MTN 3013: Computer Architecture and Organization

Group Assignment

Lecturer’s Name:
Dr. Mad Helmi bin Ab. Majid
Group 10
No. Name Matric Number
1 Muhammad Zulhelmi Bin Mohd Rasol D20211100287
2 Muhammad Danial Bin Hasim D20211100278
3 Charirn Ton Kwong Kait D20211100260
 No. Content Page

1. Latest Computer Hardware Components 2

2. Operation System in Terms of Capacity, Capability and Performance 5

3. The Impact of Computer Evolution and Functions on IR 4.0 in General 9

and Its Components

1) Latest Computer Hardware Components

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Processor is the driver of the computer. Processor are usually differentiated by
speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz). The higher the GHz, the faster the computer will
run. More CPU cores and higher speeds improve processing throughput and therefore
the perceived speed of the computer.
● Intel Core X-Series Processor :

The Intel Core X-Series is built to scale content creation needs, starting with cores and
going up to 18 for the most extreme performance demands. Along with intel Turbo
Boost Max Technology 3.0 delivering up to 4.8 GHz of performance and up to 24.75 MB
of L3 Cache, the Intel Core X-Series processor features 4 SKUs for a variety of
performance.
● AMD Ryzen 9 5900X
This processor comes with 12 cores, and also has 24 threads thanks to SMT
(Simultaneous Multi Threading), AMD Ryzen 9 5900X also up to 64 MB L3 cache TDP
105W. The Ryzen 5900X is the second-best processor of the Ryzen 5000 series. .
Talking about the frequency, or clock speeds, the 5900X has a base clock of 3.7 GHz
and a boost clock of 4.8 GHz.
2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
The processor uses memory to run programs. Generally, the more RAM you have, the
better your computer will run when using several programs at once. Your computer
should have enough memory to make the most of the processor speed. To use multiple
modern software application effectively, you should have at least 4 gigabytes (GB) of
RAM and preferably 8 GB or above for more memory intense software applications,
such as design, photography or video editing.
● Corsair Vengeance LED

Corsair is one of the most trusted names when it comes to the best RAM on the market.
Its vengeance series, especially has something for everyone with its LED DDR4
offerings. On top of giving pc builders that extra touch of vibrant lighting, this RAM has
robust heat spreaders that maximise cooling for higher overclocking and maximum
performance. Corsair`s Vengeance LED DDR4 series also features CL 16 latency and
whopping 3,466 MHz speeds, so it`s just as fast and responsible as it is aesthetic.
Capacity of this RAM:16 GB kit(2x8GB) with speed 3200 MHz.
● G.Skill Trident Z RGB
This is some of the best RAM not just because it`s fast, but the top of every DIMM
features a full-Spectrum rainbow wave light bar that you can use to match your RGB
lighting. Trident Z RGB DDR4 RAM features CAS latencies between 14 and 19 which is
awesome enough, but with speeds up to 4,266, it`s almost perfect. Capacity of this
RAM: 16 GB (2xGB) with 3200MHz which are same with Corsair Vengeance LED.
● Kingston HyperX Predator

Kingston`s high performance Hyper X has some of the best DDR3 RAM on the market
and the Predator Models is particularly tuned for speed and extreme-performance that`s
further expandable with XMP profiles. The Predator DDR3 series achieves CL9 to CL11
latencies and speeds between 1866MHz to 2666MHz with capacity 8GB amd 16GB.

3. Hard disk
The hard disk stores the data that were created. A typical office computer will have at
least 500Gb of hard disk space. Most new laptops and performance computers comes
with solid states drives (SSD).
● Seagate Barracuda
Seagate Barracuda drives offer a great gigabyte-per-dollar ratio and speed benefits to
top it off. The 2TB model hits a sweet spot by balancing high performance and
affordability. Since this drive combines 7,200rpm platters and high density data,
computers outfitted with this drive will be able to read extraordinary fast. Interface SATA
6Gbps with 64MB cache.
● Toshiba X300

These drives all spin at 7,200 rpm and include 128MB of cache for higher speeds. With
interface SATA 6Gbps and capacity between 4-8TB.
● WD VelociRaptor
Not only does this drive have a whooping 10,00 rpm spin speed, with capacities up to 1
TB the VelociRaptor drives are ready to store large game libraries. And the super-fast
platters will help your games launch and load quickly.

2) Operation System in Terms of Capacity, Performance and Capability

On the market, there are a variety of operating systems (OS) to choose from. Microsoft
Windows is the most popular desktop operating system, with an estimated 83 percent
market share. The second and third places, respectively, are taken by Apple Inc's
MacOS and Linux. The other two most popular OS are Chrome os and Ubuntu.

