RAIGANJ UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

SYLLABUS FOR MATHEMATICS

M. Sc.

CBCS FORMAT
w.e.f. the academic session 2017 - 2018.

RAIGANJ UNIVERSITY
Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur
West Bengal, India.
Contents

1 SEMESTER 1 2
1.1 C. P.- 1. Linear Algebra:
Marks 20(Internal Assessment (I.A.))+55(Semester Ex-
amination (S.E.)) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Review of Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Matrices and Linear Transformations . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Inner Product Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 Books for Reference in Linear Algebra . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 C. P.- 2. Abstract Algebra:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Ring and Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Books for Reference in Abstract Algebra . . . . . . . 3
1.3 C. P.- 3. Real Analysis:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Riemann-Stieltjes integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2 The Lebesgue measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 Measurable functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.4 The Lebesgue integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.5 Differentiation and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.6 Books for Reference in Real Analysis . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 C. P.- 4. Ordinary Differential Equations and Special Func-
tions:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.2 Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.3 Books for Reference in Ordinary Differential Equa-
tions and Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 IDC.- 1. Mathematical Logic, Integral Methods, Differ-
ential Equations and Vector Algebra:
Marks 25(I.A.)+75(S.E.) [Credit 8] [For the students of
the other departments] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.1 Mathematical Logic [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.2 Integral Methods [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.3 Differential Equations [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . 8

ii
 1.5.4 Vector Algebra [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.5 Books for Reference in Mathematical Logic, Inte-
gral Methods, Differential Equations and Vector
Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 SEMESTER 2 11
2.1 C. P.- 5. Calculus of Several Variables:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Books for Reference in Calculus of Several Variables 11
2.2 C. P.- 6. Topology:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Topological Spaces and Continuous Functions . . . . 12
2.2.2 Connectedness and Compactness . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Books for Reference in Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 C. P.- 7. Complex Analysis:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.1 Complex Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Complex Functions and Conformality . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.3 Complex Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.4 Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.5 Books for Reference in Complex Analysis . . . . . . 13
2.4 C. P.- 8. Partial Differential Equations:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1 First Order P.D.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 Second Order Linear P.D.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3 Elliptic Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.4 Parabolic Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.5 Hyperbolic Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.6 Green’s Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.7 Books for Reference in Partial Differential Equations 15
2.5 IDC.- 2. Discrete Mathematics, Boolean Algebra, Graph
Theory and Vector Analysis:
Marks 25(I.A.)+75(S.E.) [Credit 8] [For the students of
the other departments] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.1 Discrete Mathematics [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.2 Boolean Algebra [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.3 Graph Theory [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.4 Vector Analysis [Marks 25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.5 Books for Reference in Discrete Mathematics, Boolean
Algebra, Graph Theory and Vector Analysis . . . . 16

3 SEMESTER 3 19
3.1 In Semester-3, the Department will offer a set of Optional
papers (O.P.) from O.P.- 1 to O.P.- 4 among which the
students have to choose two optional papers. . . . . . . . . 19

iii
3.2 O. P.- 1. Functional Analysis:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.1 Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 Hilbert Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.3 Books for Reference in Functional Analysis . . . . . 20
3.3 O. P.- 2. Measure and Integration Theory:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.)[Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.1 Books for Reference in Measure and Integration
Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 O. P.- 3. Graph Theory:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.2 Graphs with special properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.3 Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.4 Coloring of Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.5 Books for Reference in Graph Theory . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 O. P.- 4. Numerical Analysis:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5.1 Numerical Solution of System of Linear Equations . 22
3.5.2 Solution of Non-linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.3 System of Non-linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.4 Numerical Solution of Initial Value Problem for ODE 23
3.5.5 Two Point Boundary Value Problem for ODE . . . 23
3.5.6 Numerical Solution of PDE by Finite Difference
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.7 Books for Reference in Numerical Analysis . . . . . 23
3.6 In Semester-3, the Department will offer a set of Special
papers (S.P.) from S.P.- 1 to S.P.- 8 among which the
students have to choose two special papers. Part I and
II of the corresponding special papers will be taught in
semester 3 and 4 respectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7 S. P.- 1. Advanced Real Analysis- I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7.1 Ordinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7.2 Descriptive properties of sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7.3 Functions of special classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7.4 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7.5 Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7.6 Books for Reference in Advanced Real Analysis - I 24
3.8 S. P.- 2. Advanced Complex Analysis - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.8.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Complex Analy-
sis - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.9 S. P.- 3. Advanced Topology - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.9.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Topology - I . . . 26

iv
 3.10 S. P.- 4. Advanced Functional Analysis - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.10.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Functional Anal-
ysis - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.11 S. P.- 5. Operations Research - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.11.1 Allocation Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.11.2 Competitive Strategy (Game Theoretic Problems) 28
3.11.3 Queueing Theory (Theory of Waiting Lines) . . . . 28
3.11.4 Books for Reference in Operations Research - I . . 28
3.12 S. P.- 6. Fluid Mechanics - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.12.1 Viscous incompressible fluid flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.12.2 Inviscid Compressible Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.12.3 Vortex Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.12.4 Books for Reference in Fluid Mechanics - I . . . . . 29
3.13 S. P.- 7. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dynamical
Systems - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.13.1 Nonlinear Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.13.2 Books for Reference in Nonlinear Differential Equa-
tions and Dynamical Systems - I . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.14 S. P.- 8. Theory of Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmol-
ogy - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.14.1 Theory of Relativity and Astrophysics . . . . . . . . 30
3.14.2 Books for Reference in Theory of Relativity, Astro-
physics and Cosmology - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.15 Grand Viva, Seminar and group discussion:
Marks 50+25+25 [Credit 4+2+2=8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4 SEMESTER 4 33
4.1 In Semester-4, the Department will offer a set of Optional
papers (O.P.) from O.P.- 5 to O.P.- 8 among which the
students have to choose two optional papers. . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 O. P.- 5. Differential Geometry:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.1 Tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.2 Curves in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.3 Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.4 Books for Reference in Differential Geometry . . . . 34
4.3 O. P.- 6. Integral Equation and Integral Transform:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.1 Integral Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.2 Laplace Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.3 Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

v
 4.3.4 Hankel Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.5 Z-transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.6 Books for Reference in Integral Equation and Inte-
gral Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4 O. P.- 7. Classical Mechanics:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4.1 Books for Reference in Classical Mechanics . . . . . 35
4.5 O. P.- 8 Combinatorial Mathematics:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.1 Books for Reference in Combinatorial Mathematics 36
4.6 S. P.- 1. Advanced Real Analysis - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6.1 Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6.2 Integration on R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6.3 General Measure and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.6.4 Books for Reference in Advanced Real Analysis-II . 37
4.7 S. P.- 2. Advanced Complex Analysis - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.7.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Complex Analy-
sis - II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.8 S. P.- 3. Advanced Topology - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.8.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Topology - II . . 38
4.9 S. P.- 4. Advanced Functional Analysis - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.9.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Functional Anal-
ysis - II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.10 S. P.- 5. Operations Research-II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.10.1 Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.10.2 Project Scheduling and Network Analysis . . . . . . 39
4.10.3 Replacement Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.10.4 Inventory Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.10.5 Books for Reference in Operations Research - II . . 40
4.11 S. P.- 6. Fluid Mechanics-II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.11.1 Irrotational Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . 40
4.11.2 Viscous Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.11.3 Books for Reference in Fluid Mechanics - II . . . . . 41
4.12 S. P.- 7. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dynamical
Systems - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.12.1 Dynamical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.12.2 Books for Reference in Nonlinear Differential Equa-
tions and Dynamical Systems - II . . . . . . . . . . . 42

vi
4.13 S. P.- 8. Theory of Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmol-
ogy - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.13.1 Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.13.2 Books for Reference in Theory of Relativity, Astro-
physics and Cosmology - II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.14 Project/Field Studies:
Marks 100 [Credit 8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

vii
SEMESTER 1

1
Chapter 1

SEMESTER 1

1.1 C. P.- 1. Linear Algebra:

Marks 20(Internal Assessment (I.A.))+55(Semester
Examination (S.E.)) [Credit 6]
1.1.1 Review of Vector Spaces
Vector spaces over a field. Subspaces. Sum and direct sum of subspaces.
Linear span. Linear dependence and independence. Basis. Finite dimensional
spaces. Existence theorem for bases in the finite dimensional case. Invariance
of the number of vectors in a basis. Dimension. Existence of complementary
subspace of any subspace of a finite dimensional vector space. Dimensions of
sums of subspaces. Quotient space and its dimension.

1.1.2 Matrices and Linear Transformations

Matrices and linear transformations, change of basis and similarity. Algebra of
linear transformations. The rank-nullity theorem. Change of basis. Isomorphism
Theorems. Dual space. Bi-dual space and natural isomorphism. Adjoint of linear
transformations. Eigen values and eigenvectors of linear transformations. Char-
acteristic and minimal polynomials of linear transformations, Cayley-Hamilton
Theorem. Annihilators. Diagonalization of operators. Invariant subspaces and
decomposition of operators. Canonical forms.

1.1.3 Inner Product Spaces

Inner product spaces. Cauchy-Schwartz inequality. Orthogonal vectors and
orthogonal complements. Orthonormal sets and bases. Bessel’s inequality. Gram-
Schmidt orthogonalization method. Hermitian, Self-Adjoint, Unitary, and Or-
thogonal transformation for complex and real spaces. Bilinear and Quadratic
forms, real quadratic forms.

2
1.1.4 Books for Reference in Linear Algebra
1. Friedberg, S. H., Insel, A. J. and Spence, L. J., Linear Algebra, Prentice
Hall of India, Fourth Edition.
2. Kumaresan, S., Linear Algebra, A Geometric Approach, Prentice Hall of
India, Fourth Printing.
3. Artin, M., Algebra, Prentice Hall of India.
4. Halmos, P. R., Finite Dimensional Vector Spaces, Springer.
5. Roman, S., Advanced Linear Algebra, Springer.
6. Curtis, C. W., Linear Algebra : An Introductory Approach, Springer (SIE).
7. Hoffman, K. and Kunze, R., Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India.

