BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Optimal placement of STATCOM for voltage stability enhancement

in power transmission network: case study of Gibie, Beles to Mekele
transmission line
By

Tamirat Tafese

Advisor
Dr.Dereje Shiferaw

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science in Electrical Engineering (with specialization in Power System Engineering)

July, 2015

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

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Declaration

I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my original work, has not been presented for a
degree in this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the thesis have been
fully acknowledged.

Tamirat Tafese _____________

Name Signature

Date of Submission: ---------------------------

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Dr. Dereje Shiferaw

Thesis advisor Signature

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 Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to acknowledge my greats dept in this work to my Merciful GOD who
made me who I am today.

Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Dereje Shiferaw for his
expert guidance, bright and constrictive comments, suggestions and encouragement throughout
of my study.

I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Miraje Fereja for providing me the necessary
data.

I would like to thank my beloved family for their moral support and encouragement thought my
study.

Finally I would like to say thanking all my friends who conducted an un- forgettable period of
my life specially Architect Alemu Merga.

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 Table of contents

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………i
List of figures ............................................................................................................................ vi

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii

List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................... viii

Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the thesis .......................................................................................................1

1.2 Power System Stability ..........................................................................................................1

1.3 FACTS and Modern Voltage stability control ........................................................................2

1.4 Optimal allocation and sizing of FACTS devices ...................................................................3

1.5 Artificial Intelligent (AI) .......................................................................................................4

1.6 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................4

1.7 Objectives of Study ...............................................................................................................6

1.7.1 General Objective ................................................................................................................... 6

1.7.2 Specific objective .................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Research methodology ..........................................................................................................6

1.9 Expected results ....................................................................................................................7

1.10 Significance of the Study .....................................................................................................7

1.11 Scope and Limitation ...........................................................................................................8

1.12 Thesis Outline .....................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................. 9

THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 9

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2.1 Stability in power system ......................................................................................................9

2.2 Classification of stability .......................................................................................................9

2.3 Introduction to voltage stability ........................................................................................... 10

2.4 Factor affecting Voltage stability ......................................................................................... 11

2.5 Prevention of voltage instability .......................................................................................... 11

2.6 Related research works ........................................................................................................ 12

2.7 Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) .......................................................................... 13

2.8 Generation of FACTS.......................................................................................................... 14

2.9 Types of FACTS controllers ................................................................................................ 14

2.10 Overview of typical FACTS device ................................................................................... 15

2.11 Placement of FACTS controllers in power systems ............................................................ 18

2.12 Comparison of FACTS controllers .................................................................................... 20

2.13 Performance comparison of FACTS .................................................................................. 21

2.14 Related research works ...................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................. 25

PROBLEM FORMULATION AND MODELING........................................................................ 25

3.1 Basic operation of STATCOM ............................................................................................ 25

3.2 Problem formulation............................................................................................................ 27

3.2.1 Objective function ................................................................................................................. 27

3.4 Modeling and Load Flow algorithm including STATCOM .................................................. 29

3.4.1 Modeling of STATCOM .......................................................................................................... 29

3.5 Control function of STATCOM ........................................................................................... 31

3.6 Jacobian Equation with STATCOM .................................................................................... 32

3.7 Algorithm for Load Flow with STATCOM ......................................................................... 32

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3.8 Particle swarm optimization (PSO) ...................................................................................... 33

3.9 Basic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm .................................................................... 34

3.10 PSO algorithm parameters ................................................................................................. 34

3.11 Initialization, stopping criteria, iteration terms and function evaluation of PSO ................. 36

3.11.1 Initialization ........................................................................................................................ 37

3.11.2 Iteration terms and function evaluation .............................................................................. 37
3.12 Steps for particle swarm optimization ................................................................................ 38

3.13 PSO algorithm for optimal location and size of STATCOM .............................................. 40

3.14 Advantage and disadvantage of PSO ................................................................................. 41

CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................................. 42

CASE STUDY AND SIMULATION RESULTS ............................................................................ 42

4.1 Case study ........................................................................................................................... 42

4.2 400 kV network ................................................................................................................... 43

4.3 230 kV network ................................................................................................................... 43

4.4 Simulation result and discussion .......................................................................................... 45

Case 1: simulation of basecase (without STATCM) ................................................................................ 45

Case 2: when STATCOM is inserted ......................................................................................... 47

4.5 Optimal location and size of STATCOM ............................................................................. 47

4.5.1 Implementation of PSO algorithm ......................................................................................... 47

4.5.2 Fitness function definition ..................................................................................................... 48
4.5.3 Particle definition .................................................................................................................. 48
4.5.4 Search space definition ......................................................................................................... 48
4.5.5 PSO Parameter ...................................................................................................................... 49
Case 3: STATCOM for different load condition ........................................................................ 54

CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...60
CONCLUSION AND REOMMANDATION……………………………………………………………………………….60

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5.1 conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 60

5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 61

Reference ................................................................................................................................. 62

Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 66

Appendix A Transmission line data (the EEPCO grid system transmission line data, Gibie, Beles
to Mekele transmission data) ..................................................................................................... 66

Appendix B Load data............................................................................................................... 68

Appendix C Load data (+50% of normal load) .......................................................................... 69

Appendix D Load data (-50% of normal load) ........................................................................... 70

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 List of figures
Figure 1.1:FACTS Technology ...................................................................................................3

Figure 1.2: sub systems in Ethiopian power system network for restoration purpose....................5

Figure 2.1: stability classifications ............................................................................................ 10

Figure 2.2: shunt controller’s comparison .................................................................................. 15

Figure 3.1: basic model of a STATCOM ................................................................................... 25

Figure 3.2: steady state model of STATCOM ............................................................................ 30

Figure 3.3: bird flocking and fish schooling .............................................................................. 33

Figure 3.4: PSO algorithm flow chart ........................................................................................ 40

Figure 4.1: Exixsting 400KV and 230KV Network ................................................................... 44

Figure 4.2: Gibie, Beles to Mekele transmission network Diagram ............................................ 45

Figure 4.3: Voltage magnitudes at normal load .......................................................................... 47

Figure 4.4: comparison of bus voltage with and without STATCOM ......................................... 53

Figure 4.5: result of voltage magnitude with and without STATCOM at +50% of normal load.. 56

Figure 4.6: result of voltage magnitude at -50% of normal load with and without STATCOM .. 59

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 List of Tables

Table 2.1: methods/techniques for placements of FACTS controllers in multi-machine power...20

Table 2.2: classification of FACTS according to their connection and functions ........................ 20

Table 2.3: cost comparison of FACTS ....................................................................................... 21

Table 4.1: total circuit length (Km) ........................................................................................... 42

Table 4.2: result of voltage magnitude at base case (normal load) .............................................. 46

Table 4.3: optimal PSO parameters ........................................................................................... 49

Table 4.4: result of PSO algorithm for selecting candidate location ........................................... 49

Table 4.5: number of STATCOM used in a system ................................................................... 50

Table 4.6: result of PSO algorithm, STATCOM size for candidate bus ...................................... 51

Table 4.7: optimal STATCOM location and its rating ............................................................... 52

Table 4.8: result of voltage magnitude with and without STATCOM ........................................ 52

Table 4.9: result of voltage magnitude without STATCOM at +50% of normal load ................. 54

Table 4.10: result of voltage magnitude at +50% of normal load with STATCOM .................... 55

Table 4.11: result of voltage magnitude at -50% of normal loads without STATCOM ............... 57

Table 4.12: result of voltage magnitude at -50% of normal load with STATCOM .................... .58

Table 4.13: the voltage deviation and the percent improvement due to the incorporation of
STATCOM under diffirent condition ....................................................................................... .59

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 List of Acronyms

FACTS - Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System

STATCOM - Static synchronous compensator

TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

PSO - Particle Swarm Optimization

TTC - Total Transfer Capability

ICS - Interconnected system

TCPS - Thyristor Controller Phase Shifter

SVC - Static VAR Compensator

TCR - Thyristor Controller reactor

UPFC - Unified power Flow Controller

SSSC - Static Synchronous Series Compensator

VSC - Voltage source convertor

AC - Alternative Current

EEu - Ethiopian Electric utility

AI - Artificial intelligence

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

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 Abstract
The major concern of power utilities is to maintain, in all situations, the supply of electrical
power to all its customers without any failure. However, due to recent phenomenon such as
demand power increase, insufficient power generation and other economic and environmental
factors, most power system utilities operate with their equipments very close to their limits. With
this situation, occurrences such as voltage instability and voltage collapse become likely to
occur. Ethiopian Electric utility (EEu) as the sole power generator and operator of transmission
and distribution systems in Ethiopia is currently facing voltage instability and voltage collapse to
a great extent. A STATCOM is a shunt connected Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
device which is capable of regulating the voltage level through the generation or absorption of
reactive power, is an important tool in order to prevent the occurrence of voltage instability and
voltage collapse. However, the problem of selecting the appropriate size and location of
STATCOM for a power system is not an easy task.
Hence this thesis deals with a stochastic approach to the problem of determining the location
and size of STATCOM to enhance voltage stability margin to a specified level and avoid voltage
instability in the Ethiopian power grid. The problem has been formulated as a binary
optimization problem and Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been used to solve it. After the
location and size of STATCOM is determined using PSO, Newton Raphson method of power
flow analysis has been utilized to compare the performance improvement obtained by the
application of STATCOM. Case studies are carried out on 19-bus part of EEu (run from Gibie-
Beles to Mekele Transmission network).Simulation results show the effectiveness and capability
of STATCOM in improving voltage regulation in transmission system.
The bus voltage to which STATCOM connected is improved to 1.0 p.u and all other voltages
kept between their limit. The cumulative voltage deviation also improved to 35.45% at base case,
62.92% at +50% of normal load and 70.52% at -50% of normal load.

Keywords: Voltage stability, Voltage collapse, optimal allocation, Particle swarm Optimization,
FACTS, Synchronous compensator (STATCOM).

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the thesis
The present day interconnected power system comprises of a large number of generators being
connected through high voltage large transmission network supplying power to loads through low
voltage distribution. Day by day, the electric power demand on the utilities is increasing due to
the rapid urbanization and over growing population. Today’s power system is thus much more
loaded than before and operating near their stability limits[1]. In other hand expansion in
transmission and generation is restricted with the limited availability of resources and the
environmental conditions [2]. This condition exposed the system to power system instability
which becomes a severe problem with the growth in the interconnection of the networks.

