What is the level of evidence of systematic review?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

The practice of evidence based medicine means.....

a) asking senior people what to do in a particular situation if you are unsure or consulting the
policy manual of the facility.
b) integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical
evidence from systematic research.
c) conducting empirical research to ensure safe clinical practice.
d) that we must always ask the patient what they think is best for them.

Which type of research uses a systematic process to gather and analyse information that has been
measured by an instrument and converted into numerical information?
a) Quantitative research
b) Basic research
c) Qualitative research
d) Nursing research

Do you think research is important in nursing discipline?

1. Very important
2. Important
3. Neither important not not important
4. Not important
5. Important

Which type of research provides a way of gaining an understanding of the human experience using
non-statistical analysis?
a. Quantitative research
b. Evidence based practice
c. Applied research
d. Qualitative research

What are the three components of evidence based practice?

1. Patients' preference
2. Policy of the facility
3. Systematic reviews
4. Individual clinical expertise
5. Cost-effectiveness
6. Best available research evidence

All nurses need to be consumers of research.

a) True
b) False

A set of orderly steps that allow the researcher to move from identifying a research problem to finding
an answer is known as a problem statement.
a) True
b) False
Hypotheses are only used in quantitative research.
a) True
b) False

What type of hypothesis of this? "Relaxation techniques can improve quality of life of patients with
cancer."
a) Directional hypothesis
b) Null hypothesis
 c) Non-directional

The abstract by Seers et al. (2008) reports a study that investigated the "effectiveness of relaxation for
postoperative pain and anxiety" in orthopaedic patients. What is the independent variable in this
study?
1. Type of operation
2. Postoperative pain & anxiety
3. Relaxation
4. Pain threshold

Quantitative research is a systematic, objective process used to gather and analyse information that
has been measured by some kind of instrument.
a) True
b) False

The abstract by Chang et al. (2007) describes a study that evaluated "the effects of music therapy on
stress, anxiety and depression in Taiwanese pregnant women". What is the independent variable in
this study?
1. Stress, anxiety and depression
2. Music therapy
3. Remedial massage
4. Ethnicity

What type of hypothesis is this? "There is association between year of experience and retention rate
among registered nurse."
a) Non-directional
b) Null
c) Directional
The research design is driven by the research question, not the other way around.
a) True
b) False

The abstract by Chang et al. (2007) describes a study that evaluated "the effects of music therapy on
stress, anxiety and depression in Taiwanese pregnant women". What is the dependent variable in this
study?

1. Education level
2. Ethnicity
3. Music therapy
4. Stress, anxiety and depression

What type of hypothesis is this? "There is no relationship between social class and smoking
behaviours."
a) Null hypothesis
b) Non-directional hypothesis
c) Directional hypothesis

The qualitative researcher attempts to control the environment in which the study is taking place and
manipulate the independent variable.
a) True
b) False

Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that sought to develop
a theory to explain the acquisition of nursing knowledge by new graduate nurses?
1. Ethnography
2. Phenomenology
3. Historical Research
4. Descriptive Study
5. Grounded Theory
Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that sought to explore
the culture of nurses employed in Emergency Departments?
1. Historical Research
2. Descriptive Study
3. Grounded Theory
4. Ethnography
5. Phenomenology

Researcher acts as an instrument for data collection in qualitative research

a) True
b) False

Qualitative research is based on a predefined theoretical foundation. An educated guess is made

about the relationship of variables and their effect on the study outcome.
a) True
b) False

What paradigm that underpins qualitative researchers' point of view?

1. empiricism
2. Relativism
3. Determinism
4. Positivism

Qualitative research attempts to capture the subjective meaning of human experiences.

a) True
b) False

What reasoning is applied in qualitative research?

1. Deductive reasoning
2. Systematic reasoning
3. Theoretical reasoning
4. Inductive reasoning

Qualitative research aims to make generlization

a) True
b) False

Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that aimed to
investigate the lived experience of women who have undergone a mastectomy?
1. Historical Research
2. Ethnography
3. Descriptive Study
4. Phenomenology
5. Grounded Theory

Which research design is used in the following abstract?

