MACRO VISION ACADEMY, RAVER

CBSE 1130183

PHYSICS PROJECT

Name : Miss. Bhumika Kiran Dubey

Class : XII

Roll No. :

Topic : Gravitation

Guide : Mr. Dipak Mahajan Sir (Principal)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Miss. Bhumika Kiran Dubey of class

XII Science, Roll No. of Macro Vision Academy, Raver has

successfully completed and submitted project entitled

“Gravitation” to the Department of Physics for AISSCE

practical examination 2022-23 as set by the CBSE

Examiner Signature Teacher/Guide Signature

Principal Signature School Stamp

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 Acknowledgement

Primarily I would like to thank God for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my Principal &Physics Mentor Mr. Dipak
Mahajan Sir whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me to patch
this project and make it full proof success. His suggestions and instructions have
served as the major contributor towards the competition of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and feedback which was very valuable during various
phases of the project completion.

Lastly, I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to our lab assistant, Mr.
Dipak Chaudhary and classmates who helped me to carry out this project
successfully and for their valuable advice and support which I have received all the
time.

Miss. Bhumika Kiran Dubey

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 INDEX

1. Gravitation & Universal Law of Gravitation pg.5

2. Acceleration due to gravity, its relation pg.7

3. Factors affecting acceleration due to gravity pg.8

4. Gravitational Field pg.9

5. Gravitational Protentional pg.10

6. Satellite pg.11

7. Orbital Velocity pg.12

8. Kepler’s Laws pg.15

9. Bibliography pg.16

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Gravitation
An apple falling from a tree is a common sight in apple-growing regions. Sometimes
a thing that is very common may spark a great idea in a great mind. It is said that a
falling apple led Isaac Newton to realize that the earth attars all object towards its
center. Newton generalized this idea and said that not only the earth, but every object
in the universe attracts every other object. This force of attraction between two
objects is called the force of gravitation or gravitational force.

Universal Law of gravitation

The magnitude and direction of the gravitational force between two particles are
given by the universal law of gravitation, which was formulated by Newton.
“The gravitational force of attraction between any two particles is directly
proportional to the product of the masses of the particles and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the particles. The direct of the
force is along the line joining the two particles.”

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Gravitation is one of the four classes of interactions found in nature. These are

(i) the gravitational force

(ii) the electromagnetic force

(iii) the strong nuclear force (also called the hadronic force).

(iv) the weak nuclear forces.

Although, of negligible importance in the interactions of elementary particles,

gravity is of primary importance in the interactions of objects. It is gravity that holds
the universe together.

Important Points about Gravitation Force

(i) Gravitational force is a central as well as conservative force.

(ii) It is the weakest force in nature.

(iii) It is 1036 times smaller than electrostatic force and 10’l8times smaller than
nuclear force.

(iv) The law of gravitational is applicable for all bodies, irrespective of their size,
shape andposition.

(v) Gravitational force acting between sun and planet provide it centripetal
force for orbitalmotion.

(vi) Gravitational pull of the earth is called gravity.

(vii) Newton’s third law of motion holds good for the force of gravitation. It means
thegravitation forces between two bodies are action-reaction pairs.

Following three points are important regarding the gravitational force

(i) Unlike the electrostatic force, it is independent of the medium between the
particles.

(ii) It is conservative in nature.

(iii) It expresses the force between two-point masses (of negligible volume).
However, for external points of spherical bodies the whole mass can be assumed to
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 be concentrated at its center of mass.
Note: Newton’s law of gravitation holds goods for object lying at very large
distances and also at very short distances. It fails when the distance between the
objects is less than 10-9 m i.e., of the order of intermolecular distances.

Acceleration Due to Gravity

The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling object due to the gravitational
pull of theearth is known as acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by g and its unit
is m/s2. It is a vector quantity and its direction is towards the center of the earth.

The value of g is independent of the mass of the object which is falling freely under
gravity.

The value of g changes slightly from place to place. The value of g is taken to be
9.8 m/s2 for all practical purposes.