1.2 Power System Stability

Power system stability has been recognized as a vital and important issue for a reliable and secure
interconnected power system operation as far back as the 1920s[3]. The importance of stability
problem associated with power system operation arises from increasing power exchange between
the constituent parts of a large interconnected power system. Power system is a highly nonlinear,
non-stationary that operates in a constantly changing environment; generator outputs, topology,
loads and key operating parameters change continually. Hence it is easily exposed to disturbances
and faults. There is a number of highly publicized blackouts happened in the early years [4]. The
blackouts illustrate the necessity of assessing the stability of large power systems and maintaining
an adequate level of system security to minimize the risk of major blackouts resulting from
cascading outages emanating from a single disturbance. The main requirement of system stability
is to keep the synchronous operation of power system with adequate capacity and fast reaction to
meet the fluctuations in electric demand and changes in system topology.

Power system stability can be classified as: rotor angle stability, frequency stability and voltage
stability [5]. Among this voltage stability analysis is more and more important due to the
following reasons;

o Generation centralized in fewer, large power plants:

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  Fewer voltage controlled buses
 Longer electrical distances between generation and load
o Extensive use of shunt capacitor compensation
o Voltage instability caused by line and generator outages (Occurrences of contingences )
o Many incidents throughout the world
o Operation of the system closer to its limits

1.3 FACTS and Modern Voltage stability control

Reactive power compensation is an effective method to improve voltage stability of power
systems. Due to the effect of role of the power system components and controller, it is important
to determine voltage stability in case of occurrence of disturbance and static/dynamic voltage
instability, which is a complex power system. Hence the need to achieve a suitable and realistic
principle for static voltage stability is still an important task in the field of voltage stability
problems is stressed.

The rapid improvement and utilization of FACTS in the power transmission system has led to
many applications to improve static/dynamic voltage and angle stability of the system. Due to the
effects of reactive power on voltage reduction and voltage instability, the FACTS device can be
effectively used for decreasing the effects of reactive load and increasing the reactive power.

Proper utilizations of FACTS benefit the following [6]:

 It can control power so that it flows on the desired route.

 Enhance the voltage regulation of the long transmission line.
 Improve controllability and system security.
 Reduce transmission losses
 It enhances the loading capacity of transmission lines.
 It improves the productivity of the generation

The FACTS devices includes; static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static var
compensator (SVC), Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC) and unified power flow control (UPFC). All FACTS controllers have their
own features and limitations and therefore, the time frame involved represent by different
mathematical models depending on the one considered. The FACTS devices can be divided in to

2
three categories based on the connection; series connected, shunt connected and combination of
series and shunt connected controllers. Static var compensator (SVC) and static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM) are shunted connected controllers used primarily in voltage profile
improvement. However, STATCOM has high flexibility, better performance, and fast response
and provide supply even at low voltage. In contrast, it is more expensive when compared with
static var compensator (SVC) [7].

Power Generation Power Flow Control Inter-area Control

System Reliability Inter-tie Reliability
S/S Inter-connected
ITC/RTO System

UPFC HVDC / BTB

Wind Farm
Interconnections Voltage Control Improved
BTB DC Power System Stability Power Quality

S/S
SVC / Load
Load STATCOM / SVC STATCOM / SVC
STATCOM
Voltage
Enhanced Increased
Support
Import Capability Transmission Capacity

Load
Inter-connected
S/S
Power System
HVDC / BTB FSC / TCSC

Figure 1.1 FACTS Technology

1.4 Optimal allocation and sizing of FACTS devices

Having made the decision to install a FACTS device in the system, there are main issues that
must be addressed: what type of device should be used, how much capacity should it have, and
where in the system should it be placed. Assuming that the cost of a particular device is a
function of its capacity, it would not be desirable to install a device that is overall larger for its
intended purpose. For example, if the capacity of a series connected FACTS device is larger than
the rating of the transmission line in which it will be installed would not be economic since the
line limit would prohibit the device from being used to its full potential. Likewise, if the device is

3
too small and it cannot handle as much power flow as the transmission line and therefore fail to
produce optimum performance.

Like the discussion of where to place the FACTS devices, the choice of which type of FACTS
devices will have the highest impact in the desired effect. For instance, a type A FACTS device
should be considered when reactive power control or voltage support is necessary. Type B
FACTS devices may not perform well in lines with high reactive power flow. Also, the
performance and fast response of the FACTS devices will have a considerable effect on which
FACTS device is chosen.

1.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence which is a recent heuristic optimization techniques yet have become a
popular choice for solving complex and intricate problems which are otherwise difficult to solve
by traditional methods. From the recent literatures [8] it is understood that these algorithms are
the only practical solution to obtain global optimal for real world problems which are non linear,
non differentiable, continuous and real valued. There are above 18 types of Artificial intelligent
of all of these algorithms the most power full ones are Genetic algorithm (GA), Differential
evaluation (DE), Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Simulated annealing (SA).

1.6 Statement of the problem

The Ethiopian Electric utility (EEu) is engaged in power generation, transmission, distribution
and sale of electricity. EEu operates through two different power supply systems, namely, the
Inter- Connected System (ICS) and Self - Contained System (SCS). The interconnected system of
EEu consists of large interconnected power systems with dispersed and geographically isolated
generators and load For ease of management and speedy restoration after blackout, Ethiopian
power network is considered to have been divided in to four different sub networks, north – West
(total generation capacity =543.4MW), north (total generation capacity = 420MW), south – west
(total generation capacity = 600MW), west (total generation capacity = 229MW), central (total
generation capacity = 311.2MW).

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Figure 1.2 sub systems in Ethiopian power system network for restoration purpose

Southwest and north west of EEu system is an important area of the ICS. It is this area that takes
huge share of EEu’s power generation and act as a backup plan in case there is a blackout or
service disruption. Currently EEu used shunt capacitor and reactor for reactive compensation [9],
however it has some drawbacks like slow operation and poor voltage regulation beyond a certain
level of compensation; a stable operating point is unattainable. Furthermore, the reactive power
delivered by the shunt capacitor is proportional to the square of the terminal voltage; during low
voltage conditions Var support drops, thus compounding the problem.

In other hand Ethiopian electric supply industry is undergoing fast development. In recent years,
the load demand has been increasing at a very high growth rate, so the stability and reliability
must be increased.

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According to the blackout reports collected from national grid of control center, many blackout
events have been registered in Ethiopia, examples September 16, 2014, march 15,
2015,January15, 2015(Grid Disturbance /Incidence Analysis Report).

This thesis therefore, aim at taking advantage of using smart approach of FACTS, that is new
technology fast acting devices to improve the network performance and delivers adequate power
to the load ends.

Among the FACTS family static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is shunt connected
controller that is mature in technique, fast response and high performance among the shunt
FACTS device to provide voltage support to the system by injecting or absorbing reactive to/from
the system. While using STATCOM in improving Voltage stability, power system will have
some problems concerning location, rating of the device, control signal and etc.

This thesis work, thus aims to increase the power stability and improve Power voltage stability by
finding proper STATCOM location and rating in Ethiopian transmission networks.

1.7 Objectives of Study

1.7.1 General Objective

The main objectives of the study are to optimally place the STATCOM, in a considered
transmission network with the optimal size in the view of voltage stability improvement.

1.7.2 Specific objective

 To Integrate STATCOM in Ethiopian high voltage transmission line for improving

voltage profile
 To compare the performance of compensated and uncompensated network
 To verify the voltage stability improvement characteristics of STATCOM in Ethiopian
Transmission system
 To assess voltage deviation minimizing behavior of STATCOM

1.8 Research methodology

The methodologies of this thesis include:

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• Literature review: A number of published ideas about Voltage stability, FACTS controllers,
location and rating of FACTS devices in books, papers, articles, Transactions, journals, note
lectures, materials have been reviewed.

• Data collection: Data has been collected from Ethiopian Electric utility concerned offices
regarding the following Ethiopian Electric Power System components: transmission lines,
generators, loads and transformers in accordance to their parameters and ratings.

• Modeling: The aforementioned collected data have been analyzed and organized to make
suitable for modeling and power flow analysis. Here, the transmission lines impedance and
transformer impedance data have been converted to per-unit system using a base value for the
entire system to make fit with software input format.

• Power flow analysis: Using matlab programming power flow analysis has been carried out for
the modeled network.

1.9 Expected results

This study has been found how to improve voltage stability in a transmission system network by
compensating reactive power by using FACTS device namely STATCOM. The expected results
are shown in the followings:

 Examination of existing transmission line network capabilities.

 Desirable locations and sizes of STATCOM.
 Expected voltage profile improvement.

1.10 Significance of the Study

This research has a very great significance in contributing to the quest for best method of
transmission network voltage security. Moreover, the output of the research has contributions in
the following ways:

 It helps to improve voltage profile of transmission networks which is one important

quality measure for a power system
 It also helps to improve system capacity and hence permits additional loads to be added
without overloading the system
 Minimize the load curtailment

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1.11 Scope and Limitation
Scope and limitation of this study are as follows:

 Consider only the southwest and North West transmission system.

 Only one FACT device (STATCOM) is considered.
 Limited by computer simulation only.
 MATLAB software is used to simulate the transmission Interconnection line system.

1.12 Thesis Outline

This thesis consists of five chapters which are introduction, literature review, problem
formulation and modeling, case study, result and discussion of the result and conclusion and
recommendations.

In Chapter 2, theory and literature review that have been done related to this Paper will be
discussed. This chapter also introduces the various types of FACTS devices and their categories
and benefits of incorporating these FACTS devices. It will further discuss the concept of series
compensation and shunt compensation besides the potential applications of FACTS devices in
power system and FACTS allocation techniques in transmission network.

In Chapter 3, in this chapter, basic operation of the STATCOM, the steady-state modeling of
STATCOM and PSO will be investigated.

In Chapter 4, Case study, the results and discussions of the result of the thesis will be presented.
The comparison of power flow analysis with and without using FACTS devices will explain in
details here. The most optimal installation location and MVAR rating of STATCOM will be
revealed here as well.

In Chapter 5, the conclusion of the thesis and recommendations for future research are
presented. This chapter concludes that the deployment of STATCOM devices is indeed viable to
improve the overall voltage profile of power system.

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 CHAPTER TWO

THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter the basic idea of power system stability, classification of stability and cause and
prevention voltage stability is highlighted. The general concept of FACTS device, function, type,
performance and ways of optimal placement will be reviewed

2.1 Stability in power system

Power system stability is considered to be the main problem since 1920’s, which is defined as the
ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of
operating equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance, with all system bounded so that the
system integrity is preserved. Stability is also a condition of equilibrium between opposing
forces, in other hand instability results when disturbance leads to a sustained imbalance between
opposing forces [10].