1. Ethnography
2. Cohort Study
 3. Grounded Theory
4. Phenomenology

Qualitative research generally has smaller sample sizes than quantitative research.
a) True
b) False

What are the advantages of using non-probability sampling? You can choose more than one answer.

a) result of the study can be generalized to the population

b) less expensive
c) the subjects are chosen at random
d) requires less time and resources

What is the name given to the non-probability sampling method in which participants are picked by the
researcher based on pre-defined criteria?
a. purposive sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. self-selection
d. randomisation

A study involving random allocation of participants into groups is known as non-probability sampling.
a) True
b) False

Getting recruited participants to help identify and recruit additional participants is known as:
a. snowball sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. randomisation
d. purposive sampling

Sampling technique
a) tells you whether you can apply the results in your clinical situation with confidence
b) provides you guideline how to recruit sample
c) is the subjects of interest for a research study.
d) is important in making the sample representative

In quantitative research, the sample size is usually large in number.

a) True
b) False

This question relates to the study titled, “The culture of third year nursing students”

The type of sampling used in this study would be:

1. Random
2. Probability
3. Non-probability
4. Systematic

In qualitative research, ______________ refers to the steps taken to ensure the accuracy and
authenticity of the data collected.
a. Credibility
b. Validity
c. Member checking
d. Audit trail
The term "Cronbach's alpha" is used to express ______ of an instrument
a) Internal validity
b) Reliability
c) Validity
d) Rigor

Qualitative research collects information without formal, highly structured instruments.

a) True
b) False

_______________ are commonly used in quantitative research for data collection.

a) Case studies
b) Observations
c) Interviews
d) Questionnaires

Researcher acts as an instrument to collect data in qualitative research

a) True
b) False

Rigour aspects of qualitative research include (you can choose more than one)
a) Transferability
b) Confirmability
c) Subjectivity
d) Creditibility

What is the term used in qualitative research to describe whether the findings "fit" into contexts
outside of the study situation?
a. Generalizability
b. Transferability
c. Credibility
d. Auditability

What is the mode of the following scores 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 4, 2? 4

From the data in Table attached, how many non-worker are currently working in private hospital? 7

From the data in Table attached, how many worker whose working hour is less than 15 hours per
week? 91
What is the term used to describe the value around which scores in a set tend to cluster?
1. Standard deviation
2. Variability
3. Interquartile range
4. Central tendency

What is the mean of the following numbers? 4, 7, 4, 3, 7 5

From the data in Table attached, how many participants were in the experimental group? 54

What is the median of the following numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10? 6

What is the mode of the following scores 11, 31, 41, 62, 72, 41, 22? 41

What is the mean of the following numbers? 3, 6, 3, 2, 6 4

What is the mean of the following numbers? 2, 4, 2, 2, 5 3

Research participants have the right to freedom from harm, potential injury, disability or death as a
result of their participation in research. This is known as the principle of;
1. Autonomy
2. Nonmaleficence
3. Respect
4. Justice

All research studies are subject to ethical approval

a) True
b) False
What are the ethical and legal requirements for an informed consent?
a) Provision of information of the study to the participants
b) Participants understand what the study involves
c) Participants' capacity to consent
d) Voluntary
e) All of the above

What must all participants provide before data collection is undertaken? Informed consent

What term is used to describe research participants' right to freedom from injury or harm?
Beneficence

The concept that study participants have the right to self-determination and to choose whether or not
they will participate in a study is known as the principle of ________________.
1. Respect for persons
2. Self-determination
3. Justice
4. Nonmaleficence

The principle that all research participants should be treated equally is known as _______________.
1. Autonomy
2. Respect for persons
3. Beneficence
4. Justice

A research is seeking to interview children about what it is like to live with a disability. In order to
ethically study these children, the researchers should ideally obtain:
1. Assent from the child
2. Informed consent from the child
3. Informed consent from the child’s parent or guardian
4. Both 1) and 3) above

Confidentiality of information about participants can be enhanced by:

1. Not discussing findings with any of the research personnel
2. All of the above
3. Placing all identifying information on electronic rather than manual files
4. Avoiding the collection of identifying information

Many research projects select only English speaking participants to reduce costs and minimise the
need for translation of study materials. Which ethical principle should be considered before such a
decision is made? Justice

The study title, "The lived experience of people living with diabetics". The type of sampling used in this
study would be
a) systematic measures
b) random
c) convenience
d) purposive

The instrument used for data collection in quantitative research is usually

a) structured
b) unstructured
c) semi-structured
d) loosely structured
Terms are used to evaluate the instrument of quantitative research study
a) reliability
b) auditability
c) creditiibility
d) validity