2.1) Window OS
a. Capacity
Windows OS comes in two forms: 32-bit 32GB and 64-bit 32 GB, and it's available for
both clients and servers.
b. Performance

Windows OS is known to become slower and slower over time. This is because
Windows is resource heavy. In windows, a lot of programs run in the background, and
they eat up the RAM. Not only that, but Windows is also a dumpster and files are
present all over the place. However, Windows is extremely user-friendly, allowing even
non-techies to operate home computers with ease.
c. Capability
With the latest operation system (OS) of Window 10, Microsoft has a few evolutions of
feature. The start menu has undergone drastic visual change and it expands to a full-
screen view. Microsoft has brought the power of voice search assistance to the Desktop
with the name Cortana. Cortana has her own place very next to the start button on the
taskbar and can perform basic tricks as seen in Windows Phone. Microsoft has brought
a cleaner and more powerful web-browser with new features in Windows 10. This OS
makes OneDrive a larger contributor when it comes for syncing data like music and
photos. Microsoft has decided to launch the Xbox app for each kind of device running
on Windows 10. Microsoft has a prominent presence in the gaming market, and it is
looking forward to making PC gaming Network Windows Live more playable.
2.2) Linux
a. Capacity
Linux uses 373 megabytes of RAM. A Linux installation may need between 4GB and
8GB of disk space, and you need at least a bit of space for user files.
b. Performance
Linux has a reputation for being fast and smooth. This is due to a modern desktop
environment and the quality of the operating system. Linux is very lightweight and has
excellent core capabilities like thread scheduling and memory management. Not only
that, but the filing system is also well-organized. Files are grouped together in chunks
that are quite near to one another. As a result, read-write operations are extremely
quick.
c. Capability
Version kernel 5.7 is the latest version of Linux. The new Linux kernel 5.7 defines
development to the ARM architecture (64-bit). It contains extension support for in-kernel
pointer authentication and ARM Activity Monitors. It also contains DC (Display Core)
patches for AMDGPU Linux driver, it deals with the latest HDR, and OLED displays.
Now, it permits to manage backlight brightness with a channel, i.e., DisplayPort AUX,
and includes PSR (Panel Self Refresh) functionality with DC patches. Linux includes
new aspects and upgrades performance for delivering even faster and better I/O. Linux
using exFAT Filesystem Driver which is the new driver permits us to access the
encrypted data of disk from Windows.
2.3) Apple Inc's Mac Os
a. Capacity
Mac uses the decimal system (base 10) to report storage capacity, for example, 1GB is
equal to one billion bytes. A base install of Mac needs at least 2.86 GB ram at boot.
b. Performance
Macs are known for their user-friendliness and approachability. While your iPad/iPhone
and MacBook work in somewhat different ways, they are very similar, so you should
have no hard time adjusting to the computer. Macs are also famous for their retina
displays, which appeal to graphic designers, artists, and anybody else demanding
stunning visuals. Macs are often thought to have more artistic designs than window os.
Not only that, Mac also provides customized service that can identify and fix errors
faster and more accurately.
c. Capability
Shortcuts arrive on the Mac to help users automate everyday tasks and achieve peak
productivity. Just like on iPhone and iPad, Shortcuts on Mac lets users quickly
accomplish tasks with the apps they use the most. Quick Note is a new way for users to
jot down notes on any app or website systemwide, making it easy to capture thoughts
and ideas wherever inspiration strikes. Users can also add links from an app to their
Quick Note to create context. Focus set on one device, it automatically sets across their
other devices and can be customized based on their current activity whether they are
preparing for a presentation or wrapping up an assignment for school . With spatial
audio, voices in a FaceTime call sound like they are coming from where the person is
positioned on the screen, while Voice Isolation ensures the user’s voice is clear and
uses machine learning to eliminate background noise, SharePlay is a powerful set of
system features that enables users to collaborating in apps through screen sharing, and
more. With an API built for easy adoption, third-party developers can bring their own
apps right into FaceTime.
2.4) Chrome Os
a. Capacity
Chrome OS id Disk space wise, the installer for 64-bit version of Chromium OS is 116
MB in size and it takes around 7 GB after installation.
b. Performance
Chrome OS lightweight in resource. This is because the OS centers around the Chrome
app and web-based processes. You don't have to worry about so many of the Window's
junk filling up your disc space if you use Chrome OS. For the same reason, Chrome OS
is faster than Windows and macOS as Chrome OS isn't affected by a dozen processes
running in the background.
c. Capability
Chrome systems provide easy setup. Initial settings are almost not so much, you can
use Chromebook immediately after buying it. A typical PC requires a tedious initial
setup, but a Chromebook requires almost no initial setup. The essential operation is
effortless and easy to understand, and it is easy to use even for people who are not
familiar with personal computers. It also updates automatically, so you can use it much
more comfortably without doing anything special. The Chromebook will turn on almost
instantly when you press the power button and boot within 10 seconds. While running,
there is hardly any lag time when it comes to opening and closing programs. With a
Chromebook, you can expect a battery life of between 9 and 13 hours with one full
charge compared to a Windows laptop with a 5-8 hour battery expectation. This is
considerably longer than a typical Windows laptop would last without its charger.
Chrome OS also provides data in the Cloud and security support by Google. Devices for
this system like Chromebooks are inexpensive and lower maintenance costs compared
to other devices.
2.5) Ubuntu
a. Capacity
A minimum of 2 GB of disk space is required for a full Ubuntu installation, however, you
might need more space to store any other files.
 b. Performance
Ubuntu is available for both personal and professional use at no cost. Not only that,
setting up on Ubuntu is simple, especially for testing purposes. The majority of the time,
this Operating System allows users to skip the hassle of installing drivers. Users do not
need to restart their machines when the Ubuntu Operating System has to be updated
because the updates can easily run in the background. As a result, Ubuntu is a popular
choice for services like Server.
c. Capability
Ubuntu operating system had features Smart Scope. It provided a powerful search tool
with one hundred sources including Local disks, UbuntuOne cloud, Amazon, Wikipedia,
UbuntuOne Music Store, Youtube, social networking sites, and much more. It also
included in the new kernel AMD DPM support, low latency network polling, KVM/Xen
(for 64-bit ARM) support, better AMD Radeon support, and much more. These CPU
cycles for potentially reduced swap I/O. This trade-off can also result in a significant
performance improvement if reads from the compressed cache are faster than reads
from a swap device. This system is good at server connection with Nautilus. Nautilus is
the ability to hit Ctl-L and enter the address of an SMB share on a network. It has a
more secure connection and is more stable. The default Ubuntu does not require high-
end system requirements unlike the latest versions of Windows and macOS . The OS
can be installed on numerous devices, including Windows computers and Mac
computers. It also works on network servers, and IoT devices and robots, as well as in
emulated or virtualized computer environments via a virtual machine or containers.