1.2 C. P.- 2. Abstract Algebra:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
1.2.1 Groups
Review of basic concepts of Group Theory: Lagrange’s Theorem, Cyclic Groups,
Permutation Groups and Groups of Symmetry: Sn , An , Dn , Conjugacy Classes,
Index of a Subgroup, Divisible Abelian Groups. Homomorphism of Groups,
Normal Subgroups, Quotient Groups, Isomorphism Theorems, Cayley’s Theo-
rem. Generalized Cayley’s Theorem, Direct Product and Semi-Direct Product of
Groups, Fundamental Theorem (Structure Theorem) of Finite Abelian Groups,
Cauchy’s Theorem, Group Action, Sylow Theorems and their applications. Solv-
able Groups.

1.2.2 Ring and Fields

Ring, Integral Domain, Division Ring, Field. Ring Homomorphisms, Isomor-
phism Theorems. Ideals and Quotient Ring, Prime and Maximal Ideals, Quotient
Field of an Integral Domain, Polynomial and Power Series Rings. Divisibility
Theory: Euclidean Domain, Principal Ideal Domain, Unique Factorization Do-
main, Gauss’s Theorem, Eisenstein’s criterion.

1.2.3 Books for Reference in Abstract Algebra

1. Dummit, D.S., Foote, R .M., Abstract Algebra, Second Edition, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
2. Gallian, J., Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa.
3. Roman, S., Fundamentals of Group Theory: An Advanced Approach, Birkhauser.
4. Malik, D. S., Mordesen, J. M., Sen, M. K., Fundamentals of Abstract Alge-
bra, The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.

3
 5. Rotman, J., The Theory of Groups: An Introduction, Allyn and Bacon,
Inc., Boston.
6. Rotman, J., A First Course In Abstract Algebra, Prentice Hall.
7. Pinter, Charles. C., A Book of Abstract Algebra, McGraw Hill.
8. Herstein, I. N., Topics in Abstract Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited.
9. Fraleigh, J. B., A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa.
10. Jacobson, N., Basic Algebra, I and II, Hindusthan Publishing Corporation,
India.
11. Hungerford, T. W., Algebra, Springer.
12. Artin, M., Algebra, Prentice Hall of India.
13. Goldhaber, J. K., Ehrlich, G., Algebra, The Macmillan Company, Collier-
Macmillan Limited, London.
14. Gopalakrishnan, N. S., University Algebra, New Age International.

1.3 C. P.- 3. Real Analysis:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
1.3.1 Riemann-Stieltjes integral
Existence and basic properties, Conditions of integrability, Algebra of R-S
integrable functions, Integration by parts, Reduction to a Riemann integral, In-
tegration of a continuous function with respect to a step function.

1.3.2 The Lebesgue measure

Definition of the Lebesgue outer measure on the power set of R, countable
subadditivity, Carathodorys definition of the Lebesgue measure and basic prop-
erties. Measurability of an interval (finite or infinite), Countable additivity, Char-
acterizations of measurable sets by open sets, Gδ sets, closed sets and Fσ sets.
Measurability of Borel sets, Existence of non-measurable sets.

1.3.3 Measurable functions

Definition on a measurable set in R and basic properties, Simple functions, Se-
quences of measurable functions, Measurable functions as the limits of sequences
of simple functions, Lusins theorem on restricted continuity of measurable func-
tions, Egoroffs theorem.

4
1.3.4 The Lebesgue integral
Integrals of non-negative simple functions, The integral of non-negative mea-
surable functions on arbitrary measurable sets in R using integrals of non-negative
simple functions, Monotone convergence theorem and Fatous lemma, The integral
of Measurable functions and basic properties, Absolute character of the integral,
Dominated convergence theorem, Inclusion of the Riemann integral.

1.3.5 Differentiation and Integration

Dini Derivatives, Functions of Bounded Variation, Definition and basic prop-
erties, Differentiation of an Integral, Absolutely Continuous Functions, Definition
and basic properties, Integral of the Derivative.

1.3.6 Books for Reference in Real Analysis

1. Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical analysis, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Walter Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd.
3. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
4. Gabriel Klambauer, Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekkar, Inc. New York.
5. A. J. White, Real Analysis: an introduction, Addison-Wesley Publishing
Co., Inc.
6. E. Hewitt and K. Stromberg. Real and Abstract Analysis, Berlin, Springer.
7. P. K. Jain and V. P. Gupta, Lebesgue Measure and Integration, New Age
International (P) Limited, New Delhi.
8. G. de Barra, Measure Theory and Integration, New Age International (P)
Limited, New Delhi.
9. H. L. Royden, Real analysis, Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. 4th edn. N.Y.
10. . J. H. Williamson, Lebesgue Integration, Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
N.Y.
11. P. R. Halmos, Measure Theory, Van Nostrand, Princeton.
12. R. G. Bartle, The Elements of Integration, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. N.Y.
13. Serge Lang, Analysis I and II, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.
14. Inder K. Rana, An Introduction to Measure and Integration, Narosa Pub-
lishing House, Delhi.
15. B. K. Lahiri and K. C. Ray: Real Analysis, World Press.
16. I. P. Natanson: Theory of Integrals of a Real Variable (Vol. I and II).

5
1.4 C. P.- 4. Ordinary Differential Equations and Special
Functions:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
1.4.1 Ordinary Differential Equations
1. Existence and Uniqueness:
First order ODE, Initial value problems, Existence theorem, Uniqueness, ba-
sic theorems. Ascoli Arzela theorem (statement only), Theorem on conver-
gence of solution of initial value problems, Picard Lindelof theorem (state-
ment only), Peano’s existence theorem (statement only) and corollaries.
2. Higher Order Linear ODE:
Higher order linear ODE, fundamental solutions, Wronskian, variation of
parameters.
3. Boundary Value Problems for Second Order Equations:
Ordinary Differential Equations of the Sturm-Liouville type and their prop-
erties, Application to Boundary Value Problems, Eigenvalues and Eigen-
functions, Orthogonality theorem, Expansion theorem. Green’s function for
Ordinary Differential Equations, Application to Boundary Value Problems.

1.4.2 Special Functions

1. Singularities:
Fundamental System of Integrals, Singularity of a Linear Differential Equa-
tion. Solution in the neighbourhood of a singularity, Regular Integral, Equa-
tion of Fuchsian type, Series solution by Frobenius method.
2. Hypergeometric Equation:
Hypergeometric Functions, Series Solution near zero, one, and infinity. In-
tegral Formula, Differentiation of Hypergeometric Function.
3. Legendre Equation:
Legendre Functions, Generating Function, Legendre Functions of First and
Second kind, Laplace Integral, Orthogonal Properties of Legendre Polyno-
mials, Rodrigue’s Formula.
4. Bessel Equation:
Bessel’s Functions, Series Solution, Generating Function, Integral Repre-
sentation of Bessel’s Functions, Hankel Functions, Recurrence Relations,
Asymptotic Expansion of Bessel Functions.

1.4.3 Books for Reference in Ordinary Differential Equations and

Special Functions
1. Simmons, G. F., Differential Equations, Tata McGraw Hill.

6
 2. Agarwal, Ravi P. and O’ Regan D., An Introduction to Ordinary Differential
Equations, Springer.
3. Codington, E. A and Levinson, N., Theory of Ordinary Differential Equa-
tion, McGraw Hill.
4. Ince, E. L., Ordinary Differential Equation, Dover.
5. Estham, M. S. P., Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Compa.NY.
6. Piaggio, H. T. H., An Elementary Treatise On Differential Equations And
Their Applications, G. Bell And Sons, Ltd.
7. Hartman, P., Ordinary Differential Equations, SIAM.
8. Zill, D. G., Cullen, M. R., Differential Equations with Boundary Value Prob-
lems, Brooks/Cole.

1.5 IDC.- 1. Mathematical Logic, Integral Methods, Dif-

ferential Equations and Vector Algebra:
Marks 25(I.A.)+75(S.E.) [Credit 8] [For the students
of the other departments]
1.5.1 Mathematical Logic [Marks 25]
1. Simple and compound statements/propositions.
2. Logical connectives: negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, equiv-
alence.
3. Truth tables, tautology, logical equivalence, contradiction.
4. The algebra of propositions.

1.5.2 Integral Methods [Marks 25]

Simple problems on definite integral as the limit of sum. Working knowledge of
Beta and Gamma functions (convergence to be assumed) and their interrelation
(without proof). Use of the result:
π
Γ(m)Γ(1 − m) = , where 0 < m < 1.
sin mπ
Computation of the following integrals using Beta and Gamma functions (when
they exist):
Z π Z π Z π
2 2 2
n n
sin x dx, cos x dx, tann x dx etc.
0 0 0

Working knowledge of double and triple integrals.

7
1.5.3 Differential Equations [Marks 25]
1. Basics of ordinary differential equations: Significance of ordinary dif-
ferential equation. Geometrical and physical considerations. Formation of
differential equation by elimination of arbitrary constants. Meaning of the
solution of ordinary differential equation. Concepts of linear and non-linear
differential equations.
2. Equations of first order and first degree: Existence theorem (statement
only). Exact equation. Condition for exactness, Integrating factor. Rules of
finding integrating factors (statements of relevant results only). Equations
reducible to first order linear equations.
3. Equations of first order but not of first degree: Clairaut’s equation.
Singular solution.
4. Applications: Geometric applications, Orthogonal trajectories.
5. Higher order linear equations with constant coefficients: Comple-
mentary function. Particular Integral. Method of undetermined coefficients.
Symbolic operator D. Method of variation of parameters. Euler’s homoge-
neous equation and reduction to an equation of constant coefficients.

