Airplane Design I

Sizing to Performance

1395 - 1 A. Banazadeh
 ‫!‪Size to Performance‬‬ ‫در طبیعت همه چیز برای انجام عملکرد خاصی سایز شده است‬

‫‪Performance Sizing‬‬
Performance: How well your airplane flies

Knowing Weight
Performance  Thrust, Area, Shape

Performance Sizing
 Performance Constraints

• Range 
• Endurance / Loiter 
• Stall Speed
• Max. Cruise Speed
• T.O. and Landing Field Length (Field Legs)
• Rate of Climb (AEO, OEI) & Time to Climb
• Maneuvering Req (excess power)

Find W /S T /W CLMax CLMaxT .O . CLMaxL

 P /W Technology Oriented
Design Parameters 
L
, AR, Cj , Cp, Stall Speed ,...
D
Performance Sizing
Performance Requirements: Matching Diagram
(T/W) T.O. Match All inconsistent Requirements!
lbs/lbs
(W/p) T.O. Cl max
L
lbs/hp Landing Find Target Area
Distance

AEO
OEI Cruise
Speed
Time to
Climb
Main objective will
be to determine
Design Point Takeoff
lowest possible
thrust loading Distance
(power loading )
while maintaining (W/S) T.O.
highest wing loading
lbs/ft^2

Performance Sizing
Stall Speed Requirements CS-23 some single engine
airplanes Vstall <61 kts at WTO
Customer/FAR/EASA Stall Speed Requirements: Vstall < Max. #
Both Clean and Landing Config.
.‫ برای هر یک از شرایط پروازی کفایت می کند‬CLmax ‫در این مرحله تنها انتخاب سه مقدار مناسب برای‬
‫ این مقادیر با توجه به نوع ایرفویل بال و نوع فلپ تصحیح می گردند‬II ‫در طراحی کالس‬

Choose CLmax Statistically

Power off Stall Speed Clean / Landing

VStall  [2(W / S ) /  CLmax ] 1/ 2

‫خط استال برخاست معموالً سمت راست خط‬

‫محدودیت مربوط به حالت کروز یا نشستن قرار می گیرد‬
‫ البته چنانچه در پروفیل‬.‫و لذا محدود کننده نهایی نیست‬
Known for Both: .‫مأموریت قید شده باشد بایستی بررسی شود‬
Flaps Down or
Flaps Up (optional)
Find

Performance Sizing
Stall Speed- CS-23

Performance Sizing
 Allowed stall speeds for different regulations

Light Sport Airplane

Usually for CS-25 multi engine airplanes 70 <Vstall < 150

kts at WTO

Performance Sizing
 Case Study

Jet transport
A320
Stall speed=140 kts

Surveillance UAV
RQ-7 shadow 200
Stall speed=55 kts

Performance Sizing
 Typical Values of Lift Coefficient CLmax Depends on:
• Airfoil Type, Flap Type
• Manufacturing Technology
• Cost

Performance Sizing
 Take off performance

V1 V2 Second segment

Performance Sizing
Take Off Distance

Make sure take-off field length and

BFL are both desirable values

Be careful about “the place you are taking off from”

“Hot & humid or Hot & high” runways

Performance Sizing
Take Off Field Length

Takeoff Field Length (ft)

12,000

2,000

1 6
Gross Weight (100,000 kg)

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Take Off Requirements: Propeller or Jet Airplanes
CS 25.105 - Takeoff
(a) The take-off speeds described in CS 25.107,
the accelerate-stop distance described in CS 25.109,
the take-off path described in CS 25.111, and the
take-off distance and take-off run described in CS
25.113, must be determined –
(1) At each weight, altitude, and ambient
temperature within the operational limits selected
by the applicant; and
(2) In the selected configuration for takeoff.
(b) No take-off made to determine the data
required by this paragraph may require exceptional
piloting skill or alertness.

