Gadjali, Raqeelyna A.

CAS QUIZ REVIEWER

Lesson 1: Forms of Communication 

 

Communication mode refers to the channel through which one express his/her
communicative intent. It is the medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Views
or feelings can be communicated through face to face interaction, video, or audio. The
mode may also be text-based. 
Communication Modes 

Face-to-face interaction. It is an informal or casual conversation between two or

more people. People engage in social conversations to establish relationships or maintain
them.  
Video. Another mode of communication is video. Web cameras are used so that two
or more people who cannot interact face-to-face can communicate. If there are no technical
glitches encountered, these can be very effective mode of communication. 

Audio. In this mode of communication, only the voice of the speaker is heard like in
podcast for instance. The audio communication mode is quite difficult especially if you are
listening to people with different accents. 

Text-Based. These include e-mails, facsimile, text messaging, and instant

messaging.

Lesson 2: Types of Communication

Topic Outline 
1. Types of Communication according to MODE 
2. Types of Communication according to CONTEXT 
3. Types of Communication according to PURPOSE 

Types of Communication according to Mode 

A message may be conveyed via these types: verbal, non-verbal, and visual. Though
communication is often thought of as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally essential as it
enhances one’s message. 

Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. Verbal
communication makes use of words tailored by the speaker to let the recipient decode the
message. Non-verbal communication makes use of gestures, facial expressions, and body
language to reinforce the verbal cues. Visual communication, moreover, is the type of
communication that makes use of visuals or images to convey information and/or
messages. Some examples include signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, pictograms and photos, and even various forms of electronic communication like
emojis and emoticons. 

Types of Communication according to Context 

Context in communication is referred to as a composite of people interacting with

each other, Communication according to context may include: (1) intrapersonal; (2)
interpersonal; (3) extended; (4) organizational; and (5) intercultural. 

Intrapersonal communication is labelled as inner talk, inner monologue or talking

to oneself. Psychologists call this self-verbalization or self-statement. Moreover,
Interpersonal communication may occur in dyads or small groups, where it is meant to
deepen one’s relationship with others. However, if the objective is to achieve something at
the end of the conversation, it becomes transactional. While the former is characterized by
less seriousness and formality, the latter is more formal and profound. In addition, extended
communication involves the use of electronic media. 

Extended communication encompasses tele, audio, or phone conferencing, video

conferencing, Skype calls, and other technological means. Since extended communication
is public in nature, speakers are expected to be prepared when they speak, making their
language more formal. 

Organizational communication comprises the type of communication among

individuals working for the company where hierarchical structure is apparent. It has a
system of communication put in place where standards of communication protocols are
made clear so that interaction patterns are established. Formal structures allow
communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in
the organization. Four approaches may be used such as: (1) downward communication,
(2) upward communication, (3) horizontal and (4) crosswise communication.   

Finally, the last but not least is Intercultural communication. As the term implies, it
is communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
social, and professional backgrounds. 

Types of Communication according to Purpose and Style 

The types of communication according to purpose and style are formal and
informal. However, rather than focusing on the transmission of message and message
flow, the focus here is on communication setting and the mode of delivery. Formal
communication employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. Lectures,
public speeches, research and project proposals, reports, and business letters among
others are all considered formal situations and writings. On the contrary, Informal
communication involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family
members, or acquaintances about anything under the sun. The mode may be oral as in face
to face, ordinary or every talks, and phone calls, or written in the case of e-mails, personal
notes, or text messages. The purpose is to simply socialize and enhance relationships. 
 Lesson 3: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics

Human beings are born with a capacity to communicate. Human brains are wired to learn
and acquire languages to convey and decode messages. For humans to communicate
effectively and efficiently, there are needs for language learners to: (1) understand how
communication processes work, what governing principles behind human transactions are
available, (3) and how do interlocutors maintain and observe ethical guidelines to sustain
quality and efficient communication transaction with each other. 

Communication Processes 
 
To have a good grasp of the communication transaction, consider several
communication models and see common variables that contribute to the success of efficient
communication. A model is often abstract. It helps you understand how a communication
process works. It is only by knowing the flow of communication that you will be able to make
the communication process effective.

1. Aristotle’s Linear Model of Communication 

Speaker à Speech à Audience 
 
2. Laswell’s Model 
Communicator à Message à Medium à Receiver à Effect 
 
3. Shannon- Weaver’s Model 
Sender à Encoder à Channel à Decoder à Receiver 
 
4. David Berlo’s Model 
Source à Messages à Channel à Receiver 

General Principles of Effective Communication 

 
Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the
principles to be observed to make it effective. You should be able to apply the following
principles: 
1. Know your purpose in communicating. 
2. Know your audience. 
3. Know your topic. 
4. Adjust your writing or speech to the context of the situation. 

Principles of Effective Oral Communication 

1. Be clear with your purpose. 
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. 
3. Be concise. 
4. Be natural with your delivery. 
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.
Principles of Effective Written Communication 
1. Be clear. 
2. Be concise. 
3. Be concrete. 
4. Be correct. 
5. Be coherent. 
6. Be complete. 
7. Be courteous. 

Communication is categorized according to types. There are types of communication

according to mode, context, purpose and style. A message may be conveyed via verbal,
non-verbal, and visual means. By the way visual communication makes use of images/icons
to convey information. Examples are signs, symbols, images, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, drawings, and various forms of electronic communication. Moreover, context in
communication is referred to as composite of people interacting with each other. These
encompasses: interpersonal, intrapersonal, extended, organizational, and intercultural.
Lastly, is on purpose and style.

Communication Principles 
Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal
states with other people through the use of symbols. 

