Environmental Chemistry (ENE-213)

Course Instructor: Dr. Sofia Baig

Lab Report-01

Preparation & Standardization of Solution

Submitted To:
Engr. Muhammad Irfan

Submitted By:
Group-01
Meer Taqi Ali (352477)
Umair Hassan (345487)
Taimoor Raja (341988)
Haider Ali (3)

National University of Sciences &Technology (NUST)

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)

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 Institute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering
(IESE)

5.1 Objective 3

5.2 Theory 3

5.3 Causes 4

5.4 Principle 4

5.5 Environmental significance 4

5.6 Apparatus 5

5.7 Chemical used 5

5.8 Procedure 5

5.9 Observation 6

5.10 Calculation 7

5.11 Conclusion 8

5.12 References 9

5.13 Precautions 9

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Title: Determination of Chlorides of Water
samples

5.1 Objective:
• Understanding the concepts regarding Chlorides of
Drinking Water
• How to measure Chlorides of water samples
• Applications i.e., Environmental Significance of Hardness
• How to present the results

5.2 Theory
Chlorides of drinking water:
Chloride in the form of chloride (Cl-) ion is one of the major
inorganic anions in water and wastewater. The chloride
concentration is higher in wastewater than in raw water
because sodium chloride is a common article of diet and
passes unchanged through the digestive system (Average
estimate of excretion: 6g of chlorides/person/day;
additional chloride burden due to human consumption on
wastewater: 15 mg/L). Along the sea coast chloride may be
present in high concentration because of leakage of salt
water into the sewage system. It also may be increased by
industrial process. In potable water, the salty taste
produced by chloride concentration is variable and depends
on the chemical composition of water. Some waters
containing 250 mg/L Cl- may have a detectable salty taste
if sodium cation is present. On the other hand, the typical
salty taste may be absent in waters containing as much as
1000 mg/L when the predominant cations are calcium and
magnesium. In addition, a high chloride contents may harm
metallic pipes and structures as well as growing plants. The
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measured chloride ions can be used to know salinity of
different water sources. For brackish water (or sea water or
industrial brine solution), it is an important parameter and
indicates the extent of desalting of apparatus required. It
also interferes with COD determination and thus it requires
a correction to be made on the basis of amount present or
else a complexion agent, such as HgSO 4 can be added.
Further, chloride ions are used as tracer ions in column
studies to model fate of different contaminants in soil and
liquid media.

5.3 Causes:
• Occurs in the form of minerals in earth crust, such as

Rock Salt (NaCl) ---Carnallite (KCl . MgCl2 . 6H2O) ---

Sylvite (KCl)

• Industrial wastewater
• Sea coastal areas because of seawater

5.4 Principle:
• Argentometric method is used for determination of
chlorides
• Here sample is titrated against a standardized silver
nitrate solution using potassium chromate as an indicator
• Silver nitrate first reacts selectively with the chlorides
present in water to produce insoluble white silver
chlorides
• After all the chlorides precipitated, silver nitrate reacts
with indicator to form pinkish yellow silver chromate
precipitates marking the end point titration
• Bromide, iodide, and cyanides cause interferences to a
great extent
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 • Sulfide, thiosulphates, and sulfite ions also cause
interferences

5.5 Environmental Significance:

• Corrosion of metallic pipes
• Salty taste
• Plant Growth
• Transpiration process

5.6 Apparatus
• Pipette
• Conical flask
• Measuring Cylinder
• Indicator
• Titrant
• Funnel
• Burette
• Dropper

5.7 Chemical Used

• Potassium Chromate indicator
• Silver nitrate solution
• Sample solution
• Distilled water

5.8 Procedure:
 We took 50 ml of sample in a 250ml conical flask.
 We added 1ml of potassium chromate indicator in the
sample and note the color of sample which will give yellow
color.

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  We filled the burette with 0.0141N Silver Nitrate solution
and titrate the sample against sample till the color changes
from yellow to pinkish yellow. This is the end point of
titration.
 We noted down the burette reading to calculate volume of
titrant used.
 We repeated the above steps two times more to get set of
three readings.
 We repeated the whole process for distilled water to get
the reading for blank.
 Then,

Chlorides as mg CaCO3/L = [(A-B) x N x Molar equiv.

weight x1000mL]/50mL

5.9 Observations
Blank Run

Sr. Initial burette Final burette

Difference (mL)
No Reading (mL) Reading (mL)

1 6.9 7.5 .6

2 7.5 8 .5

3 8 8.7 .7

Mean Volume of Titrant = 0.6 mL

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 Sample-1

Initial burette Final burette

Sr. No Difference (mL)
Reading (mL) Reading (mL)

1 8.7 15.7 7

2 15.7 22.2 6.5

3 22.2 29.7 7.5

Mean Volume of Titrant = 7 mL

5.10 Calculations:
For calculation purpose use this formula:
Chlorides as mg CaCO3/L = [(A-B) x (0.0141) N x Eq.
Molar weight x1000ml]/volume of sample in ml
)

Here: A = Sample mean value difference

B = Blank run mean value difference

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 N = normal solution concentration which is
0.0141 N of Silver Nitrate
Eq. Molar weight = molar mass of chloride
Volume of sample = 50 ml
Chlorides as mg CaCO3/L = [(7-.6) x (0.0141) x
(35.5) x1000mL]/50mL

Thus, the chloride hardness in water is

64.0704 mg CaCO3/L

Sam pH of Normal Volu Mean Mean Chlorides as

ple Samp ity of me of volu Volu mg CaCO3/L
No. le EDTA Samp me of me of = [(A-B) x
(N) le titra titran (0.0141) N x
taken nt t Eq. Molar
in used used weight
flask for for x1000ml]/vol
(mL) samp Blank ume of
le (mL) sample in ml
(mL)
1 10 0.0141 50 7 .6 64.0704

Results: Hardness of Sample = 64.0704 mg/L as

CaCO3

5.11 Conclusion:
To conclude, when silver nitrate solution is gradually
added into the flask, then silver ions react with
chloride ions and forms silver chloride. It is
precipitated in bottom of the flask. The precipitation is

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white in color. This shows the presence of chloride
ions in sample.

The end point of the titration takes place when all the
chloride ions react and precipitated. Then slightly
extra silver ions react with the chromate ions and
form a brownish-red precipitate of silver chromate.

5.12 References
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Determination of chloride in water by mohr method | Hard and

Soft Water (hardsoftwater.com)
5.13 Precautions:
• EHS regarding chemical used in experiment
• Wear Lab Coats, Closed toe shoe and masks while
performing experiment.
• Tie your hair
• Don’t mix any type of solutions especially adding water to
the acids
• Keep your bags away from the working area
• In case of any emergency, contact with Lab Engineer and
Lab Technician