Performance Sizing
Take Off Distance Requirements

 Take-off Distance is Determined By

 T.O. Weight and Lift Off Speed
 Effect of Pilot Technique
 Type of Runway, μG, CDG
 FAR-23 , 50 ft Obstacle
 FAR-25, 35 ft Obstacle

 Known and Decisions

 ST.O. , Vcat , CLmax

 Target Area in Your Graph

 T/W or W/P
(Thrust/Wight or Power Loading at T.O.)

Performance Sizing
Take Off Parameter
Suppose that aerodynamic drag and friction force are negligible during take off to find
Lift Off Distance. Usually, CLMax 1.21CLT .O.
T .O.

2
V LO
S LO
2a
WTO
TTO a average acceleration
g
1 2
WTO VLO SCLLO
2

W
( )TO
1 S
S LO
0g
T
CLMaxT .O . ( )TO
W
Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Take Off Equations

STOFL 37.5TOP25

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Take Off Equations
W
( )TO Statistical Equation
STOFL 37.5 TOP25 37.5 S TOP25 = Take Off Parameter lb/ft2
T
CLMaxT .O . ( )TO How To Plot:
W
• STOFL from Mission Profile
• Calculate TOP25
0 • Choose 3 CLmaxTO
TVLO • Use TOP25 Equation
For propeller driven : P • Plot the Curves
prop

T W
Correct to in your graph
W P
by use of the next Graph
or by calculations !!!
Effect of Take-off Wing Loading and
Maximum Take-off Lift Coefficient on
Take-off Thrust-to-Weight Ratio
Performance Sizing
‫‪FAR 25 Take Off Equations‬‬
‫)‪PTO (hp‬‬ ‫) ‪0.35 TTO (lbs‬‬
‫‪ft‬‬ ‫‪ft‬‬
‫‪1lbs 1lbm 32.2 2 1 slug 1 2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪0.45 kg 9.8 2 4.45 N‬‬
‫‪s‬‬

‫‪for Engine Selection Note that‬‬

‫‪TTO is calculated at airport Alt.‬‬
‫‪TTO‬‬ ‫! ‪1.5 T100 kts‬‬
‫در انتخاب موتور توجه داشته باشید‬
‫که تراست و توان موتور در حالت‬
‫استاتیک با افزایش سرعت هواپیما‬
‫روی باند پرواز کاهش پیدا می‬
‫کنند‪) .‬بویژه هنگامی که ملخ گام‬
‫متغیر نباشد یا موتور سیستم کنترل‬
‫توان نداشته باشد(‬
‫لذا بهتر است تا از روابط تجربی در‬
‫وحله اول بهره بگیریم و نه معادالت‬
‫‪Performance Sizing‬‬ ‫تحلیلی برخاست‪.‬‬
FAR 23 Take Off Requirements: Usually Propeller Driven
23.53 - Takeoff Performance
(a) For normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplanes, the takeoff distance must
be determined in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section, using speeds
determined in accordance with 23.51 (a) and (b).
(b) For normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplanes, the distance required to
takeoff and climb to a height of 50 feet above the takeoff surface must be
determined for each weight, altitude, and temperature within the operational
limits established for takeoff with --
(1) Takeoff power on each engine;
(2) Wing flaps in the takeoff position(s)
(3) Landing gear extended.
(c) For commuter category airplanes, takeoff performance, as required by 23.55
through 23.59, must be determined with the operating engine(s) within
approved operating limitations.
Lift Off

Performance Sizing
FAR 23 Take Off Equations
STO 1.66 STOG Statistical EquationSTO is found from mission requirement

STOG 4.9 TOP23 0.009 TOP 2 23 Statistical Equation

TOP23 = Take Off Parameter lb2/ft2hp
How To Plot:
W W • STO from Mission Profile
( )TO ( )TO • Calculate Max TOP23
TOP23 S P
CLMaxT .O . • Choose 3 CLmaxTO
• Use TOP23 Equation
• Plot the Curves
0

