proof course may be laid to the full which at

the plinth or of the super structure as specified in the drawing
or specially mentioned. It shall be laid to the specified
thickness (2.5 cm or 4cm) over the plinth wall flush with the

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 floor surface and shall not be across the door ways or such
other openings. D.P.C shall then be consolidated by tamping
and leveled both longitudinally and transversely.

e) Curing: - Damp proof course shall be kept wetted for at least 8

days after laying, if the brick work is not ready to proceed,
farther. But in any case no brick work shall be commenced on
the freshly laid damp proof course unless the D.P.C has been
floored with water for at least 48 hours.

Artificial stone flooring or cement concrete flooring:-

(Usual thickness is 2.5 cm).The ingredients are cement, sand
and stone chips in the proportion 1:2:4 or as specified. (This is
also known as patent stone flooring) when crushed blast
surface slag is used as coarse aggregate.

a) Materials: -Course aggregate shall be stone chips well graded

from 12 mm down, free from dust, dirt, etc. Hard and rough
sand shall be coarse 5mm maximum size, clean, free from dirt
etc. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement.

b) Sub - grade:-The sub-grade shall be provided with the slopes

required for the flooring. Flooring is veranda, kitchen, baths,
water-closest and courtyards shall invariably be provided with
suitable slope to drain off waste and rain water. If the sub-
grade consists of lime concrete, it shall be allowed to set for
seven days and the commended preferably within 48 hours of
the laying at sub- grade. The surface of the sub- grade shall be

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 roughened with steel wire brushes without disturbing the
concrete.

c) Laying: -The surface shall be laid in the pattern as given in the

drawing or as directed by the engineer – in-charge. The panel
shall be at uniform size and dimension at a panel shall exceed
2m and the area of panel shall not be more than 2sqm. The
whole operation of laying in one panel shall be completed
within 30 minutes.

d) Finishing: -The surface shall be left for some time, till moisture
disappears from it. Excessive trowelling shall be avoided. Use
of dry cement or cement and sand mixture sprinkled on the
surface to stiffen the concrete or absorb excessive moisture,
shall not be permitted. Fresh quantity of cement at 2.0 kg of
cement shall be mixed with water to form thick slurry and
spread over an area of one sq.m. At flooring while the
concrete is still green.

e) Curing: -The curing shall be done for a minimum period of ten

days. Curing shall not be commenced until the top layer has
hardened. Covering with empty cement gunnies shall be
avoided as the colour is likely to be bleached with the
remnants of cement matter from the bags.

Glazed Tiles in Skirting and Dado: -

a) Glazed Tiles: -The tiles shall be of approved make confirming

to IS 777-1970. They shall be flat, and true to shape and free
from cracks, crazing spots, chipped edges and corners. The
glazing shall be of uniform shade. The tiles shall be of nominal
sizes as 150*150mm and 100*100mm as specified.

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 b) Preparation of Surface: -While the masonry is being laid, the
joints shall be raked out to a depth of at least 15mm in
masonry walls. In use of concrete walls, the surfaces shall be
roughened with wired brushes.

c) Laying: -12mm thick plaster of cement mortar 1 cement; 3

coarse sand or mix as specified shall be applied and allowed to
harden. The plaster shall be roughened with wire brushes or
by scratching diagonal at close intervals. The tiles are set in the
bedding mortar. The tiles shall be tamped and corrected to
proper plane and lines.

d) Curing and Finishing: -The points shall be cleaned off the grey
cement grout with wire brushes or trowel to a depth of 2mm.

Cement plaster skirting finished with red oxide or iron (a

band of plaster at the bottom of wall not exceeding 30mm in
height above the floor is classified as skirting.)

a) Materials: -Cement shall be fresh Portland cement and shall

be medium quality, clean free from organic matter and salts,
Red oxide shall be of approved quality. All the materials
including water shall be of 1:5 specifications.

b) Thickness: -The thickness of the skirting shall be measured

exclusive the thickness of key i.e., groves or open joints in the
brickwork. The average thickness should be regulated at the
time of plastering by keeping suitable thickness of the gauges.
Extra thickness required in dubbing behind rounding of corners
at junction of wall shall be ignored.

