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IM 102 Algebra - LECTURE 1

Here are the key steps: 1) Divide both sides by -3 2) Reverse the inequality sign 3) Graph the solution on a number line Therefore, the solution is: x < -4

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Adrian Julian
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125 views26 pages

IM 102 Algebra - LECTURE 1

Here are the key steps: 1) Divide both sides by -3 2) Reverse the inequality sign 3) Graph the solution on a number line Therefore, the solution is: x < -4

Uploaded by

Adrian Julian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 1: ALGEBRA

IM 102
WHAT THIS LECTURE IS ALL ABOUT…
- Expressions, Equations and inequalities
● Expressions
● Factorization
● Linear, Simultaneous, quadratic and cubic equations
● Inequality
- Indices & logarithms
- Coordinates & graphs
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Expressions
Mathematical statement with numbers, variables and an arithmetic operation
between them.
Example:

From this expression, 5 is a coefficient x, whereby, x is a variable and 2 is a


term separated by the arithmetic sign +
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Equations

An expression where two sides are connected by an equal “=” sign.

Example:

Here 5x+2 is the left hand side (LHS) expression and 10 is a term on the right
hand side (RHS) ofthe equation. The “ = “ sign indicates that LHS equal to RHS
of the equation.
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
In a nutshell…
Coefficient

Terms
Variable

An expression An equation
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Linear Equations

● Linear equation is an equation of a


straight line
● The exponents of each variable is
Examples:
always 1
● Does not have more than two variables
● No variable in the denominator of a
fraction
● Every linear equation graphs as a line
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Practice Questions
Determine if the below functions are linear
and give reasons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Linear Equations - Graphing Using Intercepts x 0 4

Example. Given: y 2 0
y

Represent the function on a graph.

Solution;

Get x and y-intercept, then connect both


coordinates with straight line. At y-intercept, y is x
zero. At x-intercept, x is zero
Also explore how you can graph with the table of values method***
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Linear Equations - Slope (m)
Example: Find slope of a linear
● A slope is a steepness of a line function that passes through
● It is constant over the entire points (2,3) and (5,4)
length of a line

Formula:

m = 1/3
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Simultaneous Equations

Are two or more algebraic equations that share variables, i.e., x and y.

For example:
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Simultaneous Equations - Graphical Solution:

=6
2+y
Solution

+y=
-3x
The point of intersection on the graph,
between the two simultaneous (1,5)
equations is the solution.

x+
y=
Example: Solve for x and y using

6
graphical method

Answer: y=5, x=1


EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Simultaneous Equations - Algebraic Solution

Make one of the unknowns the subject of the linear equations, then
substitute it to the second equation and solve for the unknowns

Consider the same example


EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
…………. (i)
You have x now. Solve for y by plugging
…………. (ii) in the value of x in any of the equations,
say equation i.

Let’s make y in equation i subject,

Substitute y into equation ii,

Solve for x,
square

EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES


Quadratic Equations

‘’Quadratic” comes from the word


“quad” which means square,
because the variable is squared

a, b and c are known values. a


can’t be 0, x is a variable.
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Quadratic Equations

‘’Quadratic” comes from the word


“quad” which means square,
Standard form
because the variable is squared

Example

a, b and c are known values. a


can’t be 0, x is a variable. a=2, b=5, c=3
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Quadratic Equations - Factorization

Factorization of a quadratic equation means finding the roots of a


quadratic equation.
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Quadratic Equations - Factorization
Splitting the middle term
Focus is on splitting the middle term - b
1. Find a*c
2. Find two factors of a*c whose sum would equal b
3. In the original equation, replace b with the two factors as coefficients
and proceed to factorize
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Quadratic Equations - Factorization
Start factorizing the first two terms, and then
the other two terms

Factors (a*c) of 6 are 2 and 3, whose sum (b)


is 5. We then expand the middle term,
Therefore,
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Quadratic Equations - Formula
Example: Solve for x using the formula

The following formula is used to solve a


quadratic equation problem

or
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Inequalities Symbols:
An algebraic relation that shows a > Greater than
value is greater than or less than
another < Less than

≧ Greater than or equal to

≦ Less than or equal to


EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Inequalities - Graphing

Example: Example:

Represent x < 2 on a number line Represent x ≦ 2 on a number line

Solution: Solution:

All real numbers less than 2 All real numbers less or equal to 2

Can you tell the difference between the two number lines?
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Remember…
For each inequality below, your arrow line should start with the respective
solid or open dot
> Greater than, use
< Less than, use
≧ Greater than or equal to, use
≦ Less than or equal to, use
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Let’s see a few more examples :)

Represent x ≧ -3 on a number line Represent x > 4 on a number line

Solution: Solution:

All real numbers greater than or equal to -3 All real numbers greater than 4
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Inequalities - Solving a Linear Inequality
● To solve an inequality is the same as solving an equation.
● The only difference is with the inequality, you have to draw the solution
on a number line.
● You can treat the inequality signs as an equal sign (Never draw the equal
sign though).
EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Inequalities - Solving a Linear Inequality

Example:

Solve the inequality

Solution:

All real numbers greater than 2


EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Inequalities - Solving a Linear Solution:
Inequality

Remember…

When you multiply or divide by a


Here we have to divide by -3 on both sides of the
negative number on both sides of the inequality to get x, this means we have to
reverse the inequality sign to the opposite
inequality, reverse the inequality direction. Therefore,
symbol to maintain a true statement.

Example: Solve,

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