The study title, "The lived experience of people living with diabetics". The research design used in this
study is most likely
a) grounded theory
b) ethnography
c) phenomenology
d) case study

Significance of study results in quantitative research is expressed in term of

a) Cronbach alpha
b) alpha coefficient
c) P value
d) Validity

Which of the following is an extraneous variable in a study that measures the effect of exercise
program on quality of life among cancer patients?
a) exercise program
b) cancer patients
c) quality of life
d) age

A study looking at the relationship between year of experience and resignation rates among registered
nurses. The research design used in this study is most likely
a) Ethnography
b) Quasi-experimental
c) Non-experimental
d) Randomization controlled trial

What are the hallmarks of randomization controlled trial?

a) comparison groups
b) randomization
c) generalization
d) manipulation

A researcher wants to study the process by which people make deicsions about seeking treatment for
alcoholic addiction. The researcher's world view is most likely
1. determinism
2. empiricism
3. positivism
4. relativism

What type of hypothesis is this? "There is association between year of experience and retention rate
among registered nurse."
a) Non-directional
b) Null
c) Directional

What is the term used to describe the presence of adequate documentation to trace the researchers'
process of data collection and analysis?
a. audit trail
b. credibility
c. member checking
d. transferability
Statistics used to describe sample characters are known as
a) nominal
b) descriptive
c) inferential
d) sequential

Qualitative research has been the type of research chosen by most nurse researchers in the past.
a) True
b) False

The researcher exerts tight controls over the research situation in qualitative research.
a) True
b) False

There has been an increase in the number of qualitative studies conducted in the past few years.
a) True
b) False

Many nurses are calling for a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods in research.
a) True
b) False

Qualitative researchers are very concerned with the generalizability of their study findings.
a) True
b) False

The number of subjects is generally larger in qualitative research than in quantitative research.
a) True
b) False

Which of the following statements is true when comparing qualitative research to quantitative
research?
A. Qualitative research is easier to conduct than quantitative research.
B. The amount of data to be analyzed is usually greater in qualitative studies than in
quantitative studies.
C. The amount of time needed to conduct a qualitative study is usually less than in a
quantitative study.
D. Qualitative research most frequently uses a deductive approach, whereas quantitative
research uses an inductive approach.

If a researcher were planning a qualitative study, which of the following data-collection methods do
you think would most likely be considered?
A. closed-ended questions and nonparticipant observations.
B. participant observations and semistructured interviews.
C. structured interviews and physiological measures.
D. closed-ended questions and structured interviews.
E. all of these data collections methods would probably be considered.

When both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used simultaneously in the same study,
this procedure is called
A. mixed methods.
B. meta-analysis.
C. multitrait/multimethod.
D. methodological plurality.

All authors agree on the following number of steps in conducting quantitative research:
A. 10
B. 15
C. 18
D. There is no set number of steps.
Which of the following answers is true concerning quantitative research?
A. The steps always proceed in the same way in each study.
B. There may be some shifting back and forth between the steps.
C. The most important step is to identify the study hypotheses.
D. The steps are never carried out in an orderly fashion.
One of the main purposes of conducting a review of the literature before carrying out a research
project is to
A. determine existing knowledge on the topic.
B. help select an optimum sample size.
C. discover an instrument for data collection that has been used many times.
D. prevent duplication of research.

Which of the following is true concerning assumptions?

A. Assumptions are beliefs that have been found to be true.
B. Researchers' false beliefs are often called assumptions.
C. Expectations for study results are presented in the form of assumptions.
D. All studies are based on assumptions.

The plan for how a study will be conducted is called the

A. design.
B. hypothesis.
C. data-collection method.
D. research process.

The small group selected from a larger group to participate in a study is known as the
A. study population.
B. sample population.
C. sample.
D. element.

At what point in the research process should a statistician be consulted initially?