1.5.4 Vector Algebra [Marks 25]

1. Conditions for collinearity of three points and coplanarity of four points.
Rectangular components of a Vector in two and three dimensions. Scalar
and Vector products and triple products. Product of four vectors. Direct
applications of Vector Algebra in
(i) Geometrical and Trigonometrical Problems,
(ii) Problems of Mechanics (Work done by a force, Moment of a force about
a point).
2. Vector equations of straight lines and planes. Volume of a tetrahedron.
Shortest distance between two skew lines.

1.5.5 Books for Reference in Mathematical Logic, Integral Methods,

Differential Equations and Vector Algebra
Mathematical Logic
1. Introduction to Graph Theory: Douglas B. West (Prentice Hall of India)
2. Discrete Mathematics ( with Graph Theory ): E. G. Goodaire and M. M.
Permenter (Prentice Hall of India)
3. Discrete Mathematics: J. K. Sharma (Macmillan)
4. Selected Topics on Discrete Mathematics: S. Kar (U. N. Dhur and Sons)

8
 Integral Methods
1. Application of Calculus: Sunil Kr. Maity and Sitansu Bandyopadhyay (Aca-
demic Publishers)
2. Application of Calculus: Debasish Sengupta (Books and Allied)
3. Calculus and its Applications: Goldstein, Lay, Schneider, Asmar (Pearson
Education)
4. Integral Calculus: Shanti Narayan (S. Chand and Co.)
5. Integral Calculus - Differential Equationns: B. C. Das and B. N. Mukherjee
(U. N. Dhur and Sons)
6. An Introduction to Analysis- Integral Calculus: R. K. Ghosh and K. C.
Maity (New Central Book Agency)
7. Integral Calculus and Differential Equations: Dipak Chatterjee (Tata Mc-
Graw Hill)
Differential Equations
1. Integral Calculus and Differential Equations: Dipak Chatterjee (Tata Mc-
Graw Hill)
2. Differential Equations: Chakravorty, J. G. and Ghosh, P. R. (U. N. Dhur
and Sons)
3. An Introduction to Differential Equations: R. K. Ghosh and K. C. Maity
(New Central Book Agency)
4. Differential Equation and Laplace Transform: Das, A. N. (New Central
Book Agency)
5. Differential Equations: G. F. Simmons (Tata McGraw Hill)
Vector Algebra
1. Analytical Geometry and Vector Algebra: N. Datta and R. N. Jana (Shree-
dhar Prakashani)
2. Analytical Geometry of two and three Dimensions and Vector Analysis: R.
M. Khan (New Central Book Agency)
3. Vector Analysis: Chakravorty, J. G. and Ghosh, P. R. (U. N. Dhur and
Sons)
4. Vector Analysis. Introduction to Tensor Analysis: Das, A. N. (U. N. Dhur
and Sons)
5. Vector Analysis and An Introduction to Tensor Analysis: M. R. Spiegel
(McGraw Hill)
6. Vector Analysis: R. K. Ghosh and K. C. Maity (New Central Book Agency)

9
SEMESTER 2

10
Chapter 2

SEMESTER 2

2.1 C. P.- 5. Calculus of Several Variables:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Rn as a normed linear space, and L(Rn , Rm ) as a normed linear space. Limits
and continuity of functions from Rn to Rm . The derivative at a point of a
function from Rn to Rm as a linear transformation. The tangent space and linear
approximation. The chain rule.
Partial derivatives, higher order partial derivatives and their continuity. Suf-
ficient conditions for differentiability. Comparison between the differentiability
of a function from R2 to R2 and from C to C.
Examples of discontinuous and non-differentiable functions whose partial deriva-
tives exist.
C 1 maps. Euler’s theorem. Sufficient condition for equality of mixed partial
derivatives. Proofs of the Inverse Function Theorem, the Implicit Function Theo-
rem, and the Rank Theorem. Jacobians. The Hessian and the real quadratic form
associated with it. Extrema of real-valued functions of several variables. Proof
of the necessity of the Lagrange multiplier condition for constrained extrema.
Riemann Integral of real-valued functions on Euclidean spaces, measure zero
sets, Fubini’s Theorem. Partition of unity, change of variables. Stokes’s Theorem
and Divergence Theorem for integrals.

2.1.1 Books for Reference in Calculus of Several Variables

1. Spivak, M., Calculus on Manifolds: A Modern Approach To Classical The-
orems of Advanced Calculus, Addison-Wesley.
2. Munkres, J. R., Analysis on Manifolds, Addison-Wesley.
3. Apostol, T. M., Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.
4. Apostol, T. M., Calculus Vol I and II, John Wiley and sons.
5. Fleming, W., Functions of Several Variables, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag.
6. Kaplan, W., Advanced Calculus, Pearson.

11
 7. Ghorpade, S. R. and Limaye, B. V., A Course in Multivariable Calculus and
Analysis, Springer.

2.2 C. P.- 6. Topology:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
2.2.1 Topological Spaces and Continuous Functions
Topology on a set, Examples of Topologies (Topological Spaces): Discrete
Topology, Indiscrete Topology, Finite Complement Topology, Countable Com-
plement Topology, Topologies on the Real Line: Rl , RK , R with usual Topology,
etc., Finer and Coarser Topologies, Basis and Sub basis for a topology. Product
topology on X × Y , Subspace Topology.
Interior Points, Limit Points, Derived Set, Boundary of a set, Closed Sets,
Closure and Interior of a set, Kuratowski closure operator and the generated
topology.
Continuous Functions, Rules for Constructing Continuous Functions: Inclu-
sion Map, Composition, by restricting the domain, by restricting/expanding the
range, Pasting Lemma, Open maps, Closed maps and Homeomorphisms, Em-
bedding of a Topological Space into another Topological Space.
(Infinite) Product Topology , Sub basis for product Topology defined by Pro-
jection Maps, Box Topology, Metric Topology.

2.2.2 Connectedness and Compactness

Connected and Path Connected Spaces: Definitions, Examples and its simple
properties, Connected subsets of the real line, Introduction to Components and
Path Components, Local Connectedness.
Compact Spaces, Compact subsets of the real line, Heine-Borel Theorem.

2.2.3 Books for Reference in Topology

1. Munkres, J. R., Topology, A First Course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2 . Simmons, G. F., Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-
Hill.
3. Kumaresan, S., Topology of Metric Spaces, Narosa Publishing House.
4. Kelley, J. L., General Topology, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
5. Young, J. G., Topology, Addison-Wesley Reading.
6. Willard, S., General Topology, Dover.
7. Dugundji, J., Topology, Allyn and Bacon.

12
 8. Sierpinski, W., Introduction to General Topology, The University of Toronto
Press, Canada.
9. Kuratowski, K., General Topology, Vol. I, Academic Press, New York and
London.

2.3 C. P.- 7. Complex Analysis:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
2.3.1 Complex Differentiation
Derivative of a complex function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Necessary and
sufficient criterion for complex differentiability, Analytic functions, Entire func-
tions, Harmonic functions and Harmonic conjugates.

2.3.2 Complex Functions and Conformality

Polynomial functions, Rational functions, Power series, Exponential, Logarith-
mic, Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions, Branch of a logarithm, Conformal
maps, Mobius Transformations.

2.3.3 Complex Integration

The complex integral (over piecewise C 1 curves), Cauchys fundamental theo-
rem (statement only) and its consequences. Cauchys integral formula. Derivative
of an analytic function, Moreras theorem, Cauchys inequality, Liouvilles theo-
rem, Fundamental theorem of classical algebra. Uniformly convergent series of
analytic functions. Weierstrass Convergence Theorem. Power series. Taylors
theorem. Laurents theorem.

2.3.4 Singularities
Definitions and Classification of singularities of complex functions, Isolated
singularities, Poles etc. Zeros of an analytic function. Limit points of zeros and
poles. Identity Theorem. Riemanns theorem. Weierstrass-Casorati theorem.
Theory of residues and its applications to contour integrals. Behaviour of a func-
tion at the point at infinity. Argument principle. Maximum modulus theorem
and its applications. Rouches theorem and its applications. Schwarz lemma.
Idea of winding number.

2.3.5 Books for Reference in Complex Analysis

1. Conway, J. B., Functions of One Complex Variable, Second Edition, Narosa
Publishing House.
2. Marsden, J. E. and Hoffman, M. J., Basic Complex Analysis, Third Edition,
W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

13
 3. Sarason, D., Complex Function Theory, Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi.
4. Ahlfors, L. V., Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
5. Rudin, W., Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw- Hill Book Co.
6. Hille, E., Analytic Function Theory (2 vols.), Gonn and Co.
7. Ponnusamy, S., Foundations of Complex Analysis, Narosa.
8. A. I. Markushevich: Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable( Vol. I, II
and III).
9. R. V. Churchill and J. W. Brown: Complex Variables and Applications.
10. E. C. Titchmarsh: The Theory of Functions.
11. E. T. Copson: An Introduction to the Theory of Functions of a Complex
Variable.
12. H. S. Kasana: Complex Variables Theory and Applications.
13. J. M. Howie: Complex Analysis.
14. S. Narayan and P. K. Mittal: Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable.

2.4 C. P.- 8. Partial Differential Equations:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
2.4.1 First Order P.D.E.
Formation and solution of PDE, Integral surfaces, Cauchy Problem order equa-
tion, Orthogonal surfaces, First order non-linear PDE, Characteristics, Compat-
ible system, Charpit’s method. Classification and canonical forms of PDE.

2.4.2 Second Order Linear P.D.E.

Classification, reduction to normal form, Solution of equations with constant
coefficients by (i) factorization of operators (ii) separation of variables.

2.4.3 Elliptic Differential Equations

Derivation of Laplace and Poisson equation, Boundary Value Problem, Sepa-
ration of Variables, Dirichlets’s Problem and Neumann Problem for a rectangle,
Interior and Exterior Dirichlets’s problems for a circle, Interior Neumann problem
for a circle, Solution of Laplace equation in Cylindrical and spherical coordinates,
Examples.

14
2.4.4 Parabolic Differential Equations
Formation and solution of Diffusion equation, Dirac Delta function, Separation
of variables method, Solution of Diffusion Equation in Cylindrical and spherical
coordinates, Examples.