Effect of Take-off Wing Loading

and Maximum Take-off Lift
Coefficient on Take-off Power
Loading
Performance Sizing
Performance Sizing
Military Take Off Distance Requirements: Land or Carrier Base
W
K1 ( )T .O
STOG S
No wind, Level runway
CLMaxT .O. k2 X 0.72CD 0
W T .O. G

For Carrier Base Take Off,

Catapult characteristics
must be provided to relate
WT.O. to (W/S)T.O.
1
WT .O. (VWOD VCat ) 2 S CLMaxT .O . /1.21
2
Wind Over Deck

Performance Sizing
Case Study: Military Land and Carrier Base
‫با توجه به مشخص بودن وزن برخاست پرنده در این مرحله‬
.‫ به عنوان محدودیت خواهد بود‬CLmax ‫ و‬Cat ‫تنها یک خط عمودی تابع نوع‬

Effect of Maximum Take-off Lift Coefficient and Catapult

Limitations on Weight, Wing Loading and Thrust-to-
Weight Ratio at Take-Off

Performance Sizing
Landing Distance Requirements

 Landing Distance is Determined By

 Landing Weight and Approach Speed
 Pilot Technique
 Deceleration Methods and Sink Rate
 Type of Runway, µG, CDG
 FAR-23 , 50 ft Obstacle
 FAR-25, 50 ft Obstacle
• Brakes
 Known and Decisions • Thrust Reverse
 SFL, SL, WL , CLmax • Parachutes
• Arresting System
• Crash Barrier
 Target Area in Your Graph
 T/W or W/P
(Thrust/Wight or Power Loading at Landing)

Performance Sizing
 Arresting Systems

Performance Sizing
Landing Weight:
Manufacturer Design Data

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Landing Requirements and Equations:
25.125 - Landing.
(a) The horizontal distance necessary to land and to come to a complete stop (or to a speed of
approximately 3 knots for water landings) from a point 50 feet above the landing surface must be
determined (for standard temperatures, at each weight, altitude, and wind within the operational limits
established by the applicant for the airplane) as follows:
(1) The airplane must be in the landing configuration.
(2) A stabilized approach, with a calibrated airspeed of VREF, must be maintained down to the 50 foot
height. VREF may not be less than
(i) 1.23 VSR0 (Reference Stall Speed);
(ii) VMCL established under 25.149(f); and
(iii) A speed that provides the maneuvering capability specified in 25.143(g).
(3) Changes in configuration, power or thrust, and speed, must be made in accordance with the
established procedures for service operation.
(4) The landing must be made without excessive vertical acceleration, tendency to bounce, nose over,
ground loop, porpoise, or water loop.
……..
…….

S FL 0.3VA 2 Statistical Equation

VA 1.3VSL

S FL VA VSL [2(W / S ) L / CLmax L ]1/ 2 (W / S )TO

Performance Sizing
FAR 23 Requirement and Landing Weight:
23.75 - Landing distance.
The horizontal distance necessary to land and come to a complete stop from a point 50 feet above the
landing surface must be determined, for standard temperatures at each weight and altitude within the
operational limits established for landing, as follows:
(a) A steady approach at not less than VREF, determined in accordance with 23.73 (a), (b), or (c), as
appropriate, must be maintained down to the 50 foot height and --
(1) The steady approach must be at a gradient of descent not greater than 5.2 percent (3 degrees) down to
the 50-foot height.
(2) In addition, an applicant may demonstrate by tests that a maximum steady approach gradient steeper
than 5.2 percent, down to the 50-foot height, is safe. The gradient must be established as an operating
limitation and the information necessary to display the gradient must be available to the pilot by an
appropriate instrument.
……
……

2
SLG 0.265VSL
Statistical Equation
SL 1.938 S LG
Procedure: SL S LG VSL [2(W / S ) L / CLmax L ]1/ 2 (W / S )TO

Performance Sizing
Military Landing Distance: Land Base, Carrier Base RFP
Almost Like FAR 25
S FL 0.3VA 2
VA 1.2 VSL Land Base S FL VA VSL [2(W / S ) L / CLmax L ]1/ 2 (W / S )TO