A. early in the research project
B. immediately before data are collected
C. after data have been collected
D. before the data have been analyzed

The final step of the research process, for the researcher, is to

A. analyze the data.
B. interpret the findings
C. communicate the findings.
D. utilize the findings.

Which of the following communication mediums is the most efficient means of presenting research
findings?
A. books
B. journals
C. research seminars
D. poster sessions

A questionnaire is being used to gather data on the study sample. Identification numbers on the
corner of the questionnaires correspond to the researcher's master list of names and numbers.
Respondents are assured that this information will not be shared with anyone. The researcher is
trying to ensure
A. informed consent.
B. anonymity.
C. data security.
D. confidentiality.
Study participants are asked to complete a questionnaire before and after a relaxation session. One
potential participant asks how confidentiality will be assured. The researcher states:
A. Participants will place only their first names on the questionnaires.
B. An identification number will be placed on the questionnaire that corresponds to the
researcher's master list of names and numbers.
C. It is very difficult to assure confidentiality in research involving questionnaires, but an effort
will be made to assure confidentiality.
D. Participants will be asked to place their names on the questionnaire, but only the
researcher will have access to the questionnaires.

If an individual volunteers to participate in a study, he or she is always guaranteed that which of the
following will be done?
A. Anonymity will be provided.
B. Confidentiality will be provided.
C. Informed consent will be obtained.
D. Protection from psychological stress will be assured.

Which of the following is "least" likely to be provided for subjects?

A. informed consent
B. anonymity
C. confidentiality
D. privacy

What is the name of the process used to obtain a child's agreement for participation in a study?
A. assent
B. consent of a minor
C. minor agreement
D. informed consent

A friend of yours has agreed to participate in a research study. However, she is upset that she has to
contact the researcher to obtain a copy of the study results. She thinks she should automatically be
sent a copy. You tell her:
A. The researcher should automatically send a copy of the study results to all participants.
B. Researchers are required, by federal guidelines, to send a copy of the study results to all
participants.
C. Study participants should be provided with information that will allow them to
contact the researcher if a copy of the study results is desired.
D. A copy of the study abstract should be mailed to all participants within 6 weeks of
completion of the study.

Once a subject signs an informed consent form, he or she is agreeing to remain in the study until it is
completed.
a) True
b) False

All study subjects must be guaranteed anonymity.

a) True
b) False

Access to the results of a study in which they have participated is the right of all participants.
a) True
b) False

In a study in which confidentiality is guaranteed, anonymity is usually guaranteed also.

 a) True
b) False

Debriefing means that the researchers meet and discuss problems that occurred in a study.
a) True
b) False

The most objective means of obtaining nursing knowledge is through

A. trial and error.
B. tradition.
C. scientific research.
D. authority.

The general public

A. has little knowledge about nursing research.
B. is able to distinguish between medical and nursing research.
C. is not interested in nursing research.
D. asks nurses to explain nursing research to them.

Which of the following statements concerning nursing research is true?

A. The scientific base for nursing practice expanded greatly in the first half of the 20th century.
B. The majority of nursing studies before 1950 focused on clinical problems.
C. Many studies have focused on nurses themselves.
D. The first nursing investigations were conducted in the United States.

The major reason for conducting nursing research is to

A. promote evidence-based care for patients/clients.
B. promote the growth of the nursing profession.
C. document the cost effectiveness of nursing care.
D. ensure accountability for nursing practice.

Which of the following is generally true concerning the knowledge base for nursing?
A. Most of the knowledge that has been used by nurses was developed by nurses.
B. Much of the knowledge that has been used by nurses was developed by members of
other disciplines.
C. Nurses have used knowledge developed by nurses and by members of other disciplines in
even proportions.

As nurses first began to receive advanced educational preparation and became qualified to conduct
research, many of their studies concerned
A. nursing education.
B. characteristics of nurses.
C. nursing administration.
D. nursing care.

The first journal devoted primarily to the publication of nursing research was
A. Nursing Research.
B. Research in Nursing and Health.
C. Applied Nursing Research.
D. American Journal of Nursing.

Nursing leaders have called for research focusing on which of the following topics? Choose all that
apply.
A. quality of life
B. patient safety
C. living with a chronic illness
D. end-of-life care

.
All nurses should be able to
A. identify researchable problems for nursing research studies.
B. explain the details of a medical research study to potential participants.
C. determine when most study findings are ready for use in nursing practice.
D. critique, with confidence, the majority of published nursing research studies.

Which of the following is the most important reason for conducting a review of the literature before
conducting a research study?
A. The research design can be copied from a previous study.
B. A determination will be made about the existing knowledge in the identified problem
area.
C. An instrument may be uncovered that will be appropriate for the proposed study.
D. The feasibility of the study can be determined.