2.4.5 Hyperbolic Differential Equations

Formation and solution of one-dimensional wave equation, canonical reduc-
tion, Initial Value Problem, D’Alembert’s solution, Vibrating string, Forced Vi-
bration, Initial Value Problem and Boundary Value Problem for two- dimensional
wave equation, Periodic solution of one-dimensional wave equation in cylindrical
and spherical coordinate systems, vibration of circular membrane, Uniqueness of
the solution for the wave equation, Duhamel’s Principle, Examples.

2.4.6 Green’s Function

Green’s function for Laplace Equation, methods of Images, Eigen function
Method, Green’s function for the wave and Diffusion equations. Laplace Trans-
form method: Solution of Diffusion and Wave equation by Laplace Transform.

2.4.7 Books for Reference in Partial Differential Equations

1. Sneddon, I. N., Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw Hill.
2. Williams, W. E., Partial Differential Equations.
3. Miller, F. H., Partial Differential Equations.
4. Petrovsky, I. G., Lectures on Partial Differential Equations.
5. Courant and Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Vol-II.
6. Rao, K. S., Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Prentice Hall.

2.5 IDC.- 2. Discrete Mathematics, Boolean Algebra,

Graph Theory and Vector Analysis:
Marks 25(I.A.)+75(S.E.) [Credit 8] [For the students
of the other departments]
2.5.1 Discrete Mathematics [Marks 25]
1. Principle of inclusion and exclusion. Pigeon-hole principle. Finite combi-
natorics. Generating functions. Partitions. Recurrence relations. Linear
difference equations with constant coefficients.
2. Partial and linear orderings. Chains and antichains. Lattices. Distributive
lattices. Complementation.

15
2.5.2 Boolean Algebra [Marks 25]
Huntington postulates for Boolean Algebra. Algebra of sets and Switching
Algebra as examples of Boolean Algebra. Duality. Boolean functions. Normal
forms. Karnaugh maps. Design of simple switching circuits.

2.5.3 Graph Theory [Marks 25]

1. Graphs: Undirected graphs. Directed graphs. Basic properties. Walk,
Path, Cycle, Trail. Connected graphs. Components of a graph. Complete
graph. Complement of a graph. Bipartite graphs. Necessary and sufficient
condition for a Bipartite graph.
2. Euler graphs: Necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to be Euler
graph. Konigsberg Bridge Problem.
3. Planar graphs: Face-size equation, Euler’s formula for a planar graph. To
show: the graphs K5 and K3,3 are non-planar.
4. Tree: Basic properties. Spanning tree. Minimal Spanning tree. Kruskal’s
algorithm. Prim’s Algorithm. Rooted tree. Binary tree.

2.5.4 Vector Analysis [Marks 25]

1. Vector differentiation with respect to a scalar variable: Vector functions of
one scalar variable. Derivative of a vector. Second derivative of a vector.
Derivatives of sums and products. Velocity and Acceleration as derivatives.
2. Elements of Differential Geometry: Curves in space. Tangent to a curve at
a point, Normal plane, Serret-Frenet formulae, Principal Normal and Binor-
mal, Osculating plane, Rectifying plane, Darboux vector, Twisted cubic.
3. Differential Operators: Concept of scalar and vector fields. Directional
derivative. Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian.
4. Vector Integration: Line integrals as integrals of vectors, circulation, irro-
tational vector, work done by a vector. Conservative force, potential ori-
entation. Statements (only) and verification of Green’s theorem, Stoke’s
theorem and Divergence theorem.

2.5.5 Books for Reference in Discrete Mathematics, Boolean Algebra,

Graph Theory and Vector Analysis
Discrete Mathematics, Graph Theory and Boolean Algebra
1. Introduction to Graph Theory: Douglas B. West (Prentice Hall of India)
2. Discrete Mathematics ( with Graph Theory ): E. G. Goodaire and M. M.
Permenter (Prentice Hall of India)
3. Discrete Mathematics: J. K. Sharma (Macmillan)

16
4. Selected Topics on Discrete Mathematics: S. Kar (U. N. Dhur and Sons)
5. Higher Algebra- Abstract and Linear: S. K. Mapa (Sarat Book House)

Vector Analysis
1. Analytical Geometry and Vector Algebra: N. Datta and R. N. Jana (Shree-
dhar Prakashani)
2. Analytical Geometry of two and three Dimensions and Vector Analysis: R.
M. Khan (New Central Book Agency)
3. Vector Analysis: Chakravorty, J. G. and Ghosh, P. R. (U. N. Dhur and
Sons)
4. Vector Analysis. Introduction to Tensor Analysis: Das, A. N. (U. N. Dhur
and Sons)
5. Vector Analysis and An Introduction to Tensor Analysis: M. R. Spiegel
(McGraw Hill)
6. Vector Analysis: R. K. Ghosh and K. C. Maity (New Central Book Agency)

17
SEMESTER 3

18
Chapter 3

SEMESTER 3

3.1 In Semester-3, the Department will offer a set of Op-

tional papers (O.P.) from O.P.- 1 to O.P.- 4 among
which the students have to choose two optional pa-
pers.
The Optional Papers be offered to the students on the basis of avail-
ability of Teachers and within the Framed Syllabi of the Optional Pa-
pers.

3.2 O. P.- 1. Functional Analysis:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.2.1 Banach Spaces
Normed Linear Spaces and its properties, Banach Spaces, Equivalent Norms,
Finite dimensional normed linear spaces and local compactness, Riesz Lemma.
Bounded Linear Transformations. Uniform Boundedness Theorem, Open Map-
ping Theorem, Closed Graph Theorem, Linear Functionals, Necessary and suffi-
cient conditions for Bounded (Continuous) and Unbounded (Discontinuous) Lin-
ear functionals in terms of their kernel. Hyperplane, Necessary and sufficient
conditions for a subspace to be hyperplane. Applications of Hahn-Banach The-
orem, Dual Space, Examples of Reflexive Banach Spaces. Lp -Spaces and their
properties.

3.2.2 Hilbert Spaces

Real Inner Product Spaces and its Complexification, Cauchy-Schwarz Inequal-
ity, Parallelogram law, Pythagorean Theorem, Bessel’s Inequality, Gram-Schmidt
Orthogonalization Process, Hilbert Spaces, Orthonormal Sets, Complete Or-
thonormal Sets and Parseval’s Identity, Orthogonal Complement and Projec-
tions. Riesz Representation Theorem for Hilbert Spaces, Adjoint of an Operator
on a Hilbert Space with examples, Reflexivity of Hilbert Spaces, Definitions and

19
examples of Self-adjoint Operators, Positive Operators, Projection Operators,
Normal Operators and Unitary Operators. Introduction to Spectral Properties
of Bounded Linear Operators.

3.2.3 Books for Reference in Functional Analysis

1. Limaye, B. V., Functional Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
2. Kreyszig, E., Introductory Functional Analysis and its Applications, John
Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Brown, A. and Pearcy, C., Introduction to Operator Theory I: Elements of
Functional Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York.
4. Suhubi, E. S., Functional Analysis, Springer, New Delhi.
5. Aliprantis, C. D., Burkinshaw, O., Principles of Real Analysis, 3rd Edition,
Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd.
6. Ponnusamy, S., Foundations of Functional Analysis, Narosa.
7. Goffman, C., Pedrick, G., First Course in Functional Analysis, Prentice Hall
of India, New Delhi.
8. Bachman, G., Narici, L., Functional Analysis, Academic Press.
9. Taylor, A. E., Introduction to Functional Analysis, John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
10. Simmons, G. F., Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-
Hill.
11. Conway, J. B., A Course in Functional Analysis, Springer Verlag, New York.
12. Rudin, W., Functional Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill.

3.3 O. P.- 2. Measure and Integration Theory:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.)[Credit 6]
Measure on a σ-algebra of sets.
Construction of measure by means of outer measure, regular outer measure and
metric outer measure.
Integration on a measure space.
Signed measure space. Decomposition of signed measures. Integration on a
signed measure space.
Absolute continuity of a signed measure relative to a positive measure.
Radon- Nikodyn Theorem.
Product measure: Fubinis Theorem and Tonellis Theorem.

20
3.3.1 Books for Reference in Measure and Integration Theory
1. S. K. Berberian, Measure and integration. Chelsea Publishing Company, N.
Y.
2. P. R. Halmos, Measure Theory, Van Nostrand. Princeton.
3. H. L. Royden, Real analysis, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 4th Edition.
4. P. K. Jain and V. P. Gupta, Lebesgue Measure and Integration, New Age
International (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Inder K. Rana, An Introduction to Measure and Integration, Narosa Pub-
lishing House, Delhi.
6. J. H. Williamson, Lebesgue Integration, Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc.,
New York.
7. R. G. Bartle, The Elements of Integration, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York.
8. T. G. Hawkins, Lebesgue’s Theory of Integration: Its Origins and Develop-
ment, Chelsea, New York.
9. K. R. Parthasarathy, Introduction to Probability and Measure, Macmillan
Co. India Ltd., Delhi.
10. Serge Lang, Aanlysis I and II, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Inc.

3.4 O. P.- 3. Graph Theory:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts
Basic Definitions. Graphs, Vertex degrees, Walks, Paths, Trails, Cycles, Cir-
cuits, Subgraphs, Induced subgraph, Cliques, Components, Adjacency Matrices,
Incidence Matrices, Isomorphisms.

3.4.2 Graphs with special properties

Complete Graphs. Bipartite Graphs. Connected Graphs, k-connected Graphs,
Edge-connectivity, Cut-vertices, Cut-edges. Eulerian Trails, Eulerian Circuits,
Eulerian Graphs: characterization, Hamiltonian (Spanning) Cycles, Hamiltonian
Graphs: Necessary condition, Sufficient conditions (Dirac, Ore, Chvatal, Chvatal-
Erdos), Hamiltonian Closure, Travelling Salesman Problem.

