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MATH 208 Differential Equations

1. The document discusses differential equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and describes how to determine if an equation has an integrating factor. 2. It provides two rules for determining the integrating factor u based on whether ∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y equals u(y) or u(x). 3. The document also discusses Bernoulli's equation and how it can be transformed into a linear equation that can be solved using an integrating factor.

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51 views11 pages

MATH 208 Differential Equations

1. The document discusses differential equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and describes how to determine if an equation has an integrating factor. 2. It provides two rules for determining the integrating factor u based on whether ∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y equals u(y) or u(x). 3. The document also discusses Bernoulli's equation and how it can be transformed into a linear equation that can be solved using an integrating factor.

Uploaded by

charles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 208 Differential Equations

For a differential equation of the form,

𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

If a certain factor, u, can be multiplied on both sides of this equation

𝑢𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕 𝜕
such that, 𝑢𝑀 = 𝑢𝑁 , then u is an integrating factor of the differential
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
equation.

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 2


Rules in determining the integrating factor u:

1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
1. If − = 𝑢(𝑦), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2. If − = 𝑢(𝑥), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

If none of the above rules are satisfied, then the differential equation does not have
an integrating factor. The differential equation is therefore solved using another
method.

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 3


Steps:

1. Determine the Integrating Factor if it is:


1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
 If − = 𝑢(𝑦), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
 If − = 𝑢(𝑥), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

2. Multiply the Integrating Factor to your Differential


Equation.
3. Solve via Exact Method.
MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 4
Solve the following differential equations

2𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 8𝑥 − 9𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 5


If the differential equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be written as
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 , or
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑦
Where n  0, then, the differential equation is in the form of Bernoulli’s equation.

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 6


A Bernoulli’s equation of the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑥
Can be written as
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 −𝑛+1 = 𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
This form can be solved by substituting u for y-n+1, then differentiating the resulting
function in terms of x.
𝑢 = 𝑦 −𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑛)

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 7


The Bernoulli’s equation can therefore be written in the form
1 𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄(𝑥)
(1 − 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥
Or,
𝑑𝑢
+ 1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 1−𝑛 𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Which is in the form of a linear equation of order one. The integrating factor

1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑒 ‫׬‬

Is then multiplied to the equation to make it an exact equation.

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 8


Steps:
𝑑𝑦
1. Arrange into + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 form.
𝑑𝑥
2. Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑦 −𝑛+1 and 𝑑𝑢 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
3. Resulting equation should be Linear now:
𝑑𝑢
 + 1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 1−𝑛 𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

4. Solve via Linear Method.


5. Followed by Exact Method Solution.

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 9


 Solve the following equations

2𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2

𝑦 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1

4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 10


 Reyes, F.G. and Chua, J.L. (1992). Elements of calculus and analytic geometry. Manila,
Philippines: UST Publishing House
 Rainville, E.D., Bedient, P.E., & Bedient, R.E. (2002). Elementary differential
equations. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd

MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 11

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