2.2 Classification of stability

Power system stability is essentially a single problem. However, the various forms of instabilities
that a power system may undergo cannot be properly understood and effectively dealt with by
treating it as such. Because of high dimensionality and complexity of stability problems, it helps
to simplify assumptions to analyze specific types of problems using an appropriate degree of
details of system representation and appropriate analytical techniques. Classification, therefore, is
essential for meaningful practical analysis and resolution of power system stability problems.
Analysis of stability problems, identification of essential factors that contribute to instability, and
formation of methods of improving stable operation are greatly facilitated by the classification of
stability into various appropriate categories .The classification are based on the following
considerations[10].

 The physical nature of the resulting instability;

 The size of the disturbance considered;
 The devices, processes, and time span that must be considered to determine the stability
 The most appropriate method of calculation and prediction of stability margin

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 Figure 2.1 stability classifications

According to the IEEE/ CIGRE joint task force classification, power system stability is classified
to the following categories [11].

Rotor angle stability: Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines
of power system to remain in synchronism.

Frequency stability: It refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency
following a severe disturbance between generation and load.

Voltage stability: It is the ability of the system to maintain steady state voltages at all the system
buses when subjected to a disturbance

2.3 Introduction to voltage stability

A power system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance (i.e., an increase of load
demand), or change in system (e.g. large generating unit out of the service) causes a progressive
and uncontrollable voltage drop. This is mainly due to the inability of power system to meet the

10
reactive power demand and consequently, the voltage stability can be attained by an effective
voltage – reactive power control. This control should satisfy the following objectives;

 Maintain the voltage at all buses within acceptable limits;

 Reactive power management in efficient way, in order to reduce active and reactive power
losses in lines, hence maximizing active power transmission capabilities.

Although during normal operating conditions the voltage – reactive power control ensures
voltage stability, when the system is heavily loaded the voltage instability problem can arise. This
mainly due to the reactive power generation limits within the power system.

2.4 Factor affecting Voltage stability

The main reason for voltage instability is the lack of sufficient reactive power in a system.
Generator reactive power limits and reactive power requirements in transmission lines are the
main causes of insufficient reactive power [12, 13].

Some of the principal causes for the occurrence of voltage instability are the following:
 Difference in transmission of reactive power under heavy loads
 High reactive power consumption at heavy loads
 Occurrences of contingences
 Voltage sources are too far from load centers
 Due to unsuitable locations of FACTS controllers
 Poor coordination between multiple FACTS controllers
 Presence of constant power loads
 Reverse operation of on-line tap- changer (OLTC)

2.5 Prevention of voltage instability

Voltage instability is the main reason of blackout which is occurring more frequently nowadays.
The common form of voltage instability is the decline in the bus voltage. Because of voltage
instability, the loss in the system is increased, the performances of the system are affected and
also system became insecure. To keep the system health and work properly the voltage instability
problem must be controlled [10, 13, 14, 15]. Some methods for prevention of voltage
instability’s are:

11
  control of network voltage and generative reactive output
 coordination of protections/controls
 under voltage load shedding
 controls of transformer taps changer
 FACTS

2.6 Related research works

F.A .Althowibi and et al [16] Introduced an approach of studying voltage stability in power
systems at which voltage stability in transmission lines and system buses are carefully analyzed
based on their V-Q and V-P relationships. Four indices are proposed in the methodology: two for
voltage stability analysis at system buses designated as VPI bus and VQIbus studying the dynamics
of loads and generators while the other two indices are, VQI line for line voltage stability analysis
studying transmission lines stress and outages. Voltage stability is predicted by the proposed
indices for the system as a whole and for every bus and line. The proposed approach was
demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus systems and compared with existing methods to
show its effectiveness and efficiency.
The results showed that VPIbus and VQIbus generate indications of voltage stability for each power
system bus while VPIline and VQIline produce voltage stability indications at each individual line
at a different load scenario. But the accuracy of the proposed indices for conducting voltage
stability analysis and estimation of voltage collapse are not very unique when compare to other
alternative methods, however it is superior to their simplicity, accuracy, speed calculations and
direct VP and VQ associations indicate a power fool tool to conduct a static voltage stability
analysis and predict precisely the point of voltage collapse.

A.Abu-Siada and Chatura Karunar [17] investigated various options to increase the power
transfer to the Easter Gold fields (EFG) area of the Western power network in Australia. Options
considered include the use of TSVC, use of STATCOM, using series compensation and
upgrading the transmission line. The results show that both STATCOM and TSVC can increase
the transmission line power transfer capability, however STATCOM has better dynamic
performance and can help in recovering system voltage faster than TSVC. It also revealed that the

12
cost of TSVC is less than STATCOM; STATCOM option however remains preferable option due
to its better performance during disturbance events.
A. Subramanian and et al [12] dealt with the problem of reactive power reserve management,
voltage collapse point enhancement and loss reduction.
Additional reactive power injected by the optimally placed FACT device (SVC) in the load bus
reduced reactive power generation of generators and decreased the losses. the reduced reactive
power generation of generators increased the reactive power reserve management and enhanced
the voltage collapse point as a simulation test on the IEEE30 and 57 bus systems under Newton
Raphson(NR) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) methods.
The real and reactive losses are reduced and voltage in the buses and power factor is maintained
within limit under generator outage, contingency condition.

2.7 Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS)

In the past three decades (prior to 2009), power system stabilizers (PSSs) have been extensively
used to increase the system damping for low frequency oscillations. The power utilities
Worldwide are currently implementing PSSs as effective excitation control to enhance the system
stability [10, 18]. However, there have been problems experienced with PSSs over the year of
operation [17]. Some of these were
 Limited capability of PSS, in damping only local and not inter area Modes of oscillations
 It cause great variations in the voltage profile under severe disturbances and result in
leading power factor operation and losing system stability

In the late 1980s, the electric power research institute (EPRI) formulated the vision of the flexible
AC Transmission systems (FACTS) in which various power electronics based controllers
regulate power flow and transmission voltage and mitigate dynamic disturbances [19]. The main
objectives of FACTS are to increase the useable transmission capacity of lines and control power
flow over designated transmission routes [6, 20]. Because of their flexibility and fast control
characteristics, FACTS devices can control the active and reactive power as well as became
adaptive to voltage magnitude control simultaneously [20,21].

13
2.8 Generation of FACTS
There are two generations for realization of power electronics based FACTS controllers: the first
generation employs SVC, TCSC and TCPS and the second-generation employs STATCOM,
SSSC, UPFC and interline power flow control (IPFC) [18].

2.9 Types of FACTS controllers

FACTS controllers can be divided into three categories in general [20]:

Series controllers: The series Controllers can be variable impedance, as well as reactor,
capacitor, etc., or power electronics based variable source of main frequency, sub synchronous
and harmonic frequencies to serve the desired need. In principle, all series Controllers inject the
line voltage in series and the primary use of series controllers is to power flow control
specifically.

Shunt controllers: as in the case of series Controllers, the shunt Controllers can be variable
source, variable impedance, or a combination of these. In principle, all shunt Controllers inject
current into the system at the point of connection. As long as the injected current is in phase
quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt Controller supplies or absorbs variable reactive power.
Shunt controllers are SVC, STATCOM and conventional capacitor.

Shunt capacitor: Shunt capacitors are relatively inexpensive to install and maintain. Installing
shunt capacitors in the load area or at the point that they are needed will increase the voltage
stability. However, shunt capacitors have the problem of poor voltage regulation and, beyond a
certain level of compensation; a stable operating point is unattainable. Furthermore, the reactive
power delivered by the shunt capacitor is proportional to the square of the terminal voltage;
during low voltage conditions Var support drops, thus compounding the problem.

14
 Figure 2.2 shunt controller's comparison

Combined series-shunt Controllers: this can be a combination of separate shunt and series
Controllers, which are controlled in a coordinated manner, or a Unified Power Flow Controller
with series and shunt elements. In principle, combination of shunt and series Controllers inject
current into the power system with the shunt part of the Controller and voltage in series in the line
with the series part of the Controller. However, when the shunt and series Controllers are unified,
there can be a real power shifting between the series and shunt Controllers via the power link
[22].

2.10 Overview of typical FACTS device

I. Static var compensator (SVC)

Static var compensator (SVC) is shunt connected FACT device whose output is adjusted to
exchange capacitive or inductive and is used to control reactive power in a network [16]. The
SVC consists of Thyristor controlled or switched reactor (TSR) and thyristor switched capacitor
(TSC). Thyristor switched reactor used to absorbing reactive power and thyristor switched
capacitor used to supply reactive power under abnormal condition of the network. SVC is simple
and low cost FACTS devices when compared to other FACTS devices, in contrast it is poor
performance [14].

15
The conventional static VAR compensator consists of a capacitor in parallel with a thyristor-
controlled reactor. It is conventionally used to stabilizer a bus bar voltage and improves damping
of the dynamic oscillation of power systems. SVC can control the voltage magnitude at required
bus thereby improving the voltage profile of the system. The primary task of SVC is to maintain
the voltage of a particular bus by means of reactive power compensation. It can also provide
increased damping to power oscillations and enhance power over a line by using auxiliary signals
such as line active power, line reactive power, line current and computed internal frequency.

II. Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TCSC):

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a

thyristor-switched reactor to provide a stepwise control of series capacitive reactance. The
TCSC's high speed switching capability supply a mechanism for controlling line power flow,
which permits increased the load of existing transmission lines, and allows for rapid readjustment
of line power flow in response to various contingencies. The TCSC also can regulate steady-state
power flow within its rating limits [23].

III. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)

A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected static var compensator whose

capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled independent of the ac system voltage.
Control attributes of STATCOM are the same as SVC but control capability of the parameter of
STATCOM is higher, Moreover, STATCOM has some domination attributes compare with SVC
as following [24].

 Operation capability in the fault and continuous to controlling when clearing the faults
 Can be reactive power generation when the voltage of bus bar is more than network
voltage and Whereas, consume reactive power when the voltage of bus bar is less than
network voltage

The STATCOM can provide full capacitive-reactive power at any system voltage. This
capability is useful for situations in which the STATCOM is needed to Support the system
voltage during and after faults where voltage collapse would otherwise be limiting factor [25].

16
IV. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

A static synchronous generator operated without an external electric energy source as a series
compensator whose output voltage is in quadrature with, and controllable independently of the
line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop across
the line and thereby controlling the transmitted electric power. The SSSC can include transiently
rated energy storage or energy absorbed devices to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power
system by additional temporary real power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily,
the overall real voltage drop across the line. In principle, an SSSC is capable of interchange of
active and reactive energy with the power system. However if only reactive power compensation
is intended, the size of the energy source can be quite small. The injected voltage can be
controlled in magnitude and phase if sufficient energy source is provided. For the reactive power
compensator function, only the magnitude of the voltage is controllable since the vector of the
inserted voltage is perpendicular to the line current [7].

V. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

It is the combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static series

compensator (SSSC) which are couple via a common dc link, to allow bidirectional flow of real
power between the series output terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the
STATCOM, and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line compensation
without an external electric energy source. The UPFC, by means of angularly unconstrained
series voltage injection, is able to control, at the same time or selectively, the transmission line
voltage, impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power flow in the line. The
UPFC may also provide independently controllable shunt reactive compensation. The UPFC
consists of two switching converters; these converters are operated from a common dc link
provided by a dc storage capacitor. Inverter 2 provides the power flow control of the UPFC by
injecting an ac voltage. Inverter 1 is to supply or absorb the real power demand by inverter 2 at
the common dc link. It can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power and provide shunt
reactive power compensation [22].

Unified power flow control [UPFC] is by far very high performance when compared to other
FACTS controllers; in contrast is very high cost due to the combination of STATCOM and SSSC
[26].

17
2.11 Placement of FACTS controllers in power systems
Generally, the location of FACTS devices depends on the objective of the installation. The
optimal location can be governed by increasing system load ability, minimizing the total
generation cost and enhancing voltage stability. One related solution issue of FACTS application
was type of device, the selection of appropriate location and its optimal setting [27]. FACTS
devices allocation and setting its optimal capacity is one of the most discussed subjects in
scheduling and utilization of the power system. According to the value of matter such as power
loss reduction, enhance of stability margin and also low cost imposition need to create a partial
balance between these several goals, FACTS allocation problem established as a multiobjective
optimization problem. Ideally FACTS devices can be connected to the power system in proper
way because in proper place FACTS controllers fail to produce optimum performance and can
even be counterproductive, that is why the placement of this device is of a great importance.
FACTS devices can be fully utilized if optimal location is determined through specific technique.
There are mainly three broad techniques for the allocation of FACTS controllers in multi-
machine power system at suitable location [21].

1) Sensitivity based method (SBM)

There are various sensitivity based methods such as modal analysis, index analysis and Eigen-
value analysis. A structure preserving energy margin sensitivity based analysis has been
addressed for determine the effectiveness of FACTS devices to improve transient stability of a
power system in [28].

2) Optimization based methods (OBM)

These methods are based on mathematical equations which result in the solution of the system.
The system optimization is obtained by the application of an iterative Process that can be solved
by linear and quadratic programming, on- linear optimization programming, integer and mixed
integer optimization programming and dynamic optimization programming [14].

3) Artificial intelligent method techniques (AIM)

Computational methods that optimize a number of candidate solutions in an equation system by

iteratively trying to improve the objective function, References analyzed consider 18 artificial

18
intelligent methods for the optimal location of FACTS [26], but the most famous and popular is
listed below.

1) Genetic algorithm (GA)

GA is initially developed by John Holland, University of Michigan during 1970s; it is iterative

procedure, which maintains a consistent a consistent size population of candidate positions.
During each iteration step, three genetic operators such as reproduction, crossover, and mutation
are performed to generate new populations and chromosomes of the new populations are
evaluated via the value of fitness [13].

Based on these genetic operators and the evolutionary, the better new populations of candidate’s
solutions are formed. If the search goal has not been achieved, again GA creates offspring strings
through three operators and the process is continued until the search goal is achieved.

2) Particle swarm optimization (PSO)

PSO algorithm belongs to the category of evolutionary competition for solving global
optimization problems. It was planned by James Kenndy and R.C.Elbert in, 1995, is well known
and popular search strategy that has gained widespread appeal amongst researchers and has been
shown to offer good performance in variety of application domains, with potential for
hybridization and specialization. it is simple and robust strategy based on the social and
cooperative behavior shown by various species like flocks of birds, schools of Fish, and so on
[13].

The PSO provides a population based search procedure in which individuals called particles and
changes in their positions. The position of each particle is presented in X-Y plane. Each particle
moves to the new position using velocity according to its own experience, called as Pbest. Gbest
is the overall best value obtained so far by any particle in the population. By time to time, PSO
consists of velocity changes of each particles toward its Pbest and Gbest each particle tries to
modify its current position and velocity according to the distance between its current position and
Pbest, and the current position and Gbest. After finding the best values the particle updates its
velocity and position. Velocity of each particle can be modified.

19
3) Simulated annealing (SA)

Based on the analogy between statistical mechanics and optimizations is one of the most flexible
techniques available for solving difficult optimization problems. The main advantage of SA is
that it can be applied to large scale systems regardless of the conditions of differentiability,
continuity and convexity which are usually required for conventional optimization techniques
[8].SA is originally proposed by Metropolis in the early 1950s as a model of the crystallization
process.

Table 2.1 Methods/techniques for placements of FACTS controllers in multi-machine power

system for voltage stability enhancement point of view.
Methods/techniques Total No. of Literatures % of Literatures Reviews out
Reviews out of 37 Literatures of 37 Literatures
Sensitivity based 12 32.43
methods
Optimization based 06 16.22
methods
AI-based techniques 19 51.35
Source: Prevention of Voltage Instability by Using FACTS Controllers in Power Systems: A
Literature Survey [28].

2.12 Comparison of FACTS controllers

Even though FACTS controllers are have high flexibility and performance in the area of power
stability control, each of them have their own features and limitations. Based on their connection
and function they have their own quality.

Table 2.2 classification of FACTS according to their connection and functions

FACTS deices Functions
Series controllers(SVC, TCSC and TCPS) Used for power flow control specifically
Shunt controllers(STATCOM and SVC) Used for voltage profile
Series shunt controller(UPFC) It’s a combination of the two, therefore
can be used for both the cases

20
Table 2.3 cost comparison of FACTS
FACTS controllers Costs(US $)
Shunt capacitor 8/kvar
Series capacitor 20/KVar
SVC 40/KVar controlled portions
TCSC 40/KVar controlled portions
STATCOM 50/KVar
UPFC series portions 50/KVar through power
UPFC shunt portions 50/KVar controlled
Source: Facts about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Controllers: Practical
Installations and Benefits (35)

2.13 Performance comparison of FACTS

The relative efficiency of different FACTS controllers in enhancing of power system stability is
investigated in [18] the studies have been carried out for different FACTS controllers such as
SVC, TCSC, STATCOM, and UPFC. The result obtained clearly said that among the shunt
controllers, the STATCOM performs better than SVC. The TCSC is more effective than the shunt
controllers, as it offers greater controllability of the power flow in the line. The UPFC is by far
the best controller, as it provides independent control over the bus voltage and the line real and
reactive power flows.

2.14 Related research works

M.A.Abido [18] Presented a comparasive review on the researcher and developments in power
system stability enhancement using FACTS damping controllers. Current status of power system
stability enhancement using FACTS controllers are discussed and reviewed. The results of the
survey clear that the applications of FACTS to different power system studies have been
drastically increased in last five years. The result also showed that the interest in 2 nd generation
FACTS has been drastically increased and the interest in the 1 st generation was decresead.

A. Hernandez and et al [26] Reviews the FACTS devices used for solving transmission system
operation problems and the techniques used to optimize their location. The result of a
bibliographic study about the different methods proposed in the literature to optimally select and
locate FACTS devices. The study compares and classifies the methods according to the different

21
criteria, such as type of FACTS considered, the specific purpose of the application of FACTS
devices in the power system and the optimization technique applied in the methodology
proposed. In the study, more than 180 references have been analyzed with the final objective of
serving as a guide for selecting the right power system analysis and optimization technique for a
given transmission system problem.

Transmission system issues are identified as:

 Steady state problems
 Transient stability problems
Several power system optimization techniques proposed in the literature that deals with problem
of optimal placement of FACTS devices.
Classical optimization methods
Technical criteria based methods
Heuristic and Meta heuristic methods
Simulation based methods
Seven types of FACTS devices have been taken into account and classified under multiple
criteria: the application, technology, type of connection to the power system, installation cost per
MVA, dynamic response of the FACTS and some other consideration. The results of study show
that Heuristic and Meta heuristic is most power system analysis optimization method by group
and GA, index based sensitivity based method, PSO,MILP and MNLP, DE and EP are most
widely used optimization technique as a single methods.
Classical series/parallel FACTS device, TCSC and SVC are the most applied one. The UPFC is
the 3rd more cited FACTS and used for multi-objective optimization applications due to its
flexibility, SSSC and STATCOM is introduced in the last decade.
From the FACTS optimal location point of view: GA, index base sensitivity methods, PSO and
classical optimization method have been more deeply researched.

Sode-Yome and et al [7] presented the comparison of the shunt capacitor, SVC and STATCOM
used for static voltage stability margin enhancement. Various merits and demerits of the shunt
compensation devices and the importance of selecting and adequate size SVC and STATCOM
are discussed. The shunt capacitor, SVC and STATCOM increase the static voltage stability
margin and power transfer capability. Shunt capacitor is relatively inexpensive to install and

22
maintain but have a problem of poor voltage regulation and, beyond a certain level of
compensation, a stable operating point is unattainable, in other hand SVC and STATCOM
provide better behavior in terms of loss reduction and voltage profile but very expensive when
compared with shunt capacitor.

J.Tibin and et al [29] proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm for the
optimal location and setting of FACTS devices to improve voltage stability. The PSO based
algorithm has been used to obtain the minimum voltage deviation and active power loss by
optimally locating SVC device and the result seemed to be quite promising when tested on IEEE
14-bus system.

L.J CAI and I.Erlich [30] proposed GA to optimally allocate multi-type of FACTS, TCSC, SVC,
TCPS and UPFC. The proposed method could find the parameters, types and rated values of
FACTS in order to minimize the overall system cost function, generation cost and FACTS
investment cost, nevertheless none of the papers mentioned above has investigated the allocation
of FACTS to enhance voltage stability.

M.A.Kamarposhti and et al [31] study the merits and demerits comparison of two FACTS devices
namely SVC and STATCOM in terms of maximum Loading point (MLP) in static voltage
collapse. The continuation power flow algorithm with smooth changes of loading level at various
buses of the system is chosen for simulation purpose.
The results of simulations on the IEEE 14 bus test system have clearly shown that SVC and
STATCOM devices increased the buses voltage, power limits, line powers and loading capability
of the network. The result of the simulations also shown that with the insertion of STATCOM,
improving the parameters and steady-state stability of the system is more than the case when the
SVC is inserted in the system.