The value of acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about one sixth of that on the
earth and on the sun is about 27 times of that on the earth.
Among the planets, the acceleration due to gravity is minimum on the mercury.

Relation between g and a is given

g = Gm / R2

where M = mass of the earth = 6.0 * 1024 kg

R = radius of the earth = 6.38 * 106 m.

Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the surface of the earth is given

gh = Gm / (R+h)2 = g (1 – 2h / R)

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Factors Affecting Acceleration Due to
Gravity
(i) Shape of Earth Acceleration due to gravity g & infi; 1 / R2 Earth is elliptical in
shape. Itsdiameter at poles is approximately 42 km less than its diameter at equator.

Therefore, g is minimum at equator and maximum at poles.

(ii) Rotation of Earth about Its Own Axis If ω is the angular velocity of rotation of
earth about its own axis, then acceleration due to gravity at a place having latitude λ
is given by

g’ = g – Rω2 cos2 λ

At poles λ = 90° and g’ = g

Therefore, there is no effect of rotation of earth about its own axis at poles.

At equator λ = 0° and g’ = g – Rω2

The value of g is minimum at equator

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If earth stapes its rotation about its own axis, then g will remain unchanged at poles
but increases by Rω2at equator.

(iii) Effect of Altitude The value of g at height h from earth’s surface

g’ = g / (1 + h / R)2

Therefore, g decreases with altitude.

(iv) Effect of Depth The value of gat depth h A from earth’s surface

g’ = g * (1 – h / R)

Therefore, g decreases with depth from earth’s surface. The value of g becomes

zero at earth’s center.

Gravitational Field

The space in the surrounding of anybody in which its gravitational pull can be
experienced byother bodies is called gravitational field.

Intensity of Gravitational Field

The gravitational force acting per unit mass at Earth any point in gravitational field is
called intensity of gravitational field at that point. It is denoted by
Eg or I.Eg or I = F / m

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Intensity of gravitational field at a distance r from a body of mass M is given by

Eg or I = GM / r2

It is a vector quantity and its direction is towards the center of gravity of the body. Its

S1 unit is N/m and its dimensional formula is [LT-2].

Gravitational mass Mg is defined by Newton’s law of gravitation.

Mg = Fg / g = W / g = Weight of body / Acceleration due to gravity

∴ (M1)g / (M2)g = Fg1g2 / Fg2g1

Gravitational Potential
Gravitational potential at any point in gravitational field is equal the work done per
unit mass inbringing a very light body from infinity to that point. It is denoted by Vg.
Gravitational potential, Vg = W / m = – GM / r
Its SI unit is J / kg and it is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formula is [L3r-2].
Since work W is obtained, that is, it is negative, the gravitational potential is always
negative.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy of any object at any point in gravitational field is
equal to thework done in bringing it from infinity to that point. It is denoted by U.

Gravitational potential energy U = – GMm / r

The negative sign shows that the gravitational potential energy decreases with
increase indistance.

Gravitational potential energy at height h from surface of earth

Uh = – GMm / R + h = mgR / 1 + h/R

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Satellite
A heavenly object which revolves around a planet is called a satellite. Natural
satellites arethose heavenly objects which are not man made and revolve around the
earth. Artificial satellites are those heaven objects which are man-made and launched
for some purposes revolve around the earth.

Time period of satellite

T = 2π √r3 / GM

= 2π √(R + h)3 / g [ g = GM / R2

Near the earth surface, time period of the satellite

T = 2π √R3 / GM = √3π / Gp
T = 2π √R / g = 5.08 * 103 s = 84 min. where p is the average density of earth.

Artificial satellites are of two types:

1. Geostationary or Parking Satellites

A satellite which appears to be at a fixed position at a definite height to an observer

on earth is called geostationary or parking satellite.

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Height from earth’s surface = 36000 km Radius of orbit = 42400 km

Time period = 24 h Orbital velocity = 3.1 km/s

Angular velocity = 2π / 24 = π / 12 rad / h

There satellites revolve around the earth in equatorial orbits.