3) The Impact of Computer Evolution and Functions on IR 4.0 in General and

Its Components.
From the late 1950s through the 1960s, computers were seen as a way to more
efficiently do calculations. Over the years, computers have been facing a revolution
from Mainframe to PC and right now we have Post-PC. Due to these significant
changes align with the revolution of industry, many companies are increasingly
investing in tools and solutions that allow their processes, machines, employees, and
even the products themselves, to be integrated into a single integrated network for data
collection, data analysis, the evaluation of company development, and performance
improvement. Put simple, you cannot say that Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) can
stand without the Information & Communication Technology we have now.1`
There are 4 main components of IR 4.0 which are cyber-physical system, the
internet of things (IoT), the internet of services and smart factory.

I. Cyber-physical system (CPS)

 The key element in the implementation of the concepts of Industry 4.0 is the idea
of cyber-physical systems (CPS). The term "cyber-physical systems" was coined by
Helen Gill at the National Science Foundation in the United States.
Cyber-physical systems are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks
of physical and computational components. The publication highlights that these highly
interconnected and integrated systems provide new functionalities to improve quality of
life and enable technological advances in critical areas, such as personalized health
care, emergency response, traffic flow management, smart manufacturing, defense and
homeland security, and energy supply and use. Thus, CPS has great potential to enable
innovative applications and impact multiple economic sectors in the worldwide
economy.
Cyber-physical systems are systems with embedded software (as part of devices,
buildings, means of transport, transport routes, production systems, medical processes,
logistic processes, coordination processes, and management processes). Cyber-
physical systems:
● Directly record physical data using sensors and affect physical processes using
actuators.
● Evaluate and save recorded data and actively or reactively interact both with the
physical and digital world.
● Relate to one another and in global networks via digital communication facilities
● Use globally available data and services.
● Have a series of dedicated, multimodal human-machine interfaces
● The result is a wealth of far-reaching solutions and applications for all areas of
our everyday life.

II. Internet of thing (IoT)

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
A thing on the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a
farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert
the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be
assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.
 Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate
more efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service,
improve decision-making and increase the value of the business.
So how does this IoT work? An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart
devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication
hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments. IoT
devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other
edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them
up, give them instructions or access the data. IoT can also make use of artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data collecting processes easier
and more dynamic.

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from
consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT
applications span numerous verticals, including automotive, telecom and energy.
In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart
thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices
can be controlled remotely via computers and smartphones.
Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending
messages to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives
easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for
example, improving first responders' response times during emergencies by providing
optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital
signs at life-threatening sites.
In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more
closely using an analysis of the data that's generated. Hospitals often use IoT systems
to complete tasks such as inventory management for both pharmaceuticals and medical
instruments. Smart buildings can, for instance, reduce energy costs using sensors that
detect how many occupants are in a room. The temperature can adjust automatically --
for example, turning the air conditioner on if sensors detect a conference room is full or
turning the heat down if everyone in the office has gone home.
In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light,
temperature, humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is
also instrumental in automating irrigation systems.