VA 1.15 VSPA Carrier Base + Limitations of Arresting Gear System

Power Approach

WL VA VSPA [2(W / S ) A / CLmax PA ]1/ 2

Performance Sizing
Case Study: Civil and Military WT .O.
Calibration : (W / S )T .O. (W / S ) L
WL

USS Dwight D Eisenhower (CVN-69) ("Ike"), 1977

95,000 tons
330 m length
40 m Height
90 Aircraft
Movie
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, A-10, Rafael

Performance Sizing
Performance Sizing
Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation 1
: For elliptical wing
AR
1
: For non-elliptical wing
AR e

Parasite + [Induced + Wave]

Due to forming shock waves
~ %20 ~%80
C D0 Profile (Pressure & Friction) + Interference

Is usually found experimentally

Pressure

Friction

Performance Sizing
 Drag Parasite
CD Parasite
q (area )
Flat plate area:
Equivalent area of a flat plate
with drag coefficient of 1.

Calculate f for all components: Proper Area

Function of Cf (Reynolds), and shape

CD0 Airplane f / Sref

Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation Be careful: Reynolds number affects CD0
values

Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation

Optimum Thickness Ratio Generating Least Profile Drag

Performance Sizing
 ‫ضریب پسای اصطکاکی صفحۀ تخت هموار و موازی با جریان‬

1/ 328
CF 
Re l

C D0 Airplane (1.25)C SWet / S Ref

F

Form Factor for Pressure Drag Distribution and Interference

Performance Sizing
Estimation Method
Estimation based on weight not configuration!

f
CD0
S
log f a b log SWet f is Related toSWet Via Technology!
Surface finishing, Smoothness, Streamlining

Choose Cf
Using Statistical Graphs
or this table

Performance Sizing
Estimation of Parasite Area: Single Engine Propeller Driven

Performance Sizing
Estimation of Parasite Area: Multi Engine Propeller Driven

Performance Sizing
Estimation of Parasite Area: Transports, Fighters, Bombers

Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation
log SWet c d log WTO SWet Correlation with
WT .O.

Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation
log SWet c d log WTO

For Clean Configuration

Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation
2
CL
Initial Drag Polar CD CD0 CD0 `CD
Ae
f
CD0
It’s not always that easy… Sref
specially on high AOA
 f: Equivalent Flat Plate Parasites Area
 S: Reference Area (Wing Planform Area)
 A: Aspect Ratio
 e: Efficiency Factor (Oswald) due to 3-D Effects
 ∆CD0: Drag Due to Configuration Changes
 ∆`CD : Compressibility Effects and High Speed
Drag Rise

S ref

Performance Sizing
Drag Polar Estimation
2
CL
CD CD0 CD0 `CD
Ae
First Estimate for CD0
and Oswald efficiency Factor
Configuration CD0 e
Low speed, Low sweep
Clean 0 0.8  0.95
Take-off flaps 0.010-0.020 0.75-0.8
Landing flaps 0.055-0.075 0.7-0.75
Landing gear 0.015-0.025 No effect

Performance Sizing
High Speed Drag Rise: ∆`CD0
Check your Configuration
Add counts if you’re airplane is going to fly at M > 0.6

B 727

F-106 Delta Dart

Performance Sizing
 Your Category  Sref Find c & d Swet Find Cf Find a & b CD0= f/Sref

Compare With (L/D)

Change Cf if Necessary Calculate (L/D)max ∆CD
Selected in Weight Sizing

1- Estimate your Airplane Drag Polar for Following Configurations

L
2- (Calculate1 (L/D) max (Cruise, Clean) and Do the Second Cycle of Design
) max L
D 4CD0 ( ) max Mission profile
D
AR e L
Change Cf, e ( ) max
D
Mission profile

