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Storage and Handling of Solids

This document discusses various methods for storing and conveying solid materials. It describes the angle of repose that forms when bulk materials are poured onto a surface. It explains that materials can be stored outside or in vessels depending on their properties. Pressure in storage vessels comes from friction between particles and causes bridging at discharge points. Mass and core flows describe how material exits from bins and silos. Segregation during filling can cause non-uniform discharge. Conveying methods include belt conveyors, chain conveyors, screw conveyors and pneumatic conveyors. Each method has different applications depending on the material properties and transport needs.

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216 views43 pages

Storage and Handling of Solids

This document discusses various methods for storing and conveying solid materials. It describes the angle of repose that forms when bulk materials are poured onto a surface. It explains that materials can be stored outside or in vessels depending on their properties. Pressure in storage vessels comes from friction between particles and causes bridging at discharge points. Mass and core flows describe how material exits from bins and silos. Segregation during filling can cause non-uniform discharge. Conveying methods include belt conveyors, chain conveyors, screw conveyors and pneumatic conveyors. Each method has different applications depending on the material properties and transport needs.

Uploaded by

madhav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Storage of Solids

Angle of Repose:

❖ When bulk granular materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a conical pile
will form. The internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal
surface is known as the angle of repose.
❖ It is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and the
coefficient of friction of the material.
❖ Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than material with a high
angle of repose.
Bulk Storage

• Less expansive, non-toxic and less sensitive to atmosphere materials such as sand and
coal can be stored outside on a non-permeable surface.
• When we have a expensive/ atmosphere sensitive or very fine particulate material we
need to store it in storage vessels.
Pressure acting in storage vessels

Friction

sand Water

• Solid particles exerts pressure on wall similar to liquid particles.


• Lateral pressure causes friction and this propagates to other particles due to interlocking
of particles
• This resists the load of the particles above this layer, and results in pressure at the bottom
due to the sand particles above the 3 times diameter to be negligible.
Pressure acting in storage vessels

Friction

sand Water

• Pressure on top results in tight packing and complete interlocking, which results in
bridging.
• As pressure increases flow of solid particles decreases.
Pressure acting in storage vessels

Friction

sand Water

• Discharge chute at bottom or side?


Storage of Solids:
Bins: Not So tall, Usually fairly wide
Silos: Tall and relatively small in diameter
Hoppers: Small vessel with a sloping bottom
Bins, Silos:
Hoppers:
Bridging
•In most cases bridging occurs at the discharge chute outlet.
•A property of the bridge is that the weight of the bulk material is carried by the
walls of the discharge chute and there are no forces acting on the bottom layers.
•If the bridge is firm and stable and located above the discharge chute outlet, it
causes the outflow of the bulk material to stop.
•When the bulk material is made up of similarly sized granules, the area of the
bridge is firmer.
•Bridging can be prevented by a large enough outlet.

Arch breaker
Mass flow of bulk material
It is characterized by material layers leaving a silo in the same order that they were
deposited.
Mass Flow: Steep Cone angle
When the outlet is opened all of the material starts to move and slides down the
walls.
This kind of storage silo is marked by fairly steep and smooth walls of the discharge
chute, with the inclination of the discharge chute compared to the vertical walls Θ
between 15° and 25°.
Tunnel Flow/Core Flow: Shallow Cone Angle
Core flow of bulk material is characterised by the material first deposited in the silo
leaving it last and the flow occurring mainly in the area above the outlet.
During core flow, the first bulk material to move is that which is placed more or
less above the outlet.
Bulk material located at the walls of the silo stays stationary and it is called a dead
or stationary zone.

Bulk material located at the silo walls begins to


move only when the surface level of the bulk
material approaches.
Non-flowing material on walls, eventual forming of a middle tunnel
When the bulk material deposited on the walls stays stationary, a dead zone is
created.

This typical core flow can develop into so-called middle tunnel.

The cohesion of the bulk material can increase with an increasing period of storage
during which the bulk material is stationary.
Segregation:
During filling of the storage silo, bulk material is deposited and lodged on the walls.
If the bulk material isn’t homogenous and contains various mixes, segregation may
occur.
Segregation can occur in accordance with the particle sizes and the specific
properties of the bulk property.
In the case of central filling, larger particles accumulate on the silo walls while
smaller particles accumulate in the middle.

In case of core flow of the material the smaller particles


located in the centre leave the silo first, the courser parts
last.

This effect is particularly undesirable when the


homogeneity of the mix is important, for example for
deliveries.

If the silo is used for intermediary storage, then when


the product bags are later filled non-homogeneity of the
contents arises.
Opening of the storage vessel

Not very large or very small


It is preferred to have half opening in operation to delever the product at
required flow rate.
Conveying:

Conveying is an operation of Transporting Solids

➢ Capacity
➢ Size and shape of material
➢ Whether material is to be transported horizontally or vertically or on an
incline.

Types Of Conveyors:
1. Belt Conveyors
2. Chain Conveyors
a. Scraper Conveyors
b. Apron Conveyors
c. Bucket Conveyors
d. Bucket Elevators
3. Screw Conveyors
4. Pneumatic Conveyors
Belt Conveyors:

Belt Conveyor contain the following elements:


✓The Belt
✓The Drive
✓The Supports and
✓The Tightener
Belt Conveyor Drives
Discharge Methods
Scrapers:
Is a plank or a strip of metal laid
diagonally across a belt and diverting
the material to one side.
Tipping Idlers:
Takes place on one of the regular
carriers, but its axis is with an angle
so that the material slides of the belt.
Tripper:
Consists of two pulleys, belt is
doubled back for a short distance.
The material coming to the tripper on
the belt is dropped over the end of the
belt as it turned back.
Shuttle Conveyor:
It is a short, movable conveyor,
usually travelling at right angles to the
main conveyor.
Chain Conveyors:
A large and very important group of conveyors is built around chains and chain
attachments.

It is a simple and cheap conveyor adopted to a wide variety of problems.


Types of Chains:
Apron Conveyors:
These are used for the widest variety of purposes but usually for heavy loads
and short runs.
Drying during conveying
Bucket Conveyors/Elevators:
The deep Apron conveyors are developed gradually in to Bucket Conveyors.

Particular amount of material & also used for transportation


vertically (elevators).
Screw Conveyors/Flights:
Pneumatic Conveyors:

The Four Basic Pneumatic Conveying Regimes:

A. Solid Dense Phase: Very low material velocity - pipeline full of material-an
excellent regime for fragile materials.

B. Discontinuous Dense Phase: Low material velocity - pipeline almost full of


material which moves in plug flow fashion-best regime for most applications in
which power economy. pipe erosion and material degradation issues are
important.

C. Continuous Dense Phase: Highest velocity below the saltation velocity of the
material conveyed-suitable for powder and narrow particle size distribution may
not be optimum design for abrasive materials.

D. Dilute Phase: Material Velocity above the saltation velocity - no upper limit to
the velocity least attractive regime for operating economy-unsuitable for abrasive
materials or materials with wide particle size distribution.

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