III. Internet of Services

Internet services act as important components in the automotive industry.

Activities are triggered through data transfers in information technology to make daily
mobility safer, easier and pleasant. The Internet of Services (IoS) acts as “service
vendors” to provide services through the internet according to the types of digitalization
services. These services are available and on demand around business models,
partners and any setup for services. The suppliers provide and aggregate the services
into additional value services as communication among consumers can be received and
accessed by them through various channels(Buxmann, Hess, & Ruggaber, 2009).

IV. Smart Factory

A Smart Factory is a concept deriving from IIoT that envisages a production

environment as a fully automatized and intelligent network of systems that enables
facilities, machines and logistics chains within the manufacturing plant to be managed
without human intervention. Moreover, a smart factory is a place where all these things
happen thanks to the exchange of data not only between production tools and
machines, but also between all elements in the production technology chain. This in turn
fuels machine learning so that operations can be carried out more efficiently and bring
more savings than would ever be possible if the production processes remained solely
under human supervision.
The impact of smart factories on enterprises:

a. Production processes monitoring

Whether it’s entirely manual or fully automated, every manufacturing process

must be monitored in order to be controlled, effective and safe. Therefore, the efforts of
the IoT projects in this industry sector must concentrate on tracking the operations at all
levels and gathering relevant data from machines or assets that would be otherwise
only isolated pieces of gear with no ability to coordinate and control their own workflow.
But what the communication and interaction between the production tools brings
to the process is more than just enhanced supervision and monitoring capabilities.
Based on the smart factory production strategies, improvements can be introduced in
real time, quickly leading to production cycle optimization. Moreover, the more
automated and controllable a process is, the less it is prone to human errors, which not
only increases productivity through reducing downtime or maintenance costs, but also
improves final product quality.

b. Full visibility of assets

Smart factory solutions can also be helpful in factory floor logistics. Thanks to
wireless sensor networks connecting the machines, tooling, materials or any production
surfaces, like conveyor belts, all the assets involved in the manufacturing processes can
be traced in real time, granting their full visibility to the operators throughout the whole
production chain. On this basis, asset usage and intra-factory logistics can be optimized
to maximum capacity. Decision-making can also be improved thanks to the knowledge
gathered about each of the assets’ potential.

c. Data collection and analysis

Gathering and analyzing data is a crucial notion in the concept of Factory 4.0, as
it enables us to unleash the potential hidden in the equipment, resources and people.
In the smart factory, data can reach the right place in the production chain at the
right time without the need of mediation on the part of a human supervisor. This enables
a more immediate model of interaction, wherein machines and tools freely share
information between them to reach higher degrees of efficiency.
But to achieve this, data from different production contexts needs not only to be
collected, but also integrated and analyzed to bring meaningful insights. A factory 4.0
powerful data analytics environment is capable of doing this, which eventually may lead
to developing a full-fledged preventive maintenance mechanism that will keep the
processes up and running despite the defects related to tear and wear resulting from
regular equipment exploitation and operation. Also, data processing can help in creating
strategies for lowering the consumption of materials and energy as well as optimizing
asset utilization.

d. Production flexibility

Customization in the area of production is undoubtedly one of the ways in which

the industry is heading nowadays. Growing consumer demands are spurring the trend
in the manufacturing sector towards more flexibility in production.
The steps to introduce production flexibility, such as the use of new materials or
new manufacturing techniques, should be made easier with the expertise and
knowledge taken from the big data gathered in the process of manufacturing workflow
monitoring. Thanks to this, smart production plants can reach new levels of adaptability
and cater to the changing needs of the customer market.
Also, thanks to minimizing the downtime that it takes for the equipment to be
retooled and reconfigured, manufacturers are able to maintain their production process
efficiency while becoming more flexible and ready for new market challenges.
References
I. Computer hardware components and specifications | nibusinessinfo.co.uk
https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/computer-hardware-
components-and-specifications
II. View Latest Generation Core Processors-Intel
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/processors/
core.html
III. Best hard drives 2021:the top HDD for desktops and laptops-TechRadar
https://www.techradar.com/sg/news/10-best-internal-desktop-and-laptop-
hard-disk-drives-2016
IV. Best RAM 2021:the top memory for your pc-TechRadar
https://www.techradar.com/sg/news/best-ram
 V. What is the smart factory? The impact of factory 4.0 on manufacturing?
https://www.avsystem.com/blog/smart-factory/
VI. Cyber-physical system : The Core of IR 4.0
https://blog.isa.org/cyber-physical-systems-the-core-of-industry-4.0
VII. What is IoT and How Does It Work?
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-
IoT
VIII. Five Common Operating Systems
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-common-operating-systems-
28217.html