Change Mff and

Performance Sizing WTO
Performance Sizing
Climb Requirements
‫معموالً برای جنگندهها‬
Rate of Climb, Climb Gradient --------- Time to Climb, Ceiling, Excess Power

 Climb Parameters is Determined By

 Density Altitude and Aerodynamic Shape
 Rate of Climb Parameter
 Climb Gradient Parameter :‫هدف‬
 AEO and OEI Cases ،‫چگونه معادالت اوجگیری را منطبق بر قانون‬
 Emergency Cases (Balked Landing) ‫به نمودارهای عملکردی تبدیل نماییم‬
 FAR/EASA Requirements

 Known and Decisions

 WT.O. and WL are known
 Select AR, CLmax
 Find appropriate drag polar (FAR requirements)
 Follow the Regulations

 Target Area in Your Graph

 W/S or W/P

Performance Sizing
FAR 23 Climb Requirements
Sea Level
1/15 rad for Amphibious

Min. Drag and Max. Lift Position

‫سنجش توان باقیمانده‬

‫سنجش همزمان توان‬

‫و ایرودینامیک برای‬
‫ پوند‬6000 ‫هواپیماهای باالی‬
Compute VS0 using Clmax (Clean):

There is another requirement for FAR 23 Turbine Powered Airplanes

to show that zero steady climb rate can be achieved at 5000 ft and 27oc
in this config.

Pilatus PC-12
Performance Sizing
FAR 23 Climb Formulation  L. K. Loftin, Subsonic Aircraft Evaluation and ..Page 340

RC Rate of Cli mb= dh

= 33000× RCP ft / min
dt
RCP = Rate of Cli mb Parameter hp / lbs
  
    ‫معادله الزم جهت ترسیم نمودارهای عملکردی‬
 W / S
1/ 2

RCP =  p
-  
 W / P   CL3/ 2  1/ 2  
  19      This CL is less than CLmax
   CD   
 CL3/ 2 
To get   for RCP max  CLRCmax = (3CD 0 ARe )1/ 2

 CD  max
If OEI Climb Gradient is required,
1.345  ARe 
3/ 4
 CL3/ 2  for Maximizing (W/P)(W/S), it is
CDRCmax = 4CD0    = 𝐶𝐿
1/ 4 better to fly at the best possible
 C D  max CD 0 𝐶𝐷
Loftin,..Page 353 with the best CL to get the min
CGRP for your design! (It is not
CGR Cli mb Gradient (dh ) / V practical and choosing CLClimb is
dt more convincing )
CGRP [CGR ( L / D)Climb 1 ] / CLClimb1/ 2
CL of ( L / D ) max
1/ 2
18.97 P
CGRP = Cli mb Gradient Parameter 1/ 2
CLm CD0 ARe
W /P W /S
Performance Sizing CLClimb CLmax (T . O . or Landing) 0.2
RCP
for Propeller :
Pa  Pr
h  dh = 33000( ) ; P (hp), W (lb), h( ft/min) 
dt W
DV
pP  W 2
h  33000( 550 ); V  
W SCL 
h  33000 RCP
  
  
  
1/ 2
W / S
RCP =  - 
p
 W / P   CL3/ 2  1/ 2  
  19     
   CD   

for Jet :
L  W cos( )  0
T  D  W sin( )  0
 W  - 1  L D    RC
h  V sin( )  V .CGR  V T

Performance Sizing
FAR 23 Climb Check Procedure WTO ,WL are Known
Assume :  P , CLmax , AR
Find RCP from FAR 23.65

Find VS0 for FAR 23.67, Then Find RCP from FAR 23.67

Find Drag Polar For FAR 23.65

 CL3/ 2 
Find   to Maximize RC
 CD max 1.1
For FAR 23.65

2 Power at Alt.
For FAR 23.67  0.85

p / p0   n  0.85
for h  5000 ft

Performance Sizing
FAR 23 Climb Check Procedure: Cont.
Find CLm from (CL/CD)max or Use CLClimb

Find CGP (For FAR 23.56 and FAR 23.77)

Plot W/S & W/P graphs

Pmax.T .O.
Typically : = 1.1
Pma.Cont .

