CERTIFICATE

ThisistocertifythatNishaBorahofclassXII-Bof
science of Roll no. …………………… of
ArmyP u b l i c SchoolBasisthahassuccessfullycomplet
edand submitted investigatory project entitled
“Toinvestigatethedependence,oftheangleof
deviationontheangleofincidence,usingahallowprism
filled, one by one, with different
transparentfluids”tothedepartmentofphysicsforAISSC
E practicalexamination2015-
2016assetbyCentralBoard of Secondary Education
and it wholly
fulfilledthestandardsetbyCentralBoardofSecondaryE
ducation.
This project is absolutely genuine and does
not indulge any kind of plagiarism.
Thereferencetakeninmakingthisproject has
been declared at the end of this project.

Signature of Principal

SignatureofTeacher-in-charge
Mrs. Purnima Mehra Mr.Amarendra
Kumar Jha
 (PGT)
DepartmentofPhysics

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is my proud privilege to offer my sincere

thanks to the Central Board of Secondary
Education who has given me this opportunity to
make a project on this subject successfully.
I would like to offer my sincere thanks and
gratitude to Madam Purnima Mehra, the principal
of my school to complete this in time.
Iamextremelyindebtedtoourphysics
teacherMr.AmarendraKumarJhaforhisable
guidance,timelyhelpandconstructiveencouragements
towards the completion of thisproject.
Andatlast,Iwouldliketooffermysincerethanksto
ourlabassistanceforguidingmeona
stepbystepbasisandensuringthatIcompleted
allmyexperimentswithease.
 PHYSICSINVESTIGATO
RY
PROJECT

TOPIC: To investigate the dependence, of the angle

of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hollow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.

Submitted to the department of physics, Army Public

School Basistha for the fulfillment of AISSCE - 2015-
2016,SCIENCE.

Submittedby:-
 NishaBorah
Class: XII-B Roll
no. –

INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts
light. The exact angles between the surfaces
depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with
a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the
shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism
can be used to break light up into its constituent
spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms
canalsobeusedtoreflectlight,ortosplitlightinto
components with different polarizations.
BeforeIsaacNewton,itwasbelievedthatwhitelight
wascolorless,andthattheprismitself
producedthecolor.Newton’sexperimentsdemonstra
ted that all the colors already existed
inthelightinaheterogeneousfashion,andthat“corpuscle
s” (particles) of light were fanned out
because particles with different colors traveled
with different speeds through the prism. It was only
later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s
particle theory with Huygens’ wave theory to show
that color is the visible manifestation of light’s
wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by
passing the red color from one prism
throughs e c o n d p r i s m a n d f o u n d t h e c o l o r
unchanged. From this, he concluded that
the colors must already be present in the
incoming light and white light consists of
a collection of colors. As the white light
passes through the triangular prism, the
light separates into the collection of
colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet. This collection of colors
formed by the prism is called the
spectrum. The separation of white light
into its spectrum is known as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels
through theprismatdifferentspeeds.Violettravels the
slowest through the prism; hence we can see it
refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much fast rate which makes its angle
of refraction less, hence red is too scarce to
beseen.
 Experimentalsetup
AIM: To investigate the dependence, of the angle
of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.

APPARATUS:
Drawingb o a r d , w h i t e s h e e t s o f p a p e r , h o l l o w
prism, different liquids (water, kerosene
oil, etc),
drawingpins,pencil,halfmeterscale,thumppi
ns, graphpapersandaprotractor.

THEORY:
RefractionofLightthroughaPrism–
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a
verticalplane,perpendiculartotheedge.BCisthe base
of the prism and AB and AC are its two refracting
surfaces.

DIAGRAM:Refractionthroughaprism.

RQ is the incident ray.