21
3.4.3 Trees
Basic properties, distance, diameter. Rooted trees, Binary trees, Binary
Search Trees. Cayleys Formula for counting number of trees. Spanning trees
of a connected graph, Depth first search (DFS) and Breadth first search (BFS)
Algorithms, Minimal spanning tree, Shortest path problem, Kruskals Algorithm,
Prims Algorithm, Dijkstras Algorithm. Chinese Postman Problem.

3.4.4 Coloring of Graphs

Vertex coloring: proper coloring, k-colorable graphs, chromatic number, upper
bounds, Cartesian product of graphs, Structure of k-chromatic graphs, Mycielskis
Construction, Color-critical graphs, Chromatic Polynomial, Clique number, Inde-
pendent (Stable) set of vertices, Independence number, Clique covering, Clique
covering number. Perfect graphs: Chordal graphs, Interval graphs, Transitive
Orientation, Comparability graphs. Edge-coloring, Edge-chromatic number, Line
Graphs.

3.4.5 Books for Reference in Graph Theory

1. Douglas B. West, Introduction to Graph Theory, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
2. F. Harary, Graph Theory, Addison-Wesley.
3. K. R. Parthasarathi, Basic Graph Theory, Tata McGraw-Hill Publ. Co.
Ltd., New Delhi.
4. L. R. Foulds, Graph Theory Applications, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
5. J. A. Bondy and U. S. R. Murty, Graph Theory with Applications, Elsevier
science.
6. G. Chartrand and L. Lesniak, Graphs and Digraphs, Chapman and Hall.
7. Narsingh Deo, Graph Theory with Applications to Engineering and Com-
puter Science, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3.5 O. P.- 4. Numerical Analysis:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.5.1 Numerical Solution of System of Linear Equations
Triangular factorization methods, Matrix inversion method, Iterative methods-
Jacobi method, Gauss Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, Successive over re-
laxation (SOR) method and convergence condition of Iterative methods, Rate of
convergence of methods.

22
3.5.2 Solution of Non-linear Equations
Iteration methods: Tchebyshev method, Multipoint method, Modified Newton-
Raphson method (for simple or repeated real roots), Rate of convergence of all
iteration methods.

3.5.3 System of Non-linear Equations

Newton’s Method, Quasi-Newton’s method.

3.5.4 Numerical Solution of Initial Value Problem for ODE

First order Equation: Runge-Kutta methods, Multistep predictor-corrector
methods, Convergence and stability.

3.5.5 Two Point Boundary Value Problem for ODE

Finite difference method, Shooting Method.

3.5.6 Numerical Solution of PDE by Finite Difference Method

Parabolic equation in one dimension (Heat equation), Explicit finite difference
method, Implicit Crank-Nickolson method, Hyperbolic equation in one-space di-
mension (Wave equation)- Finite difference method, Convergence and Stability.

3.5.7 Books for Reference in Numerical Analysis

1. Jain, M. K., Iyenger, S. R. K. and Jain, R. K., Numerical Methods for
Scientific and Engineering Computation, New Age International.
2. Atkinson, K. E., An Introduction to Numerical Analysis, John Wiley and
Sons.
3. Smith, G. D., Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations.
4. Berzin and Zhidnov, Computing methods.
5. Isacson and Keller, Analysis of Numerical methods.
6. Ralston and Rabinowitz, A First Course in Numerical Analysis.
7. Jain, M. K., Numerical Solution of Differential Equations.
8. Fox, L., Numerical Solution of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations,
Oxford Univ. Press.

23
3.6 In Semester-3, the Department will offer a set of Spe-
cial papers (S.P.) from S.P.- 1 to S.P.- 8 among which
the students have to choose two special papers. Part
I and II of the corresponding special papers will be
taught in semester 3 and 4 respectively.
The Optional Papers be offered to the students on the basis of avail-
ability of Teachers and within the Framed Syllabi of the Optional Pa-
pers.

3.7 S. P.- 1. Advanced Real Analysis- I:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.7.1 Ordinal Numbers
Order type, well ordered sets, transfinite induction, ordinal numbers, compa-
rability of ordinal numbers, Arithmetic of ordinal numbers. First uncountable
ordinal (Ω).

3.7.2 Descriptive properties of sets

Perfect sets, every closed set is the union of a perfect set and a finite or
denumerable set. Nowhere dense set. First category, second category and residual
sets. In a complete metric space X every subset of X is residual in X if and only
if it contains a dense Gδ -set. Borel sets of order type α(< Ω) and its properties.

3.7.3 Functions of special classes

Baire class functions of order type α(< Ω) and its properties. Relation Be-
tween Baire functions and Borel sets.

3.7.4 Continuity
Lower and upper semi-continuous functions with their properties. Absolute
continuity and Lusin (N ) condition. Lebesgue density point of a set and Lebesgue
density theorem, Approximate continuity and its simple properties.

3.7.5 Derivative
The Vitali-covering theorem, Dini’s derivatives and its properties. Derivative
of a monotone function, Determining a function by its derivative. Lebesgue point.

3.7.6 Books for Reference in Advanced Real Analysis - I

1. Bruckner, A., Bruckner, J. B. and Thomson, J. B., Real Analysis.

24
 2. Goffman, C., Real Functions.
3. Jeffrey, R. L., The Theory of Functions of a Real Variable.
4. Natanson, I. P., Theory of Functions of a Real Variable, Vol. I and II.
5. Hobson, E. W., Theory of Functions of a Real Variable, Vol. I and II.
6. Royden, H. L., Real Analysis.
7. Munroe, M. E., Introduction to Measure and Integration.
8. Lee, P. Y., Lanzhou Lectures on Henstock Integration.
9. Das, A. G., Generalized Riemann Integral.

3.8 S. P.- 2. Advanced Complex Analysis - I:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
The Functions M (r), A(r), Hadamard Theorem on Growth of log M (r), Schwarz
Inequality, Borel-Caratheodory Inequality. Open mapping theorem.
Entire Functions, Growth of an Entire Function, Order and Type and their
Representations in terms of the Taylor Coefficients, Distribution of Zeros, Schot-
tky’s Theorem (no proof), Picard’s Little Theorem, Weierstrass Factor Theo-
rem, The Exponent of Convergence of Zeros, Hadamard Factorization Theorem,
Canonical Product, Borel’s First Theorem, Borel’s Second Theorem (statement
only).
Analytic Continuation, uniqueness, continuation by the method of power se-
ries, Natural Boundary, Existence of singularity on the circle of convergence,
Analytic Element, Global Analytic Function, Concept of Analytic Manifolds,
Multiple Valued Conditions,
√ Branch Points and Branch Cut, Riemann Surfaces
for the functions z, log z.

3.8.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Complex Analysis - I

1. E. T. Copson: An Introduction to the Theory of Functions of a Complex
Variable.
2. E. C. Titthmarsh: The Theory of Functions.
3. A. I. Markushevich: Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable (Vol. I, II
and III).
4. L. V. Ahlfors: Complex Analysis.
5. J. B. Conway: Functions of One Complex Variable.
6. A. I. Markushevich: The Theory of Analytic Functions, A Brief Course.
7. G. Valiron: Integral Functions.
8. C. Caratheodory: Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable.
9. R. P. Boas: Entire Functions.

25
3.9 S. P.- 3. Advanced Topology - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Compactness, Limit point compactness, sequentially compact spaces, count-
ably compact spaces. Locally compact spaces.
Countability Axioms, The Separation Axioms, Lindelof spaces, Regular spaces,
Normal spaces, Urysohn Lemma, Tietze Extension Theorem.
Tychonoff Theorem and Compactification: Tychonoff Theorem, Completely Reg-
ular spaces, Local Compactness, One-point compactification, Stone-Cech Com-
pactification. Metrization: Urysohn Metrization Theorem, Topological Embed-
ding, Embedding Theorem of a regular space with countable base in Rn , Par-
titions of Unity, Topological m- Manifolds, Embedding Theorem of a compact
m-manifold in Rn .
Local Finiteness, Nagata-Smirnov Metrization Theorem, Paracompactness, Stone’s
Theorem, Local Metrizability, Smirnov Metrization Theorem. Uniform Spaces.

3.9.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Topology - I

1. Munkres, J. R., Topology, A First Course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Dugundji, J., Topology, Allyn and Bacon.
3. Simmons, G. F., Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-
Hill, 1963.
4. Kelley, J. L., General Topology, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
5. Bourbaki, N., Topologie Generale.
6 . Hocking, J. and Young, G., Topology, Addison-Wesley Reading.
6. Steen, L. and Seebach, J., Counter Examples in Topology, Holt, Reinhart
and Winston, New York.

3.10 S. P.- 4. Advanced Functional Analysis - I:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces. Stone-Weierstrass Theorem. Ascoli-
Arzela Theorem. Bounded linear operators. Hahn-Banach theorem. Dual of a
normed linear space. Computing the duals of well known Banach spaces. The
double dual. Reflexive spaces. Baire’s Category Theorem. Uniform Boundedness
Theorem. Strong Convergence and Weak Convergence of sequences. Convergence
of sequence of operators. Linear Topological Spaces, Locally Convex Spaces and
their Characterization in terms of a family of Seminorms.

26
3.10.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Functional Analysis - I
1. Rudin, W., Real and complex analysis, McGraw-Hill.
2. Rudin, W., Functional analysis, McGraw-Hill.
3. Conway, J. B., A course in functional analysis, GTM (96), Springer-Verlag.
4. Yosida, K., Functional analysis, Springer-Verlag.
5. Katznelson, Y., An introduction to harmonic analysis, Dover Publications.
6. Stein, E. M. and Shakrachi, R., Fourier Analysis: An Introduction, Prince-
ton Lectures in Analysis.
7. Hernez, E. and Weiss, G., A first course on wavelets, Studies in Advanced
Mathematics, CRC Press.
8. Kelley, J. L. and Namioka, I., Linear Topological Spaces, D.Van Nostrand
Company.
9. Aliprantis, C. D., Burkinshaw, O., Principles of Real Analysis, 3rd Edition,
Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd.
10. Goffman, C. and Pedrick, G., First Course in Functional Analysis, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.
11. Taylor, A. E., Introduction to Functional Analysis, John Wiley and Sons,
New York.