Kalaivani,R and V.Kamaraj[13] Dealt with the application of PSO and GA to find optimal
location and rated value of SVC device to minimize the voltage stability index,total power
loss,load voltage deviation, cost of generation and cost of FACTS devices to improve voltage
stability for deferent load scenario in the power system.It is observed from the results that the

23
voltage stability margin is improved, the voltage profile of the power system is incresead, load
voltage deviation is reduced and real power losses also reduced by optimally locating SVC device
in the power system as the proposed algorithm is varified with the IEEE 14 bus, IEEE 30 bus and
IEEE 57 bus.

In this thesis the optimal placement and size of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is
proposed in the view of voltage stability enhancement in Ethiopia case (Southwest and northwest
of EEPCO high KV). It presents a method to determine suitable location and size of STATCOM
using particle swarm optimization algorithm for power flow analysis in considered network. An
algorithm is developed for optimal allocation while improving the voltage profile. The PSO
algorithm is coded and implemented on matlab for voltage stability margin enhancement by
STATCOM.

24
 CHAPTER THREE

PROBLEM FORMULATION AND MODELING

3.1 Basic operation of STATCOM

A SATATCOM is a power electronic voltage source converter based device that can act as either
a source or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network and if connected to a source of
power it can also provide active AC power. There are a number of other uses of STATCOM
devices including, wind energy voltage stabilization, harmonic filtering, dynamic compensation
of power transmission, provide voltage support and increased transient stability margins.
However the most common use is for voltage stability [32].

Figure 3.1 basic model of a STATCOM

25
Major components of STATCOM are:

1. Coupling transformer

2. Voltage source converter

3. A source of storage for the dc side

Coupling Transformer has two roles

 Linking the system AC with STATCOM

 The link inductor has the advantage that the source dc is not short circuited

Voltage source converter (VSC) synthesis three phase AC voltages from DC source and The DC
energy storage device may be a battery, whose output voltage remains constant or it may be a
capacitor whose terminal voltage can be raised or lowered by inverter control in such a way that
is stored energy is either increased or decreased.

STATCOM is connected to the power system via a transformer with its reactance given by X T.
VSC represents voltage source converter which transforms the dc voltage (V DC) to the ac voltage
VC which is controllable both in magnitude and phase angle.

Active power coming in to the STATCOM is given by:

The reactive power supplied/absorbed by STATCOM can be approximated as:

The direction of current IC taken as its direction

Where;

26
V = represents system voltage to be controlled and θ is angle associated with V

VC = voltage generated by voltage source converter (VSC) and θ C is angle associated with VC

X = coupling transformer leakage reactance

IC = current through STATCOM shunt converter

If V > VC current will flow out of the system and STATCOM will behave as inductive mode
(sink) and absorb reactive power.

If V < VC the STATCOM behave as capacitive mode (source) and will supply reactive power to
the system.

If V = VC there will be no exchange of power between the system and the STATCOM.

3.2 Problem formulation

3.2.1 Objective function

The objective function of this study is to find the optimal rating and location of STATCOM and
optimal values of system control variables which minimize the voltage deviation and maximizes
the voltage stability limit.

The placement and size of STATCOM units is made in this thesis using correct implementation
of the PSO algorithm. To achieve the correct implementation of the PSO algorithm, first a proper
objective function that evaluates the performance of each particle has to be defined and then
taking in account. The definition of the objective function, the particle’s position vector also has
to be defined, along by the characterization of constraint definition.

In this case the particle is defined as a vector which contains the STATCOM bus location number
and its size, named as:

Particle: [L S]

Where:

L: is the STATCOM bus location number.

S: is the STATCOM size in MVar.

27
1. Voltage stability margin enhancement

To have a good voltage performance, STATCOM controls the voltage level of the bus where it is
connected, and so the first function to integrate is the sum of the voltage deviation minimization
in all buses, in relation to the normal voltage i.e. 1.0p.u

Where

F1 = total voltage deviation metric

Nb = number of load buses in the system

Vi = the value of voltage at bus i in p.u.

Vspc = specified voltage which is equal to 1p.u

2. The STATCOM size/rating

F2 = total STATCOM size metric

Sj = the sizes, in MVAr, of STATCOM unit j

Nunits = number of STATCOM to be allocated

3.3 Problem constraints

The constraints in this problem are regarding the characteristics of the power system and
voltage level. Thus the constraints are:

Where:

28
Lj is the location of STATCOM unit j.

The restrictions of the desired voltage level for each bus are defined as:

To limit the size of STATCOM it is restricted by applying

3.4 Modeling and Load Flow algorithm including STATCOM

3.4.1 Modeling of STATCOM

The static compensator (STATCOM) is one of the most prominent members in the family of
FACTS devices, which is connected in shunt to the transmission line. It is usually used to control
transmission voltage by reactive power compensation. In ideal steady state analysis, it can be
assumed that active power exchange between the AC system and the STATCOM can be
neglected, and only the reactive power can exchanged between them.

The presence of FACTS controllers is accommodated and accounted for by adding new equations
to the set of the power flow equations and modifying some of the existing power flow equations
as needed. The Jacobean equation is modified accordingly. Fig 3.2 below shows the circuit model
of a STATCOM connected to Bus k of an N-Bus power system; the subscript “p” means the
STATCOM is connected in parallel with the power system. The STATCOM is modeled as a
controllable voltage source in series with impedance.

29
 Vk=|Vk|δk

IP PP + jQP

ZP=RP + jXp; Yp=1/Zp

YP=|YP|P = GP + jBp
Pk + jQk

EP=|EP|P

Figure 3.2 steady state model of STATCOM

The N-R active and reactive power flow equations for a bus i of the power system with no
FACTS controller is given by

Where

Vi = represents complex voltage of bus i with associated angle δ i

Vj = represents complex voltage of bus j with associated angle δ j

30
Yij = represents (i, j) - entry of the Y matrix, θij is phase angle of the admittance of the line
connecting node i and node j

The power flow equation of the system with STATCOM connected to bus ‘K’ are the same as
power flow equation of the system without the STATCOM for all buses except STATCOM
connected bus ‘K’. The following equations are power flow equations for bus ‘K’

The summation terms of the injected active and reactive power for the system are given by;

Where are defined on the modeling of STATCOM

One more equation is needed to solve the power flow problem when STATCOM is inserted. This
equation is needed to find the power consumed by the source E P (active power exchange through
DC link (operating constraint)). The power must be zero in steady state condition.

3.5 Control function of STATCOM

The control of the STATCOM voltage magnitude should be such that the specified bus voltage
and the STATCOM voltage should be equivalent and there should be no difference between
them. By proper design procedure, knowing the limits of the variables and the parameters, but not
exactly knowing the power system parameters, simultaneous DC and AC control can be achieved.
We can ensure the stability of the power system by the proposed STATCOM controller design.
Thus it can work along with the other controllers in the network.

The bus voltage control restraint will be

31
Where Vsp is the specified voltage for the bus controlled.

3.6 Jacobian Equation with STATCOM

As per the above equations, the new power flow problem with STATCOM has to be solved. The
linearized Jacobian equation is extended and modified as per new Jacobian equation below.

3.7 Algorithm for Load Flow with STATCOM

The steps to incorporate STATCOM are as follows

• Read system data

1

• placed the STATCOM at identified bus location

2

• Calculate P and Q at which STATCOM is placed

3

• Modify Jacobean elements using eq. 3.12 and eq. 3.14

4

• Carry Newton-Raphson load flow with modified Jacobean elements

5

• Voltages are updated

6

32
3.8 Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population based stochastic optimization technique
developed by Dr.Eberhart and Dr. Kennedy in 1995, inspired by social behavior of bird flocking
or fish schooling [33].

Figure 3.3 bird flocking and fish schooling

PSO learned from the scenario and used it to solve the optimization problems. In PSO, each
single solution is a "bird" in the search space. We call it "particle". All of particles have fitness
values which are evaluated by the fitness function to be optimized, and have velocities which
direct the flying of the particles. The particles fly through the problem space by following the
current optimum particles.

33
3.9 Basic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
PSO is initialized with a group of random particles (solutions) and then searches for optima by
updating generations. In every iteration, each particle is updated by following two "best" values.
The first one is the best solution (fitness) it has achieved so far. (The fitness value is also stored.)
This value is called pbest. Another "best" value that is tracked by the particle swarm optimizer is
the best value, obtained so far by any particle in the population. This best value is a global best
and called gbest. When a particle takes part of the population as its topological neighbors, the
best value is a local best and is called lbest.After finding the two best values; the particle updates
its velocity and positions with following equation.

Where

Vik: is the ith velocity component at iteration k,

rand: is random number between 0 and 1,

Xik= is the current position in the ith dimension,

C1, C2: are the acceleration coefficients that are usually set to 2.0

Pbesti: is the personal best position in the ith dimension,

Gbesti: is the global best position in the ith dimension and

ω: is the inertia weight

3.10 PSO algorithm parameters

There are some parameters in PSO algorithm that may affect its performance. For any given
optimization problem, some of these parameter’s values and choices have large impact on the
efficiency of the PSO method, and other parameters have small or no effect. The basic PSO
parameters are swarm size or number of particles, number of iterations, velocity components, and
acceleration coefficients illustrated bellow [13].

34
1. Swarm size

Swarm size or population size is the number of particles n in the swarm. A big swarm generates
larger parts of the search space to be covered per iteration. A large number of particles may
reduce the number of iterations need to obtain a good optimization result. In contrast, huge
amounts of particles increase the computational complexity per iteration, and more time
consuming. From a number of empirical studies, it has been shown that most of the PSO
implementations use an interval of nϵ [20, 60] for the swarm size [34].

2. Iteration numbers

The number of iterations to obtain a good result is also problem-dependent. A too low number of
iterations may stop the search process prematurely, while too large iterations has the consequence
of unnecessary added computational complexity and more time needed [13].

3. Velocity Components

The velocity components are very important for updating particle’s velocity. There are three
terms of the particle’s velocity in equations (3.14):

1. The term ωVik is called inertia component that provides a memory of the previous flight
direction that means movement in the immediate past. This component represents as a
momentum which prevents to drastically change the direction of the particles and to bias
towards the current direction.
2. The term C1* rand * (pbest i-Xik) is called cognitive component which measures the
performance of the particles relative to past performances. This component looks like an
individual memory of the position that was the best for the particle. The effect of the
cognitive component represents the tendency of individuals to return to positions that
satisfied them most in the past.
3. The term C2 * rand* (Gbest-Xik) is called social component which measures the
performance of the particles relative to a group of particles or neighbors. The social
component’s effect is that each particle flies towards the best position found by the
swarm.