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 c) Preparation of Walk Surface: -The joints shall be raked out to a
depth of at least 15mm in masonry walls where the masonry is
being laid in case of concrete walls. The surface shall be
roughened by hacking the surface shall be cleaned thoroughly.
Washed with water kept wet before skirting is commenced.

d) Application of under coat: -The water coat of skirting shall be

of cement plaster of the thickness and mix described in the
item. The under coat shall be finished rough with scratching
foal to from a key for the top coat.

e) Mortar for top coat: -This shall consist of uniform and smooth
layer of plaster of specified thickness and mix 1:3 (1 cement: 3
coarse sand) or as specified wet mortar shall be prepared in
the usual manner as and when required.

f) Application of top coat: -The top coat shall be done the next
day after the under coat has been applied the plaster shall be
the thickness specified and finished smooth. If not other wish
mentioned. When the surface has hardness sufficient it shall
be brought to a fine polish by use of polishing stone.

g) Curing: -Curing shall be commented on the next day of

plastering when the plaster has harder sufficient and shall be
continued for a minimum period of 7 days.

h) Fixing in position: -The frame shall be placed in position truly

vertical before the masonry reaches half the highest of the
opening with iron clamps or as directed. The frame shall also
be protected from damage during construction.

Wood work for door and window shutters:-

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 a) Materials: -Specified timber shall be used and it shall be well
seasoned, dry free sap knots crack or any other defects or
disease patching or plugging or any kind shall be permitted
except as provided.

b) Joinery work: -All prices shall be accurately cut and planted

smooth to the full dimension all members of the shutters shall
be straight without any worp or bow and shall have smooth
well planned force at right angles to each other. In case of
paneled shutters the corners and edge of panels shall be
framed.

c) For battened shutters: -Plunk for battens shall be 20mm thick

unless otherwise specified and of uniform width of 125 to
175mm. These shall be planed and made smooth and provided
with minimum 12mm rebated joints.

d) Gluiting of joints paneled or Glazed shutters: -The contact

surface of tenson and mortise joints shall be treated before
putting together with bulk type synthetic reason adhesive of a
mark approved by the Engineer in charge.

e) Fittings: - Details of fitting to be provided shall be as per the

schedule of fittings supplied by the engineer in charge in case.
The case of providing and fixing and necessary. Screws for
fixing the same. All other fitting shall be enumerated and paid
for separately.

Cement plastering: -

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 a) Materials: -Cement shall be fresh Portland cement and sand
shall medium quality cleaned free from organic or salts. All the
materials including water shall be of standard specification.

b) Preparation of mortar: -The materials shall be of first mixed

dry thoroughly filling uniform in colour in the required
preparation and then shall be mixed wet adding water slowly
and gradually.

Wood work for door and window forms: -

a) Materials: -Timber shall be of teak Sal, dector etc as
mentioned well seasoned dry free from sop knots crack or any
other defects or diseases. It shall be swan in the direction
before assembling, patching or plugging of any kind shall not
be permitted except as provided.

b) Joints: -These shall be mortise and tenon type simple net and
strong mortise and tenon joints shall fit in fully after forms are
put through preased in position by means of a press.

c) Surface Treatment: -Wood work shall not be painted ailed or

otherwise treated before it has been approved by the engineer
in charge. All portions of timber abutting against masonry or
concrete or embedded in ground shall be painted with
approved wood primer or with bailing coater.

d) Gluing in joints: -The contact surface of tenon and mortise

joints shall be treated before putting together with bulk type
synthetic reason adhesive of a make approved by the engineer
in charge for at least four times to give a uniform paste. So

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 much material shall be prepared at a time such an be without
initial setting time (30 minutes) of cement.