How can you best determine if primary sources are listed on the reference list of an article?
A. Access each reference yourself
B. Primary sources are usually listed first on the reference list
C. The reference list contains articles from research journals
D. Make a personal contact with the primary author

In conducting a literature review, the reader is least interested in which of the following information
about a research study?
A. research study results
B. opinions about the research study
C. how the research variables were operationally defined
D. research study methodology

Nursing research has used which of the following reasoning processes?

A. inductive
B. deductive
C. both inductive and deductive
D. neither inductive nor deductive

Deriving a propositional statement from a theory involves the logical reasoning process called
A. deduction.
B. conceptualization.
C. induction.
D. critical analysis.

Which of the following statements regarding theory is false?

A. It proves the relationship between variables.
B. It describes the relationship between variables.
C. It explains the relationship between variables.
D. It contains propositional statements.

Identify the independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s) in the following hypotheses.
RED: Independent Variables, BLUE: Dependent Variables

Male appendectomy patients request more pain medication on the first postoperative day
than do female appendectomy patients.

There is an inverse relationship between the number of prenatal classes attended by

pregnant women and their degree of fear concerning labor and delivery at the time of
delivery.

Unmarried pregnant teenagers report a less positive body image than do married pregnant
teenagers.
Marital Status
 There is an inverse relationship between postoperative hysterectomy patients' anxiety levels
and their requests for pain medication.

There is a higher incidence of marijuana usage among first-year high school students
than among high school seniors.

Older adults demonstrate a lower self-image after retirement than before retirement.

The job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of graduate nurses who have worked
less than 2 years is higher than for those graduate nurses who have worked 2 or more years.
Length of employment

Which of the following items distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental
research?
A. size of sample
B. use of a nonprobability sample
C. random assignment of subjects to groups
D. introduction of an experimental treatment

A researcher wants to use a true experimental design in her study. However, which of the following
circumstances would require the use of a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experimental
design?
A. The researcher is going to administer a pretest to study participants.
B. It will not be possible for the researcher to use random sampling to obtain study
participants.
C. The health care agency will not allow the researcher to assign study participants to
groups randomly.
D. The study will use a longitudinal design.

Which of the following types of studies is considered a qualitative study?

A. correlational
B. ethnographic
C. comparative
D. methodological

Grounded theory research was developed by two

A. nurses
B. physicians
C. psychologists
D. sociologists

Which of the following statements is true concerning the examination of historical research?
A. Internal criticism should be considered before external criticism.
B. External criticism should be considered before internal criticism.
C. Both internal and external criticism should be considered simultaneously.

Case studies may concern an in-depth examination of

A. individuals
B. groups of peoples
C. institutions
D. all of the above

Consider this title: "The Lived Experience of Surviving an Earthquake." This title would indicate which
of the following types of qualitative research?
A. ethnographic
B. phenomenological
C. historical
D. grounded theory
The review of the literature in qualitative research is
A. never conducted prior to the beginning of the study.
B. sometimes conducted prior to the beginning of the study.
C. always conducted prior to the beginning of the study.

Which type of qualitative research approach would be most appropriate to study nurses' involvement
in bringing about a change in the type of forms used to record patient data?
A. action
B. ethnographic
C. phenomenological
D. historical

Which type(s) of qualitative research has or have been conducted by nurses?

A. action
B. ethnographic
C. phenomenological
D. historical
E. all of the above

The best means of obtaining an unbiased sample of subjects in a community is to select a random
sample of names from the telephone directory.
a) True
b) False

Nonprobability sampling means there is no probability that the subjects selected will constitute a
biased sample.
a) True
b) False

Researchers generally study samples rather than populations.

a) True
b) False

The internal consistency of the Assertiveness Inventory is .90. That means that this instrument is a
valid measure of assertiveness.
a) True
b) False

By increasing the number of items on the Assertiveness Inventory from 20 to 30, the reliability of the
instrument will probably increase.
a) True
b) False

An instrument can be reliable without being valid.

a) True
b) False

If the test-retest reliability of the Assertiveness Inventory was determined to be .35, the validity of the
instrument would be in serious doubt.
a) True
b) False

Reliability is the most important factor to take into account when considering an instrument for use in
research.
a) True
b) False
Which of the following is an advantage of an interview method of data collection versus a
questionnaire?
A. Data are less expensive to obtain.
B. The collected data tend to be more complete.
C. Data collectors do not need to be trained.
D. Data may be collected more easily from a widespread geographical area.