3.11 S. P.- 5. Operations Research - I:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.11.1 Allocation Problems
(i) Transportation Problems
Mathematical representation of transportation problems, Unbalanced trans-
portation problems, Degenerate transportation problems, Resolution of de-
generacy.
(ii) Assignment Problems
Mathematical representation of assignment problems, Reduction theorems,
Solution methods of assignment problems, Hungarian method of zero assign-
ment technique, Restriction assignment, Negative cost, etc., Variations of
assignment problem, Multiple optimal solution, Maximization in assignment
problem, Unbalanced assignment problem.
(iii) Travelling Salesman Problem/ Routing Problem
Origin of travelling salesman problem, Symmetrical and asymmetrical prob-
lems, Mathematical representation of problems, Solution techniques for such
problems using zero assignment/unit assignment, etc.

27
3.11.2 Competitive Strategy (Game Theoretic Problems)
Introduction, Minimax/Maximin criterion, Rectangular games, Strategies, Pure
and Mixed strategy problems, Saddle point, Graphical methods of solving 2 × n
and m × 2 games, Dominance principle, Equivalence of rectangular games and
L. P. P. solution by Simplex method.

3.11.3 Queueing Theory (Theory of Waiting Lines)

Introduction, Queueing system, Queue disciplines FIFO, FIFS, LIFO, SIRO,
FILO etc. The Poisson process (Pure birth process), Arrival distribution the-
orem, Properties of Poisson process, Distribution of inter arrival times (expo-
nential process), Markovian property of inter arrival times, Pure death process
(Distribution of departures), Derivation of service time distribution, Analogy of
exponential service times with Poisson arrivals, Erlang service time distribution,
Kendals notations, Probabilistic queueing models (M = M = 1): (1=FCFS),
General Erlang model, (M=M=1) : (N=FCFS); (M=M=S) : (1=FCFS) and
their properties.

3.11.4 Books for Reference in Operations Research - I

1. S. D. Sharma, Operations Research.
2. Kanti Swarup, P. K. Gupta and Manmohan, Operations Research.
3. Sasieni Maurice, Arther Yaspan, Lawrence Friedman, OR methods and
Problems.
4. H. S. Taha, Operations Research.
5. T. L. Satty, Operations Resarch.

3.12 S. P.- 6. Fluid Mechanics - I:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.12.1 Viscous incompressible fluid flow
Field equations, Boundary conditions, Reynold’s number, Vorticity equation,
Circulation, Flow through parallel plates, Flow through pipes of circular and
elliptic cross sections.

3.12.2 Inviscid Compressible Fluid

Field equations, Circulation, Propagation of small disturbance. Mach num-
ber and cone, Bernoulli’s equation. Irrotational motion, Velocity potential.
Bernoulli’s equation in terms of Mach number. Pressure, density, temperature in
terms of Mach number, Critical conditions. Steady channel flow, Area-velocity
relation. Mass flow through a converging nozzle. Flow through a de-Laval nozzle.
Normal shock waves, Governing equations and the solution. Entropy change.

28
3.12.3 Vortex Motion
Vortex line, Vortex tube, Properties of the vortex, Strength of the vortex,
Rectilinear vortices, Velocity component, centre of vortices. A case of two vortex
filaments, vortex pair. Vortex doublet. Image of vortex filament with respect to a
plane. An infinite single row of parallel rectilinear vortices of same strength. Two
infinite row of parallel rectilinear vortices, Karman’s vortex street. Rectilinear
vortex with circular section. Rankine’s combine vortex. Rectilinear vortices with
elliptic section.

3.12.4 Books for Reference in Fluid Mechanics - I

1. Prandt, L., Essential of fluid dynamics, Springer.
2. White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw Hill.
3. Panton, R. L., Incompressible Flow, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Rosenhead, L., Laminar Boundary Layer, Dover.
5. Sherman, F. S., Viscous Flow (McGraw Hill).
6. Pai, S. I., Viscous Flow Theory, D. Van Nostrand.
7. Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, Springer.
8. Chorlton, F., Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, CBS Pub.
9. Love, A. E., A treatise on mathematical theory of elasticity, McGraw Hill
Book Co.
10. Kondepudi, D. and Prigogine, I., Modern thermodynamics, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
11. Landau, L. M. and Lifshitz, E. M., Fluid Mechanics, Butterworth Heine-
mann.

3.13 S. P.- 7. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dy-

namical Systems - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.13.1 Nonlinear Differential Equations
Autonomous systems, Flows, Phase space, existence and uniqueness of so-
lutions, stability, Lyapunov function, fixed points, saddle, nodes, focus, stable,
unstable and centre subspaces, Hartmann-Grabmann Theorem (statement only),
Examples, Linearization, geometrical properties, averaging methods, perturba-
tion method, method of multiscales, forced oscillations, Poincare maps, periodic
orbits, invariant sets, limit sets, attracting and repelling sets, Poincare Bendixson
theorem (statement only), bifurcations, simple examples, Hopf bifurcation.

29
3.13.2 Books for Reference in Nonlinear Differential Equations and
Dynamical Systems - I
1. D. W. Jordan and P. Smith, Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations,
OUP.
2. E. A. Coddington and N. Levinson, Theory of Ordinary Differential Equa-
tions, McGraw Hill.
3. R. L. Devaney, An Introduction to Chaotic Dynamical Systems, Westview
Press, 2003.
4. B. Hasselblatt and A. Katok, A first Course in Dynamics, CUP.
5. R. A. Holmgren, A first course in discrete dynamical systems, Springer.
6. Alligood, Sauer and York, Chaos, an introduction to dynamical systems,
Springer.
7. K. Falconer, Foundation to fractal geometry, CUP.

3.14 S. P.- 8. Theory of Relativity, Astrophysics and Cos-

mology - I:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
3.14.1 Theory of Relativity and Astrophysics
Transformation of coordinates. Tensors. Algebra of Tensors. Symmetric and
skew symmetric Tensors. Contraction of tensors and quotient law. Orthonormal
bases. Riemannian metric. Parallel transport. Christoffel Symbols. Covariant
derivatives. Intrinsic derivatives and geodesics, Riemann Christoffel curvature
tensor and its symmetry properties. Bianchi identities and Einstein tensor. En-
ergy momentum tensor of an electromagnetic field. Einstein-Maxwell equations.
Reissner-Nordstrom solution.
Review of the special theory of relativity and the Newtonian Theory of gravita-
tion. Principle of equivalence and general covariance, geodesic principle. Newto-
nian aproximation of relativistic equations of motion. Einstein’s field equations
and its Newtonian approximation.
Schwarzschild external solution and its isotropic form. Planetary orbits and ana-
logues of Kepler’s Laws in general relativity. Advance of perihelion of a planet.
Bending of light rays in a gravitational field. Gravitational redshift of spectral
lines. Radar echo delay. Rotating Kerr solution and geodesics in it. Gravitational
Collapse, White dwarf and Neutron stars, Pulsars, Black holes, Wormholes.

3.14.2 Books for Reference in Theory of Relativity, Astrophysics and

Cosmology - I
1. W. M. Smart, Text book of Spherical Astronomy.

30
 2. K. D. Abhyankar, Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication.
3. Martin V. Zombeck, Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cam-
bridge University Press.
4. J. V. Narlikar, The Structure of the Universe, Prentice Hall.
5. T. Padmanabhan, An Invitation to Astrophysics, World Scientific.
6. C. E. Weatherburn, An Introduction to Riemannian Geometry and the ten-
sor Calculus, Cambridge University Press.
7. H. Stephani, General Relativity: An Introduction to the theory of the grav-
itational field, Cambridge University Press.
8. A. S. Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.
9. J. V. Narlikar, General Relativity and Cosmology, The Macmillan Company
of India Limited.
10. R. Adlev, M. Bazin, M. Schiffer, Introduction to general relativity, McGraw
Hill Inc.
11. B. F. Shutz, A first course in general relativity, Cambridge University Press.
12. S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of the
general theory of relativity, John Willey and Sons Inc.
13. R. K. Sachs and H. Wu., General Relativity for Mathematician, Springer
Verlag.
14. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The classical theory of Fields, Pergamon
Press.
15. S. K. Bose, Introduction to general relativity, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
16. N. Duric, Advanced Astrophysics, Cambridge University Press.
17. W. Kundt, Astrophysics: A new approach, Springer.
18. P. Lena, F. Lebrun and F. Mignard, Observational Astrophysics, Springer.
19. N. Straumann, General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics, Spinger-
Verlog.
20. T. Padmanabhan, Theoretical Astrophysics (Vol. I, II and III), Cambridge
University Press.

3.15 Grand Viva, Seminar and group discussion:

Marks 50+25+25 [Credit 4+2+2=8]
Grand Viva and the Seminar will have to be given by the students
on the basis of subject offered to the students in 3rd semistar.

31
SEMESTER 4

32
Chapter 4

SEMESTER 4

4.1 In Semester-4, the Department will offer a set of Op-

tional papers (O.P.) from O.P.- 5 to O.P.- 8 among
which the students have to choose two optional pa-
pers.
The Optional Papers be offered to the students on the basis of avail-
ability of Teachers and within the Framed Syllabi of the Optional Pa-
pers.

4.2 O. P.- 5. Differential Geometry:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.2.1 Tensors
Tensor and their transformation laws, Tensor algebra, Contraction, Quotient
law, Reciprocal tensors, Kronecker delta, Symmetric and skew- symmetric ten-
sors, Metric tensor, Riemannian space, Christoffel symbols and their transforma-
tion laws, Covariant differentiation of a tensor, Riemannian curvature tensor and
its properties, Bianchi identities, Ricci-tensor, Scalar curvature, Einstein space.