e) Preparation of surface: -The surface of the wall shall be

brushed cleaned washed watered and wetted with water
before plastering. In case of cement plaster on cement
concrete the face shall be lightly roughened cleaned washed
and wetted. To ensure uniform thickness of plaster as specified
narrow strips of about cm wide plaster shall be applied first a
distance of about 1m centers and gaps between such strips
small immediately be filled up with mortar.

f) Laying: -The plastering shall be started from the top and

worked towards the ground. The value surface shall be made
flush with wooden straight edges and rubbed thoroughly with
wooden floats to ensure on even surface rounding of corners if
desired by the Engineering in charge shall be carried out in one
operation.

g) Curing: -Plastering surface shall be kept wet by sprinkling

water after 12 hours after 12 hours for at least 7 days and shall
be protected from rain or sun.

Distempering: -
a) Materials: - The distemper shall be of the colour as specially
mentioned and shall be thoroughly mixed with of water as
prescribed by the manufacturer only the required quantity
(generally 12kg per 100 sq m for 1stceat and 7.5 kg for
subsequent coats) shall be mixed at a time as required for the
day’s work.

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 b) Preparation of surface: -New plastered surface shall be
thoroughly brushed face from mortar dropping and other
foreign matter and subbed smooth with sand – paper before
distempering, efflorescence, it any shall be out with a clean
cloth.

In the case at old work all loses pieces, scales etc shall be
removed by rubbing with sand – paper. The with day
distemper at the colour to be used. The surface shall then
rubbed down again with a line sand – paper and made
smooth. A coat of the distemper shall be applied over the
patches. The prepared surface shall be allowed to day
thoroughly before application at regular coat.

c) Application: -No distemper shall be applied in wet weather.

Distemper shall be applied with proper distemper brushes,
first horizontally and then immediately crossed off vertically
which together shall constitute one coat. The subsequent
coats shall be applied only after the previous coat has dried.
The finished surface shall be even and uniform and shall show
no brush marks.

Glazing to teak wood glazed window sashes: -

The glass panels shall be bright, free from sashes or
bubbles, scratches and other defects. Unless otherwise
specified the thickness of glass shall be 3mm. The glass panel
shall be so cut that these fit slightly loose in the rebates at
sashes for allowing for expansion. For designed or frosted
glass when specified the design and quality shall be approved
by the Engineer-in-charge.

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 The glass panels shall be set in the rebates of the frame
work of wooden sash bars, and they shall be secured by small
nails and putty; the frame shall be primed and prepared for
painting before glass paves are interfered so that the word
may not draw oil out of the putty. Frosted glass paves shall be
fixed with frosted face on the inside. In case of small glass
passes a thin Layer of putty shall be applied on the rebate of
the bars, following on the glass pane shall be positioned
allowing equal gaps on all four sides by a few small nails and
after being positioned further sufficient nails shall be fixed at
regular intervals of 5cm on all sides.

Painting the new wood work: -

Painting should be easier out at the driest season of the
year. All wood work shall be seasoned and the surface to be
painted shall be dry, rubbed down smooth with medium and
fine paper and thoroughly cleaned. Knots on holes shall be
covered or filled in with as mixture of used lead and glue in
equal quantities laid on hot, which is called knotting. Knots in
resinous wood such as deodar shall be painted over with hot
lime and scraped off after hours and be primed with red or
white lead and liquid oil. When dry they shall be rubbed with
pumice stone. Nail holes, cracks, and other in equalities shall
be filled with putty(made of 2 parts of whiting, 1 part of white
lead mixed together in linseed oil) or with a mixture of glue
and Plaster of Paris and leveled to the surface level, known as
‘stopping’.

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 All wood work shall receive at first a coat of priming
composed of one past of white lead to eight parts of chalk
ground and wiped together with 4 parts of double boiled
linseed oil. The stopping for nail holes etc. shall than be
rubbed down with a sand paper before applying paint.

Two costs of paints shall be applied over the printing coat of

not otherwise specified. Readymade moist paints or ready
mixed paints of the same brand as specified shall be used.

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