QSistherefractedray.
STistheemergentray.
RQN1=i=angleofincidence
SQN3=r1=angleofrefractioninsideprism
QSN3=r2=angleofincidenceinsideprismTSN2=
e=angleofemergence
BAC=A=angle of prism
SFK=D=angleofdeviation
InQ F S , K F S =FQS+FSQ
D=(i–r1)+(e–r2)
 D=i+e–(r1+r2)
…(1)
In QS1N3,r1+r2+ QN3S=180⁰
…(2)
ThequadrilateralAQN3Siscyclicquadrilateral,thenA+
QN3S=180
…(3)
From(2)and(3)
A=r1+r2
…(4)Eq.(1)become
D=i+e-A
D+A=i+e
…(5)
AngleofMinimumDeviation-
➢Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum deviation.
It is represented by the symbol Dm.
➢Explanation:Forsameangleofdeviation(D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One
value equals ‘i’ and other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘i’is increased fromasmallvalue,‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of deviation
is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’
becomesequal.
TherefractedrayQSgoesparalleltobaseBC.
Sincei=e,wehaver1=r2.( sini = sine
∵n = sinr1 sinr2 )

Hence,atminimumdeviation,whenr1=r2=r (say).
Wehave A=r1+r2=r+r=2r
A
⇒ 2
r=

Also,atminimumdeviation,D=Dmandi=
e
Fromrelation, A+D=i+e
Wehave, A+Dm=i+i=2i
A+Dm
⇒ 2
i=

FromSnell’slaw,
sini
n= sinr

+Dm
sinA
2
Wehave n= sinA
2

Thisrelationisusefulfordeterminationofnfor Prism
material.
DIAGRAM:

DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at

different angles

PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the
drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. AstraightlineXX’paralleltothelengthofthe
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of
thepaper.
3. PointsQ1,Q2,Q3andQ4weremarkedonthe
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of
about6cm.
4. Normal’sN1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3andN4Q4weredrawn
onpointsQ1,Q2,Q3andQ4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3and R4Q4were
drawn making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰
respectively with the normals.
6. OnecorneroftheprismwasmarkedasAandit
was taken as the edge of the prism for all
theobservations.
7. PrismwithitsrefractingfaceABwasputinthe
line XX’ and point Q1was put in the middle ofAB.
8. Theboundaryoftheprismwasmarked.
9. TwopinsP1andP2werefixedverticallyonthe line
R1Q1and the distance between the pins were about
2cm.
10. TheimagesofpointsP1andP2werelooked
throughfaceAC.
11. Lefteyewasclosedandrighteyewasopened
and was brought in line with the twoimages.
12. TwopinsP3andP4werefixedverticallyat
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye
sees pins P4and P3as images of P2and P1in one
straight line.
13. PinsP1,P2,P3andP4wereremovedandtheir
pricksonthepaperwereencircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with
points Q2,Q3and Q4for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. StraightlinesthroughpointsP4andP3were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2,
S3T3and S4T4.
 16. T1S1,T2S2,T3S3and T4S4were produced inward in
the boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3and R4Q4at points
F1,F2,F3and F4.
17. AnglesK 1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3andK 4F4S4were
measured. These angles give angle of
deviation D1, D2,D3and D4.
18. Valuesoftheseangleswerewrittenonthe
paper.
19. AngleBACwasmeasuredintheboundaryof
theprism.ThisgivesangleA.
20. Observationswererecorded.

OBSERVATIONS:

AngleofhollowprismA=60⁰
S.No. Angleofi Angleof Angleof Angleofd
ncidenc deviatio deviatio eviation
e n n forturpe
forwater forkero ntine oil
sen
eoil
1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰
2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
RESULTS:
➢Theangleofminimumdeviationfor–
Water Dm=23⁰C
KeroseneoilDm=33⁰CTurpe
ntineoilDm=32⁰C

➢Therefractiveindicesofthe-

Water n=1.32
Keroseneoiln=1.46Tur
pentineoiln=1.44

➢Speedoflightin-

Waterv=2.3x108m/
sKeroseneoilv=2.05x108m/
sTurpentineoilv=2.08x108m/s

PRECAUTIONS:
 The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.
 Thepinsshouldbefixedvertical.
 The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
 Arrowheadsshouldbemarkedtorepresent
theincidentandemergentrays.
  The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.

SOURCESOFERRORS:
 Pinpricksmaybethick.
 Measurementofanglesmaybewrong.

BIBLIOGrAPHY
The following sources were used for the
appropriateinformationrequiredtocompletetheproje
ct:

➢Comprehensive:PracticalPhysicsClassXII
➢NCERTtextbookofclassXII
➢Google

CONTENTS
▪ Introduction

▪ Experimentalsetup

▪ Bibliography

CONTENTS

▪ Introduction
▪ Experimentalsetup

▪ Bibliography