4.2.2 Curves in Space

Parametric representation of curves, Helix, Curvilinear coordinates in E3 .
Tangent and first curvature vector, Frenet formulae for curves in space, Frenet for-
mulae for curves in En . Intrinsic differentiation, Parallel vector fields, Geodesic.

4.2.3 Surfaces
Parametric representation of a surface, Tangent and Normal vector field on
a surface, The first and second fundamental tensor, Geodesic curvature of a
surface curve, The third fundamental form, Gaussian curvature, Isometry of sur-

33
faces, Developable surfaces, Weingarten formula, Equation of Gauss and Codazzi,
Principal curvature, Normal curvature, Meusniers theorem.

4.2.4 Books for Reference in Differential Geometry

1. I. S. Sokolnikoff, Tensor Calculas and Application to Geometry and Me-
chanics.
2. T. T. Wilmore, An Introduction to Differential Geometry.
3. Bary Spain, Differential Geometry.

4.3 O. P.- 6. Integral Equation and Integral Transform:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.3.1 Integral Equation
Basic concepts, Volterra integral equations, Relationship between linear dif-
ferential equations and Volterra equations, Resolvent kernel, Method of succes-
sive approximations, Convolution type equations, Volterra equation of first kind,
Abel’s integral equation, Fredholm integral equations, Fredholm equations of the
second kind, the method of Fredholm determinants, Iterated kernels, Integral
equations with degenerate kernels, Eigen values and eigen functions of a Fred-
holm alternative, Construction of Green’s function for Boundary Value Problems,
Singular integral equations.

4.3.2 Laplace Transform

Laplace transform, properties of Laplace transform, inversion formula of Laplace
transform (Bromwich formula), Convolution theorem, Application to ordinary
and partial differential equations.

4.3.3 Fourier Transform

Properties of Fourier transform, Inversion formula, Convolution, Parseval re-
lation, Multiple Fourier transform, Bessels inequality, Application of transform
to Heat, Wave and Laplace equations.

4.3.4 Hankel Transform

Hankel transform, Inversion formula of Hankel transform, Parseval relation,
Finite Hankel transform, Application to partial differential equations.

4.3.5 Z-transform
Definition and properties of Z-transform. Z-transforms of some standard
functions. Inverse Z-transforms. Applications.

34
4.3.6 Books for Reference in Integral Equation and Integral Trans-
form
1. Courant and Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Vol-I, II.
2. Sneddon, I. N., The Uses of Integral Transforms, McGraw Hill.
3. Sneddon, I. N., Fourier Transform, Dover.
4. Lovitt, W. V., Linear Integral Equations, Dover.
5. Tricomi, F. G., Integral Equations, Dover.
6. Andrews, L. and Shivamoggi, V. K., Integral Transforms for Engineers, SPIE
Press.
7. Debnath, L. and Bhatta, D., Integral Transforms and Their Applications,
CRC Press.
8. Davics, B., Integral Transforms and Their Applications, Springer.
9. Pinkus, A. and Zafrany, S., Fourier Series and integral transforms, Cam-
bridge University Press.

4.4 O. P.- 7. Classical Mechanics:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Dynamical systems, Generalized coordinates, Degrees of freedom, Principle of
virtual work. D’Alembert’s principle. Unilateral and bilateral constraints. holo-
nomic and nonholonomic system. Lagrange’s equations for holonomic systems.
Lagrange’s equation for impulsive forces and for systems involving dissipatative
forces. Conservation theorems. Hamilton’s principle and principle of least action.
Hamilton’s canonical equations. Canonical transformation with different gener-
ating functions. Lagrange and Poisson brackets and their properties. Hamilton-
Jacobi equations and separation of variables. Routh’s equations, Poisson’s iden-
tity. Jacobi-Poisson Theorem. Brachistochrone problem. Configuration space
and system point. Variation of functional, necessary and sufficient conditions for
extrema, Euler-Lagrange equations and its applications: Geodesic, minimum sur-
face of revolution, Brachistochrone problem and other boundary value problems
in ordinary and partial differential equations.

4.4.1 Books for Reference in Classical Mechanics

1. Goldstein, H., Classical Mechanics, Dover.
2. Arnold, V. I. (Vogtmann, K., Weinstein, A.), Mathematical Methods of
Classical Mechanics, Springer (GTM).
3. Rana, N. C. and Jog, P. S., Classical Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Louis, N. H.and Finch, J. D., Analytical Mechanics.

35
 5. Ramsay, A. S., Dynamics, Part-II.

4.5 O. P.- 8 Combinatorial Mathematics:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
General Principles of Enumeration, Counting of Sub-Sets, Partitions, Bino-
mial Theorem, Multinomial Theorem.
Principles of Inclusion and Exclusion, Derangements, Rook polynomials, Ar-
rangement with Forbidden Positions.
General Principles of Enumeration, Counting.
Latin Square, Quasi-group, Orthogonal Latin Square.

4.5.1 Books for Reference in Combinatorial Mathematics

1. Peter J. Cameron, Combinatorics: Topics, Techniques, Algorithms, Cam-
bridge University Press.
2. J. H. Lint and R. M. Wilson, A Course in Combinatorics, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.
3. Ralph P. Grimaldi, Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics, AWL.
4. Joe L. Mott, Abraham Kandel and Theodore P. Baker, Discrete Mathemat-
ics for Computer Scientists and Mathematicians (Prentice-Hall India).

4.6 S. P.- 1. Advanced Real Analysis - II:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.6.1 Fourier Series
Trigonometric series, Fourier series, Dirichlet’s kernel, pointwise convergence-
Dini’s test, Jordan test, convergence of Cesaro means-Fejer’s theorem, Lebesgue-
Fejer’s theorem, Riemann’s theorem. Cantor’s uniqueness theorem.

4.6.2 Integration on R
Henstock integral: Gauge functions, -finite partition, Cousin lemma, definition
of Henstock integral and examples, Saks-Henstock lemma, Linearity property,
Fundamental theorem. Relation of Henstock integral with Newton, Riemann
and Lebesgue integrals. Absolute integrability of Henstock integral, Monotone
and Dominated Convergence theorem of Henstock integral.

36
4.6.3 General Measure and Integration
Measure space, measurable functions, integration of non-negative function,
convergence theorems, Fatou’s lemma, Signed measure, positive and negative
sets. Hahn and Jordan decomposition theorems. Absolute continuous and sin-
gular measures, Radon-Nikodym theorem and its consequences.

4.6.4 Books for Reference in Advanced Real Analysis-II

1. Bruckner, A., Bruckner, J. B. and Thomson, J. B., Real Analysis.
2. Goffman, C., Real Functions.
3. Jeffrey, R. L., The Theory of Functions of a Real Variable.
4. Natanson, I. P., Theory of Functions of a Real Variable, Vol. I and II.
5. Hobson, E. W., Theory of Functions of a Real Variable, Vol. I and II.
6. Royden, H. L., Real Analysis.
7. Munroe, M. E., Introduction to Measure and Integration.
8. Lee, P. Y., Lanzhou Lectures on Henstock Integration.
9. Das, A. G., Generalized Riemann Integral.

4.7 S. P.- 2. Advanced Complex Analysis - II:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Harmonic Functions, Characterization of Harmonic Functions by Mean-Value
Property, Poisson’s Integral Formula, Dirichlet Problem for a Disc. Doubly Pe-
riodic Functions, Weierstrass Elliptic Functions. Meromorphic Functions, Ex-
pnasions, Definition of the functions m(r, a); N (r, a) and T (r) . Nevanlinna’s
First Fundamental Theorem, Cartan’s Identity and Convexity Theorems, Order
of Growth, Order of a Meromorphic Function, Comparative Growth of logM (r)
and T (r), Nevanlinna’s Second Fundamental Theorem, Estimation of S(r) (state-
ment only), Nevanlinna’s Theory of Deficient Values, Upper Bound of the Sum
of Deficiencies. Nevanlinnas five-point uniqueness theorem. Milloux theorem.

4.7.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Complex Analysis - II

1. E. C. Tittmarsh, The Theory of Functions.
2. E. T. Copson, An Introduction to the Theory of Functions of a Complex
Variable.
3. A. I. Markushevich, Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, (Vol. I, II,
III).
4. W. Kaplan, An Introduction to Analytic Functions.

37
 5. H. Cartan, Theory of Analytic Functions.
6. W. K. Hayman, Meromorphic Functions.
7. L. Yang, Value Distribution Theory.
8. C. C. Yang and H. X. Yi, Uniqueness Theory of meromorphic functions.

4.8 S. P.- 3. Advanced Topology - II:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Nets and Filters: Directed Sets, Nets and Sub-nets, Convergence of a net, Ul-
tranets, Partially Ordered Sets and Filters, Convergence of a filter, Ultrafilters,
Basis and Subbase of a filter, Nets and Filters in Topology.
Complete Metric Spaces and Function Spaces: Complete Metric Spaces, Baire
Category Theorem, The Peano Space-Filling Curve, Hahn-Mazurkiewicz Theo-
rem (statement only). Compactness in Metric Spaces, Equicontinuity.
Pointwise and Compact Convergence, The Compact-Open Topology, Stone-Weierstrass
Theorem, Ascoli’s Theorem, Baire Spaces, A Nowhere Differentiable Function.
An Introduction to Dimension Theory, Topological notion of (Lebesgue) dimen-
sion.

4.8.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Topology - II

1. Munkres, J. R., Topology, A First Course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Dugundji, J., Topology, Allyn and Bacon.
3. Simmons, G. F., Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-
Hill, 1963.
4. Kelley, J. L., General Topology, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
5. Bourbaki, N., Topologie Generale.
6 . Hocking, J. and Young, G., Topology, Addison-Wesley Reading.
6. Steen, L. and Seebach, J., Counter Examples in Topology, Holt, Reinhart
and Winston, New York.

