BODY SYSTEMS:

PROCREATION
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES

• Know the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive
systems
• Understand the relationship between the ovarian cycle and the uterine
cycle in females.
• Know the different types of birth control methods (Controlling unwanted
pregnancy vs. Effective in preventing STDs)
• Know the STDs caused by viruses and by bacteria.
• Know how to avoid STDs.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The Genital Organs OVERVIEW
✓ Testes (Gonad)
✓ Penis

The Genital Tract

✓ Seminiferous tubules (Inside Testes)
✓ Epididymis
✓ Vas deferens
✓ Ejaculatory ducts
✓ Urethra

Glands (where semen is produced)

✓ Seminal vesicles
✓ Prostate gland
✓ Bulbourethral glands
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CELL AND HORMONE

• Male Gonads, the Testes

• Produce SPERM CELLS and HORMONES
(TESTOSTERONE).
• SCROTUM helps regulate temperature of
the testes.
• INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE IS TOO HIGH for
sperm production, that’s why they are
located outside of the body cavity.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GENITAL TRACT

• Step 1:
SPERMATOGENESIS occurs
in the SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES.
SPERM CELL

THREE (3) PARTS:

1. HEAD
Contains enzymes needed to get into the egg.
2. MIDDLE PIECE
Many mitochondria.
3. TAIL
Flagellum.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GENITAL TRACT

• Genital Tract
• Sperm Cells are produced at
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of Testes.
• Maturation and Storage of of Sperm
Cells at EPIDIDYMIS.
• Maturation involves gaining of motility.
• Sperm Cells pass through VAS DEFERENS
to reach the Glands that contribute to
Semen:
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GENITAL TRACT

• Glands:
• Contribute to SEMEN Formation:
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral glands

• SEMEN is an alkaline fluid that

contains enough nutrients to keep the
Sperm Cells alive and with enough
motility until reach the egg.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
HORMONE CONTROL
• Hypothalamus: Release of GONADOTROPIN
RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH).

• Causes the Anterior Pituitary to release

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH), which…
• FSH targets SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
(Stimulates Sperm Cells Production)

• LH stimulates INTERSTITIAL CELLS Seminiferous Tubules Interstitial Cells

(To produce Testosterone.)
• All are regulated by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.

• TESTOSTERONE is responsible for male

secondary sex characteristics
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
The Internal Genital Organs
✓ Ovaries (Gonad)
✓ Uterus
✓ Cervix
✓ Vagina

The External Genital Organs

✓ Clitoris
✓ Labia Majora
✓ Labia Minora
✓ Vagina

The Genital Tract

✓ Fallopian Tube
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
EXTERNAL ORGANS
F E M A L E I N T E R N A L G E N I TA L S
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 H O R M O N A L R E G U L AT I O N I N F E M A L E S
• Hypothalamus: Release of GONADOTROPIN
RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH).
• Causes the Anterior Pituitary to release
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH), which…
• FSH targets OVARY
(Stimulates ESTROGEN PRODUCTION, INITIAL STAGES
OF MENTRUAL CYCLE)

• LH stimulates OVARY
(Stimulates PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION, LATE
STAGES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE)

• All are regulated by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.

• ESTROGEN is responsible for female

secondary sex characteristics
END OF PART I
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
HORMONAL CYCLE
• FEMALE CYCLES are studied based on an average of 28 DAYS.

• OVARIAN CYCLE, Two (2) Phases: • UTERINE CYCLE, Three (3) Phases:
• FOLLICULAR • MENSTRUATION
• LUTEAL • PROLIFERATIVE
• SECRETORY
O VA R I A N C Y C L E
O VA R I A N C Y C L E
UTERINE CYCLE
O VA R I A N A N D U T E R I N E C Y C L E
O VA R I A N A N D U T E R I N E C Y C L E
O VA R I A N A N D U T E R I N E C Y C L E
 MENSTRUATION
MONTHLY-ISH CYCLE
• Arteries that supply the ENDOMETRIUM
(UTERINE LINING) constrict thereby
weakening the capillaries.

• THE ENDOMETRIUM detaches in random

patches.

• TISSUE, BLOOD, AND MUCUS ARE LOST IN THE

MENSTRUAL FLOW.

• MENSTRUATION LASTS 3 - 10 DAYS.

 MENOPAUSE
STOP OF THE CYCLE
• MENOPAUSE
• Generally occurs between the ages of 45 -
55.
• OVARIES BECOME UNRESPONSIVE TO HORMONE
CONTROL (FSH AND LH).
• At the onset of menopause, the menstrual
cycle becomes irregular.
• Other characteristics include hot flashes,
dizziness, headaches, insomnia and
depression.
• MENOPAUSE IS COMPLETE WHEN MENSTRUATION
HAS NOT OCCURRED FOR ONE YEAR.
END OF PART II
 COMMON CONDITIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DURING TEENAGE / ADOLESCENCE YEARS

VARICOCELE
ENLARGEMENT OF VEINS
 COMMON CONDITIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DURING TEENAGE / ADOLESCENCE YEARS

TESTICULAR TORSION
PAINFUL
 COMMON CONDITIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DURING TEENAGE / ADOLESCENCE YEARS

TESTICULAR CANCER
CHECK THE SURFACE
 COMMON CONDITIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DURING TEENAGE / ADOLESCENCE YEARS

ENDOMETRIOSIS
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
 COMMON CONDITIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DURING TEENAGE / ADOLESCENCE YEARS

POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

(PCOS)
 COMMON CONDITIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DURING TEENAGE / ADOLESCENCE YEARS

HPV VACCINE
TO PREVENT CERVICAL CANCER
BIRTH CONTROL
S E X U A L LY T R A N S M I T T E D
DISEASES
VASECTOMY
CUTTING THE VAS
 TUBAL LIGATION
TYING UP THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
ORAL CONTRACEPTION
DAILY
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
MONTHLY
SUBDERMAL IMPLANT
3-5 YEARS
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
3, 5 OR 10 YEARS
 DIAPHRAGM
MUST BE USED WITH SPERMICIDE
 MALE CONDOM
ACCESIBLE AND CHEAP
 FEMALE CONDOM
LESS ACCESIBLE AND CHEAP
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS)
TWO TYPES
Sexually Transmitted Diseases can be cause by different types of pathogens. We will
study the following:

➢ STDs caused by Viruses

➢ STDs caused by Bacteria

 VIRUS
MOSTLY PERMANENT

AIDS
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• CAUSED BY HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)
• Transmission
• Sexual Contact. (Vaginal, Anal intercourse or Oral, Genital contact)
• Intravenous drug use.
• Birthing process.
• Breast feeding.
 VIRUS
MOSTLY PERMANENT
• Upon initial infection with HIV, the virus
replicates rapidly.
• HIV quickly spreads through blood and
immune system.
• EARLY SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE FEVER, CHILLS,
ACHES AND SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES, THESE
SYMPTOMS THEN SUBSIDE.
• Antibodies against HIV appear several
weeks after exposure.

⚠ TIME FOR CHECKUP: AFTER 3 MONTHS

OF RISKY BEHAVIOR.
 VIRUS
MOSTLY PERMANENT
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV)
• Two (2) types:
• TYPE 1: COLD SORES AND BLISTERS (ORAL)
• TYPE 2: GENITAL HERPES.
• CROSSOVER INFECTIONS CAN OCCUR.
• Symptoms
• TINGLING, ITCHING OCCUR FIRST
• THEN BLISTERS APPEAR (2 - 20 DAYS LATER)
• FEVER, PAINFUL URINATION, SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES

• ⚠ LATER, THE VIRUS LIES DORMANT

• May be reactivated by environmental factors.
 VIRUS
MOSTLY PERMANENT
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES (HPV)
• CAUSE GENITAL WARTS
• SOME HPV’S CAN CAUSE CERVICAL CANCER.
• TEENAGERS WHO HAVE HAD MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS
ARE PARTICULARLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO HPV INFECTION.
• NO CURE.
• TREATMENTS INCLUDE REMOVAL OF THE WARTS BY
FREEZING, BURNING, ACIDS, OR LASERS.
• A VACCINE IS AVAILABLE, however it offers no
protection to already infected individuals.

⚠♀ ANNUAL PAP SMEAR AFTER ONSET OF

SEXUAL ACTIVITY.
 VIRUS
MOSTLY PERMANENT

HEPATITIS B
• Routine mandatory Hepatitis B Virus
(HBV) vaccine prevents infection.
• About 50% of infected people have
symptoms that include: fever,
headache, nausea, muscle aches,
abdominal pain, jaundice
• Can lead to liver failure.
 BACTERIA
MOSTLY TEMPORARY

CHLAMYDIA
• Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomitis
• MORE NEW CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS DIAGNOSED THAN ANY OTHER STD
• 5 times as many women as men are diagnosed
• MILD LOWER URINARY TRACT SIGNS ARE COMMON: WHITE DISCHARGE, ITCHYNESS, PAINFUL URINATION,
BURNING, MUCUS DISCHARGE
• Can spread to prostate and epididymis in men.
• Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women.
• TREATMENT IS WITH ANTIBIOTICS.
 BACTERIA
MOSTLY TEMPORARY
GONORRHEA
• Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrheoae
• Males: painful urinations, greenish-yellow discharge
• Females: often no symptoms until pelvic inflammatory disease develops
• THE BACTERIA CAN SPREAD TO THE THROAT (VIA ORAL SEX) OR OTHER BODY PARTS THAT MAY BE IN
CONTACT DIRECT OR INDIRECTLY WITH SEXUAL ORGANS
• TREATMENT IS ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
 BACTERIA
MOSTLY TEMPORARY
SYPHILIS
• Caused by the bacterium Treponema
pallidum
• Three stages of disease
• Primary stage: hard sore called a CHANCRE at
the point of infection.
• Secondary stage: Non-itchy Rash, hair loss,
gray patches on mucous membranes
• Tertiary stage: Neurosyphilis. Aneurysms,
psychological disturbances, large ulcers on skin.

• Treatment for syphilis is Penicillin

 PREVENTION OF STDS

Sexual activities transmit STDs

➢ Abstain from sexual intercourse of develop a long-term monogamous sexual
relationship with a partner who is free of STDs
➢ Refrain from multiple sex partners or someone who has multiple sex partners
➢ Remember that the highest rate of increase of AIDS is now occurring among
heterosexuals.
➢ Be aware that having relations with an IV drug user is risky (HIV and Hepatitis B)
➢ Avoid anal-rectal sexual intercourse.
 PREVENTION OF STDS

Unsafe sexual practices transmit STDs

➢ Always use a latex condom during sexual intercourse if you are not
certain that your partern is free of STDs
➢ Avoid fellatio and cunnilingus.
➢ Be cautious about using alcohol or any drug that may prevent you from being
able to control your behavior.
 PREVENTION OF STDS

Drug use transmits Hepatitis and HIV

➢ Stop, if necessary, or do not star the habit of injecting drugs into your veins,
because hepatitis and HIV can be spread by blood to blood contact.
➢ Always use a new, sterile needle for injection of one that has been cleaned in
bleach if you are a drug user and cannot stop your behavior.
END OF PRESENTATION