Communication is a dynamic process. This indicates that communication is an ongoing

activity and unending process; it is not static. Communication is like a motion picture, not a
single snapshot. Dynamic process conveys the idea that sending and receiving messages
involves a host of variables, all in operation at the same time. Both parties in the transaction
are seeing, listening, talking, thinking, perhaps smiling, and touching, all at once. The
concept of process also means that you and your partner are part of the dynamic processes
of communication. In other words, you are always affected by other people’s messages,
and as a consequence, are always changing—and your messages are always changing
other people. 

Communication is symbolic. Inherent in our definition of communication is the fact

that humans are symbol-making creatures. In human communication, a symbol is an
expression that stands for or represents something else. One key characteristic of symbols,
is that symbols bear no inherent relation to what they are intended to represent and are
therefore, arbitrary. They are only sounds, marks on paper, movements, etc. that you
employ in your attempt to share your reality with other people. This symbol-making ability
allows for everyday interaction. An excellent summary (Wood, 2005) presents these
realities: 
 
(1) We use symbols to create meaning. 
(2) We ask others to be sounding boards so we can clarify our thinking, figure out
what things mean, enlarge our perspectives, check our perceptions, and label
feelings to give them reality. 
 
 In all these ways, we actively construct meaning by interacting with symbols. The
main reason why communication is symbolic is that, there is no mind to mind contact
between people. You cannot access the internal thoughts and feelings of other human
beings; you can only infer what they are experiencing by what you see and hear. What you
know and feel remains inside of you unless you symbolically express it; this expression is
communication. 

Communication is contextual. It is contextual because it occurs in particular

situations or systems that influence what and how we communicate and what meanings we
attach to messages. Put in slightly different terms, communication does not occur in
isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system composed of many
ingredients, all of which must be considered. As Littlejohn states, “Communication always
occurs in a context, and the nature of communication depends in large measure in this
context. What this implies is that the setting and environment help determine the words and
actions you generate and the meanings you give the symbols produced by other people.
Reflect for a moment on how differently you would behave in each of the following settings:
a church, a courtroom, a funeral, a wedding, a hospital, and a nightclub. Many of these
contextual rules are directly related to one’s culture. Some elements associated with the
contextual nature of communication include: (1) cultural context, (2) environmental context,
(3) occasion, (4) time, and (5) number of people. 

Communication is self-reflective. Humans have the ability to think about

themselves, their communication partners, their messages, and the potential results of
those messages, all at the same time. (Ruben, 1998) expresses this unique feature as
follows: “Because of self-reflectiveness, we are able to think about our encounters and our
existence, about communication and human behavior.” We are the only species that can be
at both ends of the microscope at the same time. This very special feature allows you to
monitor your actions and, when necessary or desirable, make certain adjustments.

Communication has a consequence. Inserted into our last principle was the idea
that people can learn something from every experience to which they are exposed. The act
of sending and receiving symbols influences all the involved parties. “All of our messages,
to one degree or another, do something to someone else.” Your responses to messages
vary in degree and kind. It might help you try to picture your potential responses in a form of
a continuum. At the far end of the continuum are responses to messages that are received
unconsciously. That is, your body responds even if your cognitive processes are kept to a
minimum. Messages that you receive can alter your hormonal secretions, your heart rate, or
the temperature of your skin; modify pupil size, and trigger a host of other internal
responses. These chemical and biological responses are not outwardly observable, and
they are the most difficult ones to classify. However, they give credence to our assertion
that communication has a consequence. If your internal reactions produce chaos in your
system, as is the case with severe stress, you can become ill. Regardless of the content of
the message, it should be clear that the act of communication produces change.  
 
These communication principles obviously reveal by now that communication is
complex. This will even become more complex when cultural dimensions are included
(Porter and McDaniel, 2010). 

Ethics in Communication 
Human relations are important in communication situations, be it call center scenario, or a
simple buy and sell transaction. Sending and receiving messages follow rules and
guidelines or acceptable norms called ethics in communication. There is such thing as
formal and informal use of the language just as there are formal and informal occasions. 
Lesson 1: The Nature of Language

The Nature of Language 

             In every human interaction, language is at the core. It enables us to exchange
abstract ideas, setting us apart from other animal species by allowing us to say or write
down abstract ideas. It was through language that you learned your cultural values and
behaviors.  
Together with the creation of human life is the creation of a wonderful and dynamic
human capacity that is, language. Animals are said to be able to communicate with each
other. For instance, cows moo, turkeys gobble, rats squeak, doves coo, and owls hoot. The
sounds these creatures produce often reflect the state of their emotions. While it may be
true that animals communicate, only human beings are truly capable of producing language.
Every language has systems of rules, phonology, grammar, syntax, semantics,
orthography, and other language intricacies.

Speech Community 
The moment you are born in this world, you grow up in a community or culture where
your parents are part of it. The language that is spoken by the people in that community
becomes also your own. So, you grow up in that speech community where your parents
belong.

Language Acquisition 
As you grow up, you pick up the language of your parents or the language of the
environment you are in. You started hearing sounds as a baby, and you mimicked them
while you were yet young. As you grow in age, you learn to speak their language.

Mother Tongue 
The language you acquired or picked up from the speech community you are in
while growing up, becomes your first language or your mother tongue. 

Second Language 
The language that you formally learn either in school or tutorial classes, where you
learned it with a teacher or tutor is the second language other than the first language that
you acquired from home.

Language Learning 
Language learning is the process of studying a second language formally.

Language Contact 
Your exposure to various situations and with other learners who speak a language
different from your own provide a language contact. This can happen in a classroom
scenario, in a restaurant, online transactions and more. 

Language Change 
 In your interaction with other people, your language comes into contact with other
languages resulting in language change. Language change can happen when two or more
languages try to adapt, loan or borrow words, coin new words as products of exchanges of
ideas. Language change is a natural behavior of all languages