4.9 S. P.- 4. Advanced Functional Analysis - II:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
Open Mapping Theorem. Closed Graph Theorem. Contraction Operator,
Banach Fixed Point Theorem. Uniform Convexity, Strict Convexity. Approxi-
mation in normed spaces, best approximation- existence and uniqueness. Uni-
form approximation in C[a,b]. Haar Uniqueness Theorem. Spectral properties

38
of bounded linear operators. Banach Algebra and spectral properties of its ele-
ments. Compact linear operators on normed spaces and their spectral properties.
Krein-Milman Theorem and its Applications, Fourier series, summability kernels,
convergence tests. Fourier transforms, Fourier Inversion and Plancherel theorem.

4.9.1 Books for Reference in Advanced Functional Analysis - II

1. Rudin, W., Real and complex analysis, McGraw-Hill.
2. Rudin, W., Functional analysis, McGraw-Hill.
3. Conway, J. B., A course in functional analysis, GTM (96), Springer-Verlag.
4. Yosida, K., Functional analysis, Springer-Verlag.
5. Katznelson, Y., An introduction to harmonic analysis, Dover Publications.
6. Stein, E. M. and Shakrachi, R., Fourier Analysis: An Introduction, Prince-
ton Lectures in Analysis.
7. Hernez, E. and Weiss, G., A first course on wavelets, Studies in Advanced
Mathematics, CRC Press.
8. Kelley, J. L. and Namioka, I., Linear Topological Spaces, D.Van Nostrand
Company.
9. Aliprantis, C. D., Burkinshaw, O., Principles of Real Analysis, 3rd Edition,
Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd.
10. Goffman, C. and Pedrick, G., First Course in Functional Analysis, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.
11. Taylor, A. E., Introduction to Functional Analysis, John Wiley and Sons,
New York.

4.10 S. P.- 5. Operations Research-II:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.10.1 Sequencing
Sequencing problems, Solution of sequencing problems, Processing n jobs
through two machines, Processing n jobs through three machines, Optimal solu-
tions, Processing of two jobs through m machines, Graphical method of solution,
Processing n jobs through m machines.

4.10.2 Project Scheduling and Network Analysis

Project scheduling by PERT and CPM, Construction of a network, Fulker-
son’s rule, Errors and dummies in Network, Critical path analysis, Forward and
backward pass methods, Floats of an activity, Project costs by CPM , Crashing of

39
an activity, Crash-cost slope, Time-cost trade off, Solution of network problems
using Simplex technique. Time estimates for PERT, Probability of completion
of a project within a scheduled time.

4.10.3 Replacement Models

Replacement problem, Types of replacement problems, Replacement of capi-
tal equipment that varies with time, Replacement policy for items where mainte-
nance cost increases with time and money value is not considered, Money value,
Present worth factor (pwf), Discount rate, Replacement policy for item whose
maintenance cost increases with time and money value changes at a constant rate,
Choice of best machine, Replacement of low cost items, Group replacement, In-
dividual replacement policy, Mortality theorem, Recruitment and promotional
problems.

4.10.4 Inventory Problems

Introduction, Inventory problems, Inventory parameters, Variables in inven-
tory problems, Controlled and uncontrolled variables, Classification of inventory
models, Deterministic elementary inventory models, Economic lot size formula
and its properties, Problems.

4.10.5 Books for Reference in Operations Research - II

1. S. D. Sharma, Operations Research.
2. Kanti Swarup, P. K. Gupta and Manmohan, Operations Research.
3. Sasieni Maurice, Arther Yaspan, Lawrence Friedman, OR methods and
Problems.
4. H. S. Taha, Operations Research.
5. T. L. Satty, Operations Resarch.

4.11 S. P.- 6. Fluid Mechanics-II:

Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.11.1 Irrotational Motion in Two Dimensions
General motion of a cylinder in two dimensions. Motion of a cylinder in a
uniform stream, Liquid streaming past a fixed circular cylinder and two coaxial
cylinders. Equations of motion of a circular cylinder. Circulation about a moving
cylinder. Conjugate function. Elliptic cylinder. Liquid streaming past a fixed
elliptic cylinder. Elliptic cylinder rotating in an infinite mass of liquid at rest
at infinity. Circulation about an elliptic cylinder. Kinetic energy. Blasius theo-
rem and its application. Kutta and Joukowski theorem, D’Alemberts paradox.
Application of conformal mapping.

40
4.11.2 Viscous Flow
Navier-Stokes equations, Vorticity and circulation in viscous fluids. Reynolds
number, Boundary conditions. Flow of a viscous fluid with free surface on an
inclined plane. Flow between parallel plates. Flow through pipes of circular,
elliptic section under constant pressure gradient. Laminar flow between concen-
tric rotating cylinder. Steady motion of a viscous fluid due to a slowly rotating
sphere. Unsteady motion of a flat plate. Pulsatile flow between parallel surfaces.
Prandtls concept of boundary layer. Boundary layer flow along a flat plate.
Momentum and energy integral equation for the boundary layer. Von Karman
Pohlhousen method. Turbulence, Calculation of Turbulent BL.

4.11.3 Books for Reference in Fluid Mechanics - II

1. Prandt, L., Essential of fluid dynamics, Springer.
2. White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw Hill.
3. Panton, R. L., Incompressible Flow, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Rosenhead, L., Laminar Boundary Layer, Dover.
5. Sherman, F. S., Viscous Flow (McGraw Hill).
6. Pai, S. I., Viscous Flow Theory, D. Van Nostrand.
7. Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, Springer.
8. Chorlton, F., Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, CBS Pub.
9. Love, A. E., A treatise on mathematical theory of elasticity, McGraw Hill
Book Co.
10. Kondepudi, D. and Prigogine, I., Modern thermodynamics, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
11. Landau, L. M. and Lifshitz, E. M., Fluid Mechanics, Butterworth Heine-
mann.

4.12 S. P.- 7. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dy-

namical Systems - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.12.1 Dynamical System
Fixed points, periodic points, orbits, stable and unstable sets, Logistic and
other noninvertible maps, circle map, centre sets, symbolic dynamics, topological
conjugacy, structural stability, Chaos, period doubling cascades, pitchfork, saddle
node, transcritical bifurcations, Hopf bifurcation, bifurcations in ODE, Poincare
sequence, Homoclinic paths, Horseshoe map, toral automorphisms, chaos in non-
linear ODE.

41
4.12.2 Books for Reference in Nonlinear Differential Equations and
Dynamical Systems - II
1. D. W. Jordan and P. Smith, Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations,
OUP.
2. E. A. Coddington and N. Levinson, Theory of Ordinary Differential Equa-
tions, McGraw Hill.
3. R. L. Devaney, An Introduction to Chaotic Dynamical Systems, Westview
Press, 2003.
4. B. Hasselblatt and A. Katok, A first Course in Dynamics, CUP.
5. R. A. Holmgren, A first course in discrete dynamical systems, Springer.
6. Alligood, Sauer and York, Chaos, an introduction to dynamical systems,
Springer.
7. K. Falconer, Foundation to fractal geometry, CUP.

4.13 S. P.- 8. Theory of Relativity, Astrophysics and

Cosmology - II:
Marks 20(I.A.)+55(S.E.) [Credit 6]
4.13.1 Cosmology
Hubble’s law, Cosmological principles. Weyl’s postulate. Derivation of Robertson-
Walker metric. Hubble and deceleration parameters. Redshift. Redshift versus
distance relation. Angular size versus redshift relation and source counts in
Robertson-Walker space-time, cosmological distances.
Friedmann models. Fundamental equations of dynamical cosmology. Critical
density. Closed and open Universes. Age of the universe. Matter dominated era
of the Universe. Einstein-de-Sitter model. Particle and event horizons. Distance-
redshift relation. Early universe, Jeans mass, inflationary scenario, Eddington-
Lamaitre models with Λ-term. Perfect cosmological principle. Steady state Cos-
mology.
Cosmology-Mach’s principle, Einstein modified field equations with cosmological
term. Static Cosmological models of Einstein and De-Sitter, their derivation,
properties and comparison with the actual universe. References:

4.13.2 Books for Reference in Theory of Relativity, Astrophysics and

Cosmology - II
1. W. M. Smart, Text book of Spherical Astronomy.
2. K. D. Abhyankar, Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication.

42
 3. Martin V. Zombeck, Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cam-
bridge University Press.
4. J. V. Narlikar, The Structure of the Universe, Prentice Hall.
5. T. Padmanabhan, An Invitation to Astrophysics, World Scientific.
6. C. E. Weatherburn, An Introduction to Riemannian Geometry and the ten-
sor Calculus, Cambridge University Press.
7. H. Stephani, General Relativity: An Introduction to the theory of the grav-
itational field, Cambridge University Press.
8. A. S. Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.
9. J. V. Narlikar, General Relativity and Cosmology, The Macmillan Company
of India Limited.
10. R. Adlev, M. Bazin, M. Schiffer, Introduction to general relativity, McGraw
Hill Inc.
11. B. F. Shutz, A first course in general relativity, Cambridge University Press.
12. S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of the
general theory of relativity, John Willey and Sons Inc.
13. R. K. Sachs and H. Wu., General Relativity for Mathematician, Springer
Verlag.
14. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The classical theory of Fields, Pergamon
Press.
15. S. K. Bose, Introduction to general relativity, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
16. N. Duric, Advanced Astrophysics, Cambridge University Press.
17. W. Kundt, Astrophysics: A new approach, Springer.
18. P. Lena, F. Lebrun and F. Mignard, Observational Astrophysics, Springer.
19. N. Straumann, General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics, Spinger-
Verlog.
20. T. Padmanabhan, Theoretical Astrophysics (Vol. I, II and III), Cambridge
University Press.

4.14 Project/Field Studies:

Marks 100 [Credit 8]
(i)Project/Field Studies wil be made by the students under the guidance of
the teacher(s) of the Department, and on the basis of subject offered to the stu-
dents of 4th Semistar.

43
(ii)Dissertation of the Project/Field Studies will be prepared by individual stu-
dent and the same be submitted to the HOD after countersigned by the concerned
teacher(s).

44