Most Critical Condition

Change AR, Clmax & Prop Effi.Check the Results

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Requirements
 Known and Decisions
 WT.O. and WL
 Climb Gradient, VClimb are known from standard
 Select AR, CLmax
 Find appropriate Drag Polar (FAR requirements)
 Follow the Regulations

 Regulations (Take-off Climb & Balked Landing)

 FAR-25-121-OEI Transient Climb Segment, Second Segment, Enroot Climb
Take off  FAR-25-111-OEI Initial Climb Segment

 FAR-25.119-AEO
 FAR-25-121-OEI Balked Landing

 Target Area in Your Graph

 T/W & W/S

OEI: Critical Engine Inoperative

Climb with AEO in not Critical for FAR 25

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Requirements

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Requirements (Multi-Engine Airplanes)
All Engines Operating is not a problem! Also, climb gradient is the main issue because wit
initial speed, rate of climb will be achieved .

First Segment

Transition

Second Segment

En-route

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Requirements: FAR-25.119-AEO, Balked Landing

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Requirements: FAR-25.121-OEI, Balked Landing

CL max T .O.  CL max A  CL max L

Follow Section 3.4.6 (Roskam Part I)

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Formulation  L. K. Loftin, Subsonic Aircraft Evaluation and ..Page 108

• For Propeller Driven Airplane

CGR  Cli mb Gradient  ( dh ) /V
dt
Vs  [2(W / S ) /  CLmax ]1/2
RC = Rate of Cli mb= dh = 33000× RCP ft / min
dt 1
CL  2 CLmax
   k
  
p W / S
1/ 2 3/ 2
RCP =  -    ; Find CL
from V  kVStalll
W / P   CL3/ 2  1/ 2  CD
  19    
   CD   

• For Jet Driven Airplane

OEI :  W  =  N  N - 1    L D 
T -1
+CGR 
AEO : T     L D   CGR 
1
W
N : Number of Engines
find L / D from V

Performance Sizing
FAR 25 Climb Check Procedure: Jet Driven
1
CL  2 CLmax
k
Find CLClimb from Clmax For Take-off & Landing Regarding to V(Required Speed, mentioned in the Regulation)

Find L/D from appropriate Drag Polar

Correct for Temperature, Max Cont. Thrust

and Landing Weight

Plot (T/W)T.O. graphs

Most Critical Condition

Change AR, CD0 & Clmax and Check the Results

Performance Sizing
Some Video Clips: Take-off, Climb & Landing

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Requirements: MIL-C-005011B
Check for
 For Take off and Landing Full T.O. Weight
 Two Types of Configuration shall be checked for Take-off
 One Type of Configuration shall be checked for Landing
And OEI
 Use FAR 25 Regulations as mentioned in previous slides

V = 1.1 VST.O . 50 ft Obstacle  V = 1.15VSTO

Take off CGR  0.005 CGR  0.025
Gear down, Take-off flaps, Maximum powerGear up, Take-off flaps, Maximum power
50 ft Obstacle  VA = 1.2VSPA
Balked Landing
CGR  0.025
Gear up. Approach flaps. Maximum dry power

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Formulation
• For Propeller Driven
CGR  Cli mb Gradient  (dh ) /V
dt
RC = Rate of Cli mb= dh = 33000× RCP ft / min
dt
  
  
  
1/ 2 3/ 2
  W / S   ; Find CL
from V  kVStalll
p
RCP = -
W / P   CL3/ 2  1/ 2   CD
  19    
   CD    Blue Angels, F/A-18 Hornet
• For Jet Driven
OEI :  W  =  N  N - 1    L D 
T -1
+CGR 
AEO : T     L D   CGR 
1
W

