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Transformer

A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more coils wound around a common core. A changing current in one coil produces a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the other coil. Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels by stepping up or down the voltage and provide isolation between circuits. They have become essential for power transmission since their invention in 1885 and range in size from small RF transformers to huge units connecting the power grid.

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40 views

Transformer

A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more coils wound around a common core. A changing current in one coil produces a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the other coil. Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels by stepping up or down the voltage and provide isolation between circuits. They have become essential for power transmission since their invention in 1885 and range in size from small RF transformers to huge units connecting the power grid.

Uploaded by

XIA-21 Ritee RITEE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformer

A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical


energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or
multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils
without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two
circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831,
describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a
changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such
transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase
or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also be
used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to
couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention
of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers
have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and
utilization of alternating current electric power.[2] A wide range
of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric
power applications. Transformers range in size
from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in
volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect
the power grid.
History
Discovery of induction
Electromagnetic induction, the principle of the operation of the
transformer, was discovered independently by Michael
Faraday in 1831 and Joseph Henry in 1832.[54][55][56]
[57] Only Faraday furthered his experiments to the point of
working out the equation dscribing the relationship between
EMF and magnetic flux now known as Farad/ay's law of
induction:
|E|=|d ΦB /dt|
where   is the magnitude of the EMF in volts and
ΦB is the magnetic flux through the circuit in webers.[58]
Faraday performed early experiments on induction between
coils of wire, including winding a pair of coils around an iron
ring, thus creating the first toroidal closed-core transformer.[57]
[59] However he only applied individual pulses of current to his
transformer, and never discovered the relation between the turns
ratio and EMF in the windings

Induction coils
The first type of transformer to see wide use was the induction
coil, invented by Rev. Nicholas Callan of Maynooth College,
Ireland in 1836.[57] He was one of the first researchers to
realize the more turns the secondary winding has
in relation to the primary winding, the larger the induced
secondary EMF will be. Induction coils evolved from scientists'
and inventors' efforts to get higher voltages from batteries.
Since batteries produce direct current (DC) rather than AC,
induction coils relied upon vibrating electrical contacts that
regularly interrupted the current in the primary to create the.

flux changes necessary for induction. Between the 1830s and


the 1870s, efforts to build better induction coils, mostly by
trial and error, slowly revealed the basic principles of
transformers.

early transformer designs


In 1889, Russian-born engineer Mikhail Dolivo-
Dobrovolsky developed the first three-
phase transformer at the Allgemeine Elektricitäts-
Gesellschaft ('General Electricity Company') in
Germany.[78]
In 1891, Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil, an air-
cored, dual-tuned resonant transformer for
producing very high voltages at high frequency.[79]
Diagram

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