35
4. Acceleration coefficients

The acceleration coefficients c1 and c2 and, together with the random values r 1 and r2, maintain
the stochastic influence of the cognitive and social components of the particle’s velocity
respectively. The constant c1 expresses how much confidence a particle has in itself, while c 2
expresses how much confidence a particle has in its neighbors [34]. There are some properties of
c1 and c2

 When c1=c2=0, then all particles continue flying at their current speed until they hit the
search space’s boundary. Therefore, from the equations (3.15) and (3.16), the velocity
update equation is calculated as

 C1>0 and C2 =0, all particles are independent. The velocity update equation will be

 On the contrary, when C2>0 and C1 = 0, all particles are attracted to a single point (i.e.
Gbest) in the entire swarm and the update velocity will be

 When C1 = C2, all particles are attracted toward the average of pbest and gbest.
 When c1>>c2, each particle is more strongly influenced by its personal best position,
resulting in excessive wandering.
 When c1<<c2 then all particles are much more influenced by the global best position,
which causes all particles to run prematurely to the optima.

3.11 Initialization, stopping criteria, iteration terms and function evaluation of PSO
A PSO algorithm includes particle initialization, parameters selection, iteration terms, function
evaluation, and stopping condition. The first step of the PSO is to initialize the swarm and control
the parameters, the second step is to calculate the fitness function and define the iteration
numbers, and the last step is to satisfy stopping condition.

36
3.11.1 Initialization
In PSO algorithm, initialization of the swarm is very important because proper initialization may
control the exploration and exploitation tradeoff in the search space more efficiently and find the
better result. Usually, a uniform distribution over the search space is used for initialization of the
swarm. The initial diversity of the swarm is important for the PSO’s performance, it denotes that
how much of the search space is covered and how well particles are distributed. Moreover, when
the initial swarm does not cover the entire search space, the PSO algorithm will have difficultly to
find the optimum if the optimum is located outside the covered area. Then, the PSO will only
discover the optimum if a particle’s momentum carries the particle into the uncovered area.
Therefore, the optimal initial distribution is to locate within the domain defined by χ min and χmax
which represent the minimum and maximum ranges of for all particles in dimension
respectively [34]. Then the initialization method for the position of each particle is given by

Where ϒj˷ u (0, 1)

The velocities of the particles can be initialized to zero, i.e.vi (0) = 0, since randomly initialized
particle’s positions already ensure random positions and moving directions. In addition, particles
may be initialized with nonzero velocities, but it must be done with care and such velocities
should not be too large. In general, large velocity has large momentum and consequently large
Position update. Therefore, such large initial position updates can cause particles to move away
from boundaries in the feasible region, and the algorithm needs to take more iteration before
settling the best solution [34].

3.11.2 Iteration terms and function evaluation

The PSO algorithm is an iterative optimization process and repeated iterations will continue until
a stopping condition is satisfied. Within one iteration, a particle determines the personal best
position, the local or global best position, adjusts the velocity, and a number of function
evaluations are performed. Function evaluation means one calculation of the fitness or objective
function which computes the optimality of a solution. If n is the total number of particles in the
swarm, then n function evaluations are performed at each iteration [34].

37
3.11.3 Stopping criteria

Stopping criteria is used to terminate the iterative search process. Some stopping criteria are
discussed below:

1) The algorithm is terminated when a maximum number of iterations or function

evaluations (FEs) have been reached. If this maximum number of iterations (or FEs) is too
small, the search process may stop before a good result has been found [34].
2) The algorithm is terminated when there is no significant improvement over a number of
iterations. This improvement can be measured in different ways. For instance, the process
may be considered to have terminated if the average change of the particles’ positions are
very small or the average velocity of the particles is approximately zero over a number of
iterations [34].
3) The algorithm is terminated when the normalized swarm radius is approximately zero.
The normal swarm radius is defined as

Rnorm =

Where diameter (S) is the initial swarm’s diameter Rmax is the maximum radius,
Rmax = ||χm - Gbest||

3.12 Steps for particle swarm optimization

 Initialize the swarm form the solution space
 Evaluate the fitness of each particle
 Update individual and global bests
 Update velocity and position of each particle
 Go to step2, and repeat until termination condition

38
The pseudo code of the procedure is as follows

For each particle

Initialize particle

END

Do

For each particle

Calculate fitness value

If the fitness value is better than the best fitness value (pbest) in history

Set current value as the new pbest

End

Choose the particle with the best fitness value of all the particles as the gbest

For each particle

Calculate particle velocity according to equation (3.15)

Update particle position according to equation (3.16)

End

While maximum iterations or minimum error criteria is not attained

39
 Figure 3.4 PSO algorithm flow chart

3.13 PSO algorithm for optimal location and size of STATCOM

1 Initialize velocity, Pbest, Gbest, number of particles and maximum iterations.
2 For each particles initialize STATCOM size and location of STATCOM
3 Check whether maximum iteration is reached if yes then obtain the optimum location
and rating of STATCOM
4 Run power flow program and compute objective function
5 For each particle determine and store Pbest
6 For each particle determine and store Gbest
7 Update velocity and position using equations

40
 8 If feasible solution is obtained then go t o step 3 otherwise relocate particles to feasible
position of search space.

3.14 Advantage and disadvantage of PSO

Advantage of PSO

 Derivative free algorithm

 Easy to implement
 Limited number of parameters and the impact of parameters to the solutions are
small when compared to GA.
 The calculation in PSO algorithm is very simple
 Its conceptually very simple

Disadvantage of PSO

 PSO algorithm suffers from the partial optimism, which degrades the regulation of
its speed and direction.
 Slow convergence in the vicinity of the global optima.

41
 CHAPTER 4

CASE STUDY AND SIMULATION RESULTS

4.1 Case study

In EEu system, The Interconnected System (ICs) links the major generation to load centers via
transmission lines at400 kV, 230 kV and 132 kV and sub-transmission lines at 66 kV and 45 kV.
The system frequency is 50Hz. There are a total of 150 substations across the system; 12 hydro,
4 thermal, 3 small hydro stations and 131 transmission substations, of which 4 are at 400 kV, 22
at 230 kV, 59 at 132 kV, 29 at 66 kV and 17 at 45 kV [9]. The total circuit lengths of
transmission and sub-transmission lines on the existing system are shown in Table 4-1.

Table 4.1 total circuit length (Km)

N0. Voltage level (kV) Single Double Total
circuit(unit) circuit(unit)
1 400 kV 621 63 684
Transmission line
2 230 kV Transmission Line 3,376 1,607 4,983

3 132 kV Transmission Line 4,509 133 4,641

4 66 kV Transmission Line 1,902 1,902

5 45 kV Transmission Line 243 9 252

Total 10,650 1,811 12,461

Source: Andrew Pearce “Ethiopian Power System Expansion Master Plan Study” Draft Final
Report, Volume 4, Transmission Planning Report, February 2014 (9).
Reactive compensation is installed in Ethiopian power system at various locations including
shunt capacitors with a total capacity of approximately 200 MVAr and shunt reactors (both line
and bus bar connected), with a total capacity of approximately 700 MVAr. The power stations

42
connected to the ICS had a total installed capacity in 2012 of 2124 MW (available capacity 1871
MW) and are listed below [9]:

 11 hydro power plants (Koka, Awash II and III, Tis Abay I and II, Finchaa, Melka
Wakena, Gilgel Gibe I and II, Tekeze, and Beles). Amerti Neshe is due for
commissioning in the last half of 2013 (9),
 3 medium sized diesel plants (Kaliti, Awash and Dire Dawa) plus 9 small sized diesel
plants
 2 wind farms (Adama I and Ashegoda),
 1 geothermal plant (Aluto Langano)

4.2 400 kV network

The 400 kV network is currently limited to a few transmission lines and substations. These
include an interconnection between Gilgel Gibe I / II power plants and Sebeta II substation in the
south of Addis Ababa and an interconnection between Beles power plant, Bahir Dar and Sululta
substation to the north of Addis Ababa as shown in Figure 4-1.

4.3 230 kV network

The 230 kV network includes;

 An incomplete ring around Addis Ababa, including; Sululta, Gefersa, Sebeta and Cotobie
II
 Interconnections between Addis Ababa and power plants to the south east including Koka
and Melka Wakena.
 Interconnection between Koka and Dire Dawa in the east, with onward interconnection to
Djibouti.
 North-western corridor, including interconnection with Finchaa, Debre Markos, Tis Abay
and Beles power plants and interconnection to Sudan via Metema.
 Northern corridor including Combolcha, Alamata, Mekele and Tekeze power plant.
 A 230 kV transmission line between Bahir Dar and Alamata interconnects the north
western and northern corridors.

43
Figure 4.1 existing 400KV and 230KV Network
In this thesis the case studies are carried out on the parts of EEu transmission network run from
Gilgel Gibie, Beles to Mekele transmission network that has 400KV and 230KV. It consists of 19
buses out of which 5 PV bus and 14 PQ bus and has 21 branches. The diagram of the network is
found in Fig.4.2 below;

44
Figure 4.2 Gibie, Beles to Mekele transmission network Diagram

The proposed algorithm is developed in the Matlab programming language using version 7.2. The
behavior of the test system with and without STATCOM is studied and the best location of the
STATCOM to improve the voltage in this network is found. Three cases of power flow analysis
are considered. Case 1 assumes the study power flow without any compensation. Case 2 assumes
the study power flow with STATCOM. Case 3 assumes the study power flow with STATCOM at
different load condition.

4.4 Simulation result and discussion

Case: 1 simulation of base case (without STATCOM)

For the Base Case, the simulation is not inclusive of any STATCOMs. This is to measure the
performance of the system itself, without the consideration of any STATCOMs. By using load
data and bus data found in Appendix A and B, we calculate the voltage at each bus by Newton-

45
Raphson load flow method analysis. All the bus voltages obtained from the result does not exceed
and violate the limit set which is 0.95pu and 1.05pu. The result obtained by simulating the test
system is given in the following table.

Table 4.2 result of voltage magnitude at base case (normal load)

Bus N0 Load center Voltage magnitude in p.u

1 Gilgel Gibie I 1.0500

2 Gilgel Gibie II 1.0000
3 Ghedo 0.969
4 Gefersa 0.969
5 Sebeta II 0.979
6 Sebeta I 0.970
7 Sululta 0.974
8 Finchaa 1.0000
9 Debremarkos 0.969
10 Mota 0.967
11 Bahir dar 0.974
12 Beles 1.0000
13 Gondar 0.965
14 Alamata 0.966
15 Metema 0.965
16 Mekele 0.967
17 Tekeze 1.0000
18 Endasilasie 0.968
19 Humera 0.967

46
 1.06

1.04

1.02
voltage in p.u

0.98

0.96
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0.94

0.92
bus number

Figure 4.3 voltage magnitudes at normal load

Case 2: when STATCOM is inserted

4.5 Optimal location and size of STATCOM

In this thesis particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to select candidate location for
optimal placement of STATCOM.

