34.

In a stock company, a troupe of actors performs in a particular

theater, presenting plays from its repertory of prepare productions.
35. Established in 1860, the Government Printing Office prints and binds
documents for all department of the United States government.

36. Ethnology, usually considered a branch of cultural anthropology, is often defined

as the scientifically study of the origin and functioning humans and their culture.

37. The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by Benjamin Franklin,

a man famous for his wide interests and great attainments.
38. Probably not speech of so few words has ever been as celebrated as
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

39. Generally, Abstract Expressionist art is without recognizable images

and does not adhere the Limits of conventional form.

40. Although complete paralysis is rare with neuritis, some degree of

muscle weakness common.

Questions 1-9
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers
by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating
back to 375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass.
(5) Fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However,
glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about
glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.
(8) The eighteenth century brought the invention of "spun glass" fibers.
Rene-Antoine de Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial
feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of
molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to
the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass
fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
(14) By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to
make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot
glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn
reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass.
Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making
decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was
of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten
feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the
best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or
assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun
glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.
(25) Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when
their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and
methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the
modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-
melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine
nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the
streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.

1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber fibers from molten glass made
does the passage mainly discuss? the fibers
(A) The major developments in its production (A) quicker to cool
(B) Its relationship with pottery making (B) harder to bend
(C) Important inventors in its long history (C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) The variety of its uses in modern Industry (D) longer and more durable

2. The word "coarse" in line 1 is closest 5. The phrase "this material" in line
in meaning to 19 refers to
(A) decorative (A) glass fibers
(B) natural (B) decorations
(C) crude (C) ornaments
(D) weak (D) novelties for collectors

3. Why was there nothing written about 6. The word "brittle" in line 20
the making of Renaissance glass fibers is closest in meaning to
until the seventeenth century? (A) easily broken
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the (B) roughly made
quality of the fibers they could make. (C) hairy
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal (D) shiny
the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the 7. The production of glass
Renaissance style of glass fibers. fibers was improved in the
(D) Production methods had been well nineteenth century by which of
known for a long time. the following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
4. According to the passage, using a hot (B) Increasing the circumference
glass tube rather than a wheel to pull of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of (D) increased
the fibers
(D) Using yam reels 9. Which of the following terms
is defined in the passage?
8. The word "appreciated" in line 26 is (A) invention (line 8)
closest in meaning to (B) circumference (line 21)
(A) experienced (C) manufacturing process (line 28)
(B) recognized (D) bushing (line29).
(C) explored

Questions 10-19
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed
by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on
beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth.
Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential
nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.
(6) The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a
considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves
inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At
this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves first
moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily
through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest,
while emitting rodent like squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or
vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would
also be interested in eggs and chicks.
(14) Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and
visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to
incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving
the false nest to be searched. The direction in which the plover "escapes" is
such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away
from the true nest.
(20) The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display,
actually a continuum of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range
from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or both wings are
held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be
attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most
extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent
attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet,
runs away a short distance, seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops
over again as the "useless" wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few
predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
(31) Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed
away from the nest.
10. What does the passage mainly (C) warn other plovers of danger
discuss? (D) frighten the approaching predator
(A) The nest- building techniques of 15. The word "spanning" in line 21
plovers is closest in meaning to
(B) How predators search for plovers (A) covering
(C) The strategies used by plovers (B) selecting
to deceive predators (C) developing
(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to (D) explaining
predators
16. According to paragraph 4,
11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is which of the following aspects of
closest in meaning to the plover's behavior gives the
(A) often appearance that it is frightened?
(B) only (A) Abnormal body position
(C) usually (B) Irregular escape route
(D) at first (C) Unnatural wing movement
(D) Unusual amount of time away
12. Which of the following is mentioned from the nest
in the passage about plovers?
(A) Their eggs and chicks are 17. The word "pursue" in line 30 is
difficult to find. closest in meaning to
(B) They are generally defenseless (A) catch
when away From their nests. (B) notice
(C) They are slow to react in (C) defend
dangerous situations. (D) chase
(D) Their nests are on the surface of
the ground. 18. According to the passage, a female
plover utilizes all of the following
13. The word "emitting" in line 11 deception techniques EXCEPT
is closest in meaning to (A) appearing to be injured
(A) bringing (B) sounding like another animal
(B) attracting (C) pretending to search for prey
(C) producing (D) pretending to sit on her eggs
(D) minimizing
19. Which of the following best
14. In the deception technique described describes the organization of the
in paragraph 2, the plover tries to passage?
(A) stay close to her nest (A) A description of the sequence of steps
(B) attract the predator's attention involved in plovers nest building
(B) A generalization about plover (D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of
behavior followed by specific the relationship between a prey and
examples a Predator.
(C) A comparison and contrast of the
nesting behavior of plovers and other
ground nesting birds

Questions 20-28
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for
granted today—summed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and
development." Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic
virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the
United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not
over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive
research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process
are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial
Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part
independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly
complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave
way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific
knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and
progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few
industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The
list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the
application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science.
(18) Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid
expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness-if not
understanding-of it had created a belief that the advance of science would
in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits.
The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn
to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was
a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to
applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is
probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of
science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result
of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely,
scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on
projects that apply research in practical ways.
(31) In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in
several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on
the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.
20. What is the author's main (B) Fundamental science naturally
purpose in the passage? leads to economic benefits.
(A) To show how technology (C) The relationship between research
influenced basic science and development should be criticized.