Which type of statistics is used to examine the characteristics of samples?

A. descriptive statistics
B. inferential statistics
C. parametric statistics
D. normative statistics

What is the mode of the following group of vision test results? 20/20; 20/30; 20/40; 20/30; 20/50;
20/40; 20/100; 20/30
A. 20/20
B. 20/30
C. 20/40
D. 20/50
E. 20/100

Which of the following measures of central tendency would be appropriate to describe the average
pulse rates of a group of hospitalized patients?
A. mode
B. median
C. mean

The standard deviation is a measure of

A. skewness.
B. correlation.
C. central tendency.
D. variability.

What does it mean if a person's score is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean on a test?
A. All of the scores on the test are high.
B. The person has an unusually high score compared with others who took the test.
C. An error has been made in recording the score.
D. The score is 25% higher than the mean.

As a nurse researcher conducting a research study with a group of children, you discover that the
average weight of the subjects is at the 90th percentile for their age. Which of the following
statements would be correct?
A. The subjects are not eating enough.
B. The subjects are 90% above the average weight for their age.
C. The subjects are 90% below the average weight for their age.
D. The subjects are well above the average weight for their age.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. The most reliable and accurate measure of central tendency is the mode.
B. The standard deviation indicates how spread out the scores are in a distribution.
C. The type of graph that shows the relationship between two variables is a histogram.
D. The range of a group of scores is figured by adding the highest and lowest numbers.

Correlation is a procedure used to determine if

A. X comes before Y.
B. X causes Y.
C. X and Y are different.
D. X and Y vary together.
Statistical significance means that the study findings
A. are important to the nursing profession.
B. apply to a large target population.
C. are not likely to be the result of sampling error.
D. have proven the study hypothesis.

If study findings are statistically significant, this implies that the

A. null hypothesis should be rejected.
B. research hypothesis should be rejected.
C. null hypothesis should not be rejected.
D. research hypothesis should not be rejected.

A research hypothesis states that "Male appendectomy patients ask for more pain medication on the
first postoperative day than female appendectomy patients." When the data are analyzed, the mean
number of requests for pain medication is 3.5 for males and 2.3 for females. The p value is calculated
to be .04. What decision should be made about the findings of this study?
A. Male appendectomy patients asked for significantly more pain medication on the
first postoperative day than did female appendectomy patients.
B. Female appendectomy patients needed less pain medication on the first postoperative day
than did male appendectomy patients.
C. There was no statistically significant difference in male and female patients' requests for
pain medication on the first postoperative day after an appendectomy.
D. No determination can be made about the difference in male and female appendectomy
patients' requests for pain medication on the first postoperative day.

The conclusions of a study are based on the

A. findings of the study.
B. review of the literature.
C. implications of the study.
D. recommendations for future research.

Which of the following statements is true concerning statistical and clinical significance?
A. Statistical significance is necessary for clinical significance.
B. Findings may be both statistically and clinically nonsignificant.
C. If findings are said to be clinically significant, they must also be statistically significant.
D. Findings must be either statistically significant or clinically significant.

Consider the following conclusion: "There is a positive relationship between children's anxiety levels
and their failure to cooperate with physical examinations." Determine an appropriate implication
derived from this conclusion.
A. Nurses must discover why high anxiety levels cause children to be uncooperative during
physical examinations.
B. Nurses should try to assess the anxiety levels of children before physical
examinations.
C. Physical examinations should be conducted infrequently with small children.
D. A parent should be instructed to remain in the room with the child during a physical
examination.

The recommendations of a study might contain which of the following?

A. a discussion of the study findings
B. suggestions for extension of the study
C. comparisons of results with previous research findings
D. a means of implementing the study findings

The names of subjects are listed in a research report unless the subjects specifically ask not to be
identified.
 a) True
b) False

The implications of a study are based on the recommendations of the study.

a) True
b) False

The most important recommendations of a research report are those that suggest a larger sample
size or a different type of sample.
a) True
b) False

Study generalizations should take into consideration the sampling method used in the study.
a) True
b) False

Study conclusions are based on the implications of the study.

a) True
b) False

Recommendations for future research are usually not made if the results of the present study are
significant.
a) True
b) False