N : Number of Engines

Performance Sizing
Maneuvering Performance (Military, Agricultural, Acrobatic)
 For Sustained Turn
 Max. Desired Load Factor or Specific Turn Rate (or radius) is given
 Load Factor as a function of V & h
 Find T/W & W/S graph

1
n= L nW CLqS nmax CLmax q / (W / S )
cos
T D CDqS (CD0 KCL2max )qS
2
qCD0 nmax
(T / W ) [ (W / S )]
W /S q A Re
V R R
V2
R= ( g / V ) n2 - 1 nreq [(V / g ) 2 1]1/2
g n2 - 1
qCD0 nr2eq
(T / W ) [ (W / S )]
W /S q A Re

Performance Sizing
 Positive Limit Manoeuvring Load Factor:CS-23

CS 25.337 Limit manoeuvring load

factors
May not be less than 2·5 and need not be greater than 3·8

Performance Sizing
Cruise Speed Sizing: Jet Driven
 Cruise Speed is Known from Mission Profile at Alt.
 Previously Known CD0
 Formulation
 Plot T/W & W/S graph (Plus Weight & Altitude Corrections)

T D CDqS
W L CLqS
1 (W / S )
(T / W ) Req. CD0 q ( )
W /S q ARe

W %WT .O. (W / S )T .O. K1 (W / S ); k1 1

(T / W )T .O. ( K 2 / K1 )(T / W ) Req.;
k2 1 from Engine Manu. Data

Performance Sizing
 (W/S)Cr (W/S)TO (T/W)Cr (T/W) (T/W)TO
For weight Static
40 47 0.236 0.2 0.32
z
60 71 0.217 0.184 0.29
80 95 0.225 0.191 0.31
100 118 0.244 0.207 0.33

× 1.18 ÷ 1.18 × 1.6

(WTO/WCr (WTO/WCr (TTO/WCr)
) )

Performance Sizing
Cruise Speed Sizing: Propeller Driven
 Cruise Speed is calculated at %75-80 Engine Power at Alt.
 Define Vcr in Mission Profile
 Use Airplane Category & Required Vcr to find Ip
 Ip formulation
 Plot W/P & W/S graph (Plus Weight & Altitude Corrections)
 Estimate CD0 for ᵑp=0.85, Compare with Clean Condition
 Correct Airplane Characteristics or Mission Data
ftLb/sec

Preq P p 550 SHP p DV CDqSV

1
3
Vcr 77.3 p W /S CD W / P
1
3
W /S
Ip
W /P
Vcr IP
CDi 0.1CD for Cruise Condition (%0.75 %0.85 Max Power )...
You can find this relation for your category as well!
5 3
CD 0 1.114 10 I p / Vcr ; p 0.85; Vmph

Performance Sizing
Cruise Speed Sizing: Power Index Correlation

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Requirements: MIL-C-005011B Cont.
 For Time to Climb
 Find Time to Climb (tcl, h) from Mission Profile
Absolute Ceiling
Find RC at sea level (RC0) dh

RC =  RC0 (1 - h/habs )
RC0 = (habs / tcl )ln(1 - h / habs )-1 dt

For Shallow Flight Path Angle: Gamma<15 deg

 Propeller:

RC0 = Rate of Climb= dh = 33000× RCP

dt
  
  
p  W / S
1/2

RCP =  - 
 W / P   CL3/2  
  19     
1/2

   CD max  
 Jet: RC0 ‫در اینجا محاسبات در سطح دریا انجام میگردد‬

RC0 = V  W 
T - 1 L D  V max L / D
 [2(W / S ) / (  (CD0 A Re) )]
1/ 2 1/ 2

( L / D ) max  0.5( A Re/ CD0 ) 𝐶𝐿

1/ 2
It is possible here to fly at to get the best
𝐶𝐷 max
 Plot T/W or W/P and W/S Curves possible performance for fighter aircraft.