4.5.1 Implementation of PSO algorithm

In order to correctly implement the PSO algorithm, several aspects have to be considered:

To define a proper fitness function to evaluate the performance of each individual in the
population,
To define the particle vector such that each individual represents a potential solution to
the optimization problem,
to characterize the search space taking into account feasible solutions and discarding
infeasible ones, and to tune parameters, such as inertia and acceleration constants, to have
an optimal performance of the algorithm(less computational effort, more accuracy, etc.).

47
 4.5.2 Fitness function definition
To evaluate each particle’s position it is necessary to define a fitness function that can properly
take into account the main objectives that are pursued.

In this case there are two goals that have to be accomplished;

1. to minimize the voltage deviations in the system, defined as in equation 3.4

2. to have the minimum possible STATCOM size, defined as in equation 3.5

The best solution is one for which F1 is minimum among all buses and total minimum of F2 used
in a system.

4.5.3 Particle definition

The particle is defined as a vector containing the location of the STATCOM unit and their size
( ) defined as in chapter 3.

4.5.4 Search space definition

STATCOM location: for the location of STATCOM 1≤ L≤ 19 with limited voltage magnitude
within 0.95 ≤ for all buses.

STATCOM size: several more STATCOMs are being installed and commissioned in different
country. There are around 20 STATCOM operating successfully around the world

In 1991, a 80 MVar STATCOM is installed in Japan at Inumaya substation to improve power

system and voltage stabilization of a 154 KV. In 1995, a 100 MVar is commissioned in Japan at
Shin Shinano substation for reactive power compensation of a 500KV system. In 2001, a 0 to 225
MVar STATCOM is installed in UK at east cylaydon substation for dynamic reactive power
compensation of a 400KV system. In 2003, a 100 MVar STATCOM is installed in USA at SDG
and E Talega substation for dynamic var control during peak load condition of a 138KV system.

In this thesis 0 ≤ STATCOM size for each number of STATCOM used in a system is
chosen. The rating chosen is adequate for the system to be stable both steady state and temporary
system disturbance, overvoltage case and under voltage case [35].

48
4.5.5 PSO Parameter

Table 4.3 optimal PSO parameters

Parameter Value
Number of particle 19
Number of iteration 100
Inertia weight [0.9 0.4]
C1 2.00
C2 2.00
Vmax for bus location 5
V max for STATCOM size 40

Apply the above PSO parameters; the proposed method (PSO) is implemented using matlab to
find out the location of STATCOM considering eq.3.4 and the following result is obtained. Here
only load bus is considered and generator bus is omitted from search space because it is
controlled by a generator.

Table 4.4 result of PSO algorithm for selecting candidate location

Bus N0 Load center F1

3 Ghedo 0.014
4 Gefersa 0.013
5 Sebeta II 0.006
6 Sebeta I 0.01
7 Sululta 0.008
9 Debremarkos 0.01
10 Mota 0.011
11 Bahir dar 0.012
13 Gondar 0.011
14 Alamata 0.009

49
 15 Metema 0.003
16 Mekele 0.014
18 Endasilasie 0.013
19 Humera 0.015

Now in order to know the number of STATCOM used in the system, we apply the STATCOM to
the system starting from the least minimum voltage deviation means starting from bus 15 and will
continue until desired voltage is obtained means [0.95 1.05]by making the size of STATCOM as
a constraint.

Table 4.5 number of STATCOM used in a system

When When STATCOM at When STATCOM at
STATCOM bus 15 and 5 bus 15,5 and 7
at bus 15
Bus N0 V(p.u) V(p.u) V(p.u)
1 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500
2 1.0530 1.0530 1.0530
3 1.1050 1.1050 1.0185
4 1.1316 1.1316 0.9973
5 1.0941 1.0000 1.0000
6 1.0931 0.9988 0.9988
7 1.1375 1.1375 1.0000
8 1.0100 1.0100 1.0100
9 1.1391 1.1391 1.0126
10 1.1325 1.1325 1.0321
11 1.1085 1.1085 1.0292
12 1.0900 1.0900 1.0100
13 1.1101 1.1101 1.0302
14 1.0727 1.0727 1.0449
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

50
 16 1.0060 1.0060 1.0282
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
18 1.0364 1.0364 1.0364
19 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500

From the above table bus 15, 5 and 7 are selected as a candidate bus where STATCOM is placed
because the desired voltage profile of each bus is kept within the limit that is [0.95 1.05] when the
bus 15, 5, 7 inserted respectively.

In order to find the rating of STATCOM for bus 15, 5 and 7 again we apply PSO algorithm and
repetitive load flow as a sample randomly means the value of STATCOM is generated randomly
and then select the total minimum value ( total min of F2).

Table 4.6 result of PSO algorithm, STATCOM size for candidate bus
Repetitive load flow STATCOM rating(p.u) F2

Bus 5 Bus 7 Bus 15

1 1.3239 0.2594 1.6549 3.2382

2 0.3827 0.9350 1.1372 2.4549

3 0.6887 1.1093 1.4485 3.2465

4 1.0137 1.0202 1.0158 3.0919

5 0.4217 1.1246 1.0474 2.5937

6 1.0222 1.4656 1.0007 3.4885

7 1.2958 1.0054 1.0362 3.3374

8 1.2469 1.1079 0.4075 2.7623

9 1.0584 0.3226 1.0965 2.4775

10 1.1404 1.0352 1.0464 3.222

51
From the table above the possible STATCOM rate is for bus 15 = 1.1372, for bus 7 = 0.9350 and
for bus 5 = 0.3827.

The location and rating of STATCOM used in the system is now obtained and depicted in table
below

Table 4.7 optimal STATCOM location and its rating

Number Location Rating
1 Bus 15 1.1372
2 Bus 5 0.3827
3 Bus 7 0.9350

After placement of STATCOM with its rating, the following result obtained and compared with
the base case result

Table 4.8 result of voltage magnitude with and without STATCOM

Voltage magnitude(p.u)

Bus N0 Without STATCOM With

STATCOM
1 1.0500 1.0500
2 1.00 1.0530
3 0.969 1.0185
4 0.969 0.9973
5 0.979 1.0000
6 0.970 0.9988
7 0.974 1.0000
8 1.00 1.0000
9 0.969 1.0126
10 0.967 1.0321
11 0.974 1.0292

52
 12 1.00 1.0000
13 0.965 1.0302
14 0.966 1.0449
15 0.965 1.0000
16 0.967 1.0282
17 1.00 1.0000
18 0.968 1.0364
19 0.967 1.0500

The following figure shows the graph representation of voltage profile before and after placement
of STATCOM.

without STATCOM
with STATCOM
1.06

1.04
voltage magnitude in pu

1.02

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
bus number

Figure 4.4 comparison of bus voltage with and without STATCOM

Fig 4.4 and table 4.8 shows the bus voltage before and after incorporating STATCOM into the
19-bus test system. The voltage limit was set to be at 0.95pu and 1.05pu respectively. This is to
ensure that voltage stability is achieved. From fig 4.4 it can be seen that the voltage magnitude of
the system without STATCOM device is lower than with the existence of STATCOM device.

53
Thus installation of STATCOM device into the system has improved the overall voltage profile
of the system.

Case 3: STATCOM for different load condition

In order to evaluate the impact of STATCOM on the different load condition, the active and
reactive load in a system is changed by 50 %( +50% and -50%) for all the load buses in a
systems.

50% positive step change in normal load. In this case, a positive step load change is studied.
The load is increased by 50% of normal load .This particular case is studied because the
STATCOM acts like a reactive power reserve and can be used to absorb/produce the incremental
reactive power demand. This system has the ability to react effectively to sudden load changes
when the STATCOM is connected to the system.

Using the data found in Appendix C, The result of +50% load change without STATCOM is
tabulated below:

Table 4.9 result of voltage magnitude without STATCOM at +50% of normal load
Bus N0 Load center Voltage magnitude (P.u)

1 Gilgel Gibie I 1.05

2 Gilgel Gibie II 0.968
3 Ghedo 0.952
4 Gefersa 0.951
5 Sebeta II 0.954
6 Sebeta I 0.953
7 Sululta 0.951
8 Finchaa 1.00
9 Debremarkos 0.948
10 Mota 0.949
11 Bahir dar 0.974
12 Beles 1.00

54
 13 Gondar 0.947
14 Alamata 0.948
15 Metema 0.947
16 Mekele 0.948
17 Tekeze 1.00
18 Endasilasie 0.948
19 Humera 0.948

To see the effect of STATCOM on the system when load is changed by +50% with calculated
location and rating the following result is obtained

Table 4.10 result of voltage magnitude at +50% of normal load with STATCOM
Bus N0 Load center V(p.u)
1 Gilgel Gibie I 1.0500
2 Gilgel Gibie II 1.0530
3 Ghedo 1.0157
4 Gefersa 0.9925
5 Sebeta II 1.0000
6 Sebeta I 0.9959
7 Sululta 1.0000
8 Finchaa 1.0000
9 Debremarkos 1.0104

10 Mota 1.0251
11 Bahir dar 1.0246
12 Beles 1.0000
13 Gondar 1.0002
14 Alamata 1.0239
15 Metema 1.0000
16 Mekele 1.0025
17 Tekeze 1.0000

55
 18 Endasilasie 1.0187
19 Humera 1.0100

without STATCOM
with STATCOM
1.08
1.06
voltage magnitude in pu

1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
bus number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Figure 4.5 result of voltage magnitude with and without STATCOM at +50%of normal load

50% negative step change in normal load. In this case, a sudden temporary step load change is
studied. The load is decreased by 50% of normal load for each load bus .This particular case is
studied because the STATCOM acts like a reactive power reserve and can be used to
absorb/produce the incremental reactive power demand. This system has the ability to react
effectively to sudden load changes when the STATCOM is connected to the system. Using data
found in Appendix D, Table below shows the load bus voltage of the system when load is
decreased by 50%.