The angular velocity of the satellite is same in magnitude and direction as that of
angular velocity of the earth about its own axis.
These satellites are used in communication purpose.
INSAT 2B and INSAT 2C are geostationary satellites of India.

2. Polar Satellites

These are those satellites which revolve in polar orbits around earth. A polar orbit is
that orbitwhose angle of inclination with equatorial plane of earth is 90°.

Height from earth’s surface = 880 km Time period = 84 min

Orbital velocity = 8 km / s

Angular velocity = 2π / 84 = π / 42 rad / min.

There satellites revolve around the earth in polar orbits.

These satellites are used in forecasting weather, studying the upper region of the
atmosphere, in mapping, etc.
PSLV series satellites are polar satellites of India.

Orbital Velocity
Orbital velocity of a satellite is the minimum velocity required to the satellite into a
given orbitaround earth. Orbital velocity of a satellite is given by
vo = √GM / r = R √g / R + h
where, M = mass of the planet, R = radius of the planet and h = height of the
satellite fromplanet’s surface.

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 If satellite is revolving near the earth’s surface, then

r = (R + h) =- RNow orbital velocity,

vo = √gR

= 7.92km / h

if v is the speed of a satellite in its orbit and vo is the required orbital velocity to
move in theorbit, then
(i) If v < vo, then satellite will move on a parabolic path and satellite falls back to
earth.

(ii) If V = vo then satellite revolves in circular path/orbit around earth.

(iii) If vo < V < ve then satellite shall revolve around earth in elliptical orbit.

Energy of a Satellite in Orbit

Total energy of a satellite

E = KE + PE

= GMm / 2r + (- GMm / r)

= – GMm / 2r

Binding Energy
The energy required to remove a satellite from its orbit around the earth (planet) to
infinity is called binding energy of the satellite. Binding energy of the satellite of mass
m is given by
BE = + GMm / 2r

Escape Velocity
Escape velocity on earth is the minimum velocity with which a body has to be
projected vertically upwards from the earth’s surface so that it just crosses the earth’s
gravitational field and never returns.

Escape velocity of any object

ve = √2GM / R

= √2gR = √8πp GR2 / 3

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Escape velocity does not depend upon the mass or shape or size of the body as well
as thedirection of projection of the body.
Escape velocity at earth is 11.2 km / s.

Some Important Escape Velocities

Heavenly body Escape velocity
Moon 2.3 km/s
Mercury 4.28 km/s
Earth 11.2 km/s
Jupiter 60 km/s
Sun 618 km/s
Neutron star 2 x 105 km/s

Relation between escape velocity and orbital velocity of the satellite

ve = √2 vo

If velocity of projection U is equal the escape velocity (v = ve), then the satellite will
escapeaway following a parabolic path.
If velocity of projection u of satellite is greater than the escape velocity ( v > ve), then
thesatellite will escape away following a hyperbolic path.

Weightlessness

It is a situation in which the effective weight of the body becomes zero,

Weightlessness is achieved
(i) During freely falling under gravity

(ii) Inside a space craft or satellite

(iii) At the centre of the earth

(iv) When a body is lying in a freely falling lift.

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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
(i) Law of orbit Every planet revolve around the sun in elliptical orbit and sun is at
its one focus.

(ii) Law of area: The radius vector drawn from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal
areas inequal intervals of time, i.e., the areal velocity of the planet around the sun is
constant.
A real velocity of a planet dA / dt = L / 2m = constant

where L = angular momentum and m = mass of the planet.

(iii) Law of period: The square of the time period of revolution of planet around the
sun isdirectly proportional to the cube semi-major axis of its elliptical orbit.

T2 &infi; a3 or (T1 / T2)2 = (a1 / a2)3

where, a = semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit.

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 BIBLOGRAPGY

https://physics.edu

https://en.m.wikipedia.org

https://www.slideshare.net

https://www.ictp-saifr.org

https://physicscatalyst.com

https://khanacademy.org

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