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Requirements: MIL-C-005011B Cont.
 For Time to Climb and Ceiling

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Requirements: MIL-C-005011B Cont.
 For Time to Climb
 Find Time to Climb (tcl & h) from Mission Profile

RC0 = (habs /tcl )ln(1- h/habs )-1

For Steep Flight Path Angle: Gamma>15 deg (Fighters Only)

Find  L / D max

RC 0 =V Sin 
 
 
-1 1/2
 2 
Sin  = T /W   Pdl -  Pdl  Pdl + 1 +  L / D max
2
 
  
Pdl =  L / D max
2
1 +  L / D  2
max 
V  [2(W / S ) / {CD 0 A Re}1/2 ]1/2

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Requirements: MIL-C-005011B Cont.
 For Ceiling
 Choose Min. Required Rate of Climb at Alt.
 For Propeller:
RC = Rate of Cli mb= dh = 33000× RCP
dt
  
  
  
1/ 2

RCP =  p
-  W / S 
 W / P   CL3/ 2  
  19     
1/ 2

   CD  max  

 For Jet:


RC = V T / W  - 1/  L / D max 
V max L / D  [2(W / S ) /(  (CD0 A Re)1/ 2 )]1/ 2
( L / D) max  0.5( A Re/ CD0 )1/ 2

‫در اینجا محاسبات در ارتفاع سقف پرواز‬

‫ توان دارد‬Mapping ‫انجام میگردد و نیاز به‬

Performance Sizing
Military Climb Requirements: MIL-C-005011B Cont.
 For Specific Excess Power (Fighters, Combat Superiority) 1
 For Given Ps & Dynamic Pressure W  V 2SC L  CL  f (W/ S)
 Find (L/D)Optimum from CL (Function of (W/S) & Dynamic Pressure) 2

W dV PS  dhe / dt  T  D V / W
 T  D W sin 
g dt he  Specific Energy  V 2 / 2 g  h

T / W  Ps / V  1/( L / D)
Performance Sizing
Matching Diagram
 Plot your graphs

Performance Sizing
‫‪From Matching Diagram Decide On:‬‬ ‫از دیاگرام تطبیق متوجه میشویم‬
‫که چنانچه هواپیمای ما با محموله‬
‫مشخص بخواهد طبق خواست مشتری‬
‫و مطابق قانون عملکرد مشخصی‬
‫داشته باشد‪ ،‬این اعداد که بیانگر‬
‫تکنولوژی هستند باید در روند طراحی‬
‫اجابت گردند‪.‬‬

‫‪Now,‬‬
‫!‪You are Ready for Configuration Development‬‬

‫‪Performance Sizing‬‬
Wing Planform Design
 1- Check your mission profile and decide about your design parameters
(Controllers)
2- Design for Climb Requirements
3- Design for Ceiling Requirements
4- Design for Turn Maneuver
5- Design for Cruise Speed
6- Configure your Matching Diagram
7- Decide about your Design Point (Area)
8- Review your Mission Profile and write down your Decisions
:‫ مورد بسیار دقت کنید‬3 ‫در ترسیم خطوط دیاگرام تطبیق به‬
‫تبدیل واحدها بویژه در توان و سرعت‬ •
‫تصحیح نتایج با توجه به ارتفاع و وزن‬ •
‫تعیین دقیق راندمان ایرودینامیکی‬ •

Any Question?
Performance Sizing
Carpet Plots (they are similar to carpets in texture and showing style)
Reverse trade study on (T/W and W/S) with AR, ƞ … to find out the value for
minimum weight
CD0=f(WTO) Remember that T/W and W/S represent technology

Weight and Performance

Sizing

‫خروجی این نمودارها پارامترهای الزم‬

‫جهت دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب با‬
‫کمترین وزن است و لذا کمپانی سازنده‬
!‫ملزم به رسیدن به این وزن و این پارامترها خواهد بود که به ناچار باید تکنولوژی را بهبود ببخشد‬

Performance Sizing
How Far Can a Bird Fly?

Performance Sizing