56
 Table 4.11 result of voltage magnitude at -50% of normal loads without STATCOM
Bus N0 Load center V(p.u)
1 Gilgel Gibie I 1.0500
2 Gilgel Gibie II 1.0530
3 Ghedo 1.0428
4 Gefersa 1.0892
5 Sebeta II 1.0965
6 Sebeta I 1.0961
7 Sululta 1.0968
8 Finchaa 1.0400
9 Debremarkos 1.0990
10 Mota 1.1044
11 Bahir dar 1.0911
12 Beles 1.0600
13 Gondar 1.1371
14 Alamata 1.0933
15 Metema 1.1383
16 Mekele 1.0618
17 Tekeze 1.0100
18 Endasilasie 1.0531
19 Humera 1.0600

To see the effect of STATCOM on the system when load is changed by -50% with calculated
location and rating of STATCOM the following result is obtained.

57
Table 4.12 result of voltage magnitude at -50% of normal load with STATCOM
Bus N0 Load center voltage magnitude in p.u
1 Gilgel Gibie I 1.0500
2 Gilgel Gibie II 1.0530
3 Ghedo 1.0016
4 Gefersa 0.9963
5 Sebeta II 1.0000
6 Sebeta I 0.9995
7 Sululta 1.0000
8 Finchaa 1.0000
9 Debremarkos 1.0121
10 Mota 1.0311
11 Bahir dar 1.0294
12 Beles 1.0000
13 Gondar 1.0675
14 Alamata 1.0291
15 Metema 1.0000
16 Mekele 1.0462
17 Tekeze 1.0000
18 Endasilasie 1.0483
19 Humera 1.0500

58
 without STATCOM
with STATCOM
1.15
voltage magnitude in pu
1.1

1.05

0.95

0.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
bus number

Figure 4.6 result of voltage magnitude at -50% of normal loads with and without STATCOM

The table 4.11 and 4.12 show that the bus voltage profile of the system is greatly enhanced when
STATCOM incorporated. It is clear that the bus voltages at buses where STATCOM are placed
have became 1p.u and the bus voltages at other buses are also improved. The effect of
STATCOM on different load scenario can be seen more clearly in figure 4.5 and 4.6.

In general the effect STATCOM on different load condition and percent improvements are
summarized below.

Table 4.13 the voltage deviation and the percent improvement due to the incorporation of
STATCOM under different load condition
Cumulative voltage deviation
Loading condition Without With Improvement
STATCOM STATCOM
Normal loading 0.4310 0.2782 35.45%
+50 Loading 0.6540 0.2425 62.92%
-50% Loading 1.4725 0.4341 70.52%

59
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND REOMANDATION

5.1 Conclusion
This thesis has investigated the optimal location of STATCOM with its optimal rating to enhance
the power system voltage stability. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal location of
STATCOM. The power flow analysis without and with STATCOM is performed on the 19- bus
system.

The simulation result shows that the bus 15, 5 and 7 is the best place to install STATCOM
respectively, because these buses have minimum voltage deviations which therefore are the good
stability. The STATCOM can enhance the system voltage stability at normal condition, lightly
load (-50%) and heavy load (+50%).

The simulated result also indicated that proper selection of STATCOM capacity as well as its
placement fulfilled the required objective and the number of STATCOM used in the system also
affect the desired result.

The main advantage of investigating such problems in transmission line is improve system
stability and transmission line power transfer capability of existing line by searching exact
placement and possible minimum FACTS controllers rating rather than restructuring new line
and hence minimize cost.

60
5.2 Recommendations
Like every other investigation there is always space to improve. In this section some suggestions
are made about some of the future work that can be based on this thesis.

The following work is recommended for further study:

 Cost effective analysis of installing STATCOM in power system need to be considered

because STATCOM has high cost.
 Certainly there exist situations when optimal number of STATCOM(s) is one, and in other
situation the optimal number of unit is another, this may affect the expected results. Hence
further investigation upon this matter should study a way to integrate the number of
STATCOM needed in optimization problem.

61
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 Appendix

Appendix A Transmission line data (the EEPCo grid system transmission line data, Gibie, Beles
to Mekele transmission data)
Line N0 Node 1 Node 2 Voltage Length R X C
level(KV) in(Km) (ohm/KM) (ohm/KM) (nF/KM)

1 Gilgel Gibie I Gilgel Gibie II 400 29 0.0209 0.3096 12

2 Gilgel Gibie I Ghedo 230 137 0.0725 0.4089 8.9
3 Gilgel Gibie II Sebeta II 400 185 0.0375 0.4259 8.7
4 Sebeta II Sebeta I 230 16 0.0597 0.4113 8.9
5 Ghedo Gefersa 230 133.04 0.0671 0.4272 8.7
6 Gefersa Sebeta I 230 10.64 0.0725 0.408 8.9
7 Ghedo Finchaa 230 67.19 0.0671 0.4272 8.7
8 Gefersa Sululta 230 16.73 0.0917 0.3194 11.4
9 Finchaa Debremarkos 230 95.15 00597 0.4113 8.9
10 Debremarkos Sululta 230 216 0.0209 0.3096 11.9
11 Debremarkos Mota 230 111.77 00597 0.4113 8.9
12 Beles Bahir dar 400 65 0.0209 0.3096 12
13 Bahir dar Debremarkos 400 194 0.0209 0.3096 12.2
14 Bahir dar Mota 230 81.11 0.0725 0.4089 8.8
15 Bahir dar Gondar 230 137 0.0918 0.3205 11.4
16 Bahir dar Alamata 230 338 0.0918 0.3195 11.4
17 Gondar Metema 230 165 0.0915 0.3100 11.3
18 Alamata Mekele 230 140.69 0.0918 0.3193 11.4
19 Tekeze Mekele 230 103 0.0739 0.4142 8.9
20 Tekeze Endasilasie 230 160 0.0918 0.3234 11.3
21 Endasilasie Humera 230 230 0.0918 0.3234 11.3

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 The existing P.u value of EEPCo’s ICS grid transmission line data

| From To R X B/2
| Bus Bus P.u p.u p.u
1 2 0.0003 0.0020 0.0036
1 3 0.0179 0.1011 0.1934
2 5 0.0043 0.0492 0.8086
5 6 0.0018 0.0124 0.0237
3 4 0.0169 0.1074 0.1923
3 8 0.0085 0.0543 0.0971
4 7 0.0029 0.0101 0.0317
8 9 0.0107 0.0740 0.1407
9 7 0.0007 0.0077 0.1268
9 10 0.0126 0.0869 0.1652
12 11 0.0008 0.0119 0.3675
11 9 0.0043 0.0492 0.8086
11 10 0.0092 0.0631 0.1199
11 13 0.0238 0.0830 0.2594
11 14 0.0237 0.0823 0.2583
13 15 0.0286 0.0967 0.3094
14 16 0.0244 0.0849 0.2664
17 16 0.0144 0.0806 0.1523
17 18 0.0235 0.0808 0.2354
18 19 0.0331 0.0705 0.2054

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 Appendix B Load data
Bus Bus name Nominal generation nominal demand Qmin Qmax
N0
PG QG PD QD
1 GibeI 180 0 12.1209 5.2834 -63 63
2 Gibe II 200 0 0 0 -200 200
3 Sebeta II 400kv 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Sebeta I 0 0 20.6497 9.001 0 0
5 Ghedo 0 0 10.6003 4.6307 0 0
6 Gefersa 0 0 56.2412 32.9683 0 0
7 Fincha 125 0 4.6389 2.0221 -82 65
8 D/Markos 0 0 9.8179 4.2795 0 0
9 Sululta 230kv 0 0 2.2038 0.9606 0 0
10 Mota 0 0 0.3416 0.1489 0 0
11 B/Dar II 0 0 22.6661 9.8805 0 0
12 Gondar 0 0 21.6841 9.4519 0 0
13 Metema 0 0 100.1312 43.6566 0 0
14 Alamata 0 0 11.8344 5.1585 0 0
15 Beles 291 -63.8 0 0 -232 232
16 Mekele 0 0 40.4788 17.6443 0
17 Tekeze 170 1.32 0.5 0.3 -152 152
18 Endasillasie 0 0 10.8344 4.1585 0 0
19 Humera 0 0 11.2100 3.2221 0 0

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 Appendix C Load data (+50% of normal load)
Bus Bus name Nominal generation nominal demand Qmin Qmax
N0
PG QG PD QD
1 GibeI 180 0 18.18135 7.9251 -63 63
2 Gibe II 200 0 0 0 -200 200
3 Sebeta II 400kv 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Sebeta I 0 0 30.97455 13.5015 0 0
5 Ghedo 0 0 15.90045 6.94605 0 0
6 Gefersa 0 0 84.3618 49.45245 0 0
7 Fincha 125 0 6.95835 3.03315 -82 65
8 D/Markos 0 0 14.72685 6.41925 0 0
9 Sululta 230kv 0 0 3.3057 1.4409 0 0
10 Mota 0 0 0.5124 0.22335 0 0
11 B/Dar II 0 0 33.99915 14.82075 0 0
12 Gondar 0 0 32.52615 14.17785 0 0
13 Metema 0 0 150.1968 65.4849 0 0
14 Alamata 0 0 17.7516 7.73775 0 0
15 Beles 291 -63.8 0 0 -232 232
16 Mekele 0 0 60.7182 26.46645 0
17 Tekeze 170 1.32 0.75 0.45 -152 152
18 Endasillasie 0 0 16.2516 6.23775 0 0
19 Humera 0 0 16.815 4.83315 0 0

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 Appendix D Load data (-50% of normal load)
Bus Bus name Nominal generation nominal demand Qmin Qmax
N0
PG QG PD QD
1 GibeI 180 0 6.06045 2.6417 -63 63
2 Gibe II 200 0 0 0.0 -200 200
3 Sebeta II 400kv 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Sebeta I 0 0 10.32485 4.5005 0 0
5 Ghedo 0 0 5.30015 2.31535 0 0
6 Gefersa 0 0 28.1206 16.48415 0 0
7 Fincha 125 0 2.3199 1.01105 -82 65
8 D/Markos 0 0 4.90895 2.13975 0 0
9 Sululta 230kv 0 0 1.1019 0.4803 0 0
10 Mota 0 0 0.1708 0.07445 0 0
11 B/Dar II 0 0 11.6661 4.9402 0 0
12 Gondar 0 0 10.84205 4.72595 0 0
13 Metema 0 0 50.1312 22.6566 0 0
14 Alamata 0 0 5.9172 2.57925 0 0
15 Beles 291 -63.8 0 0 -232 232
16 Mekele 0 0 20.2394 8.82215 0 0
17 Tekeze 170 1.32 0.25 0.15 -152 152
18 Endasillasie 0 0 5.8344 2.1585 0 0
19 Humera 0 0 6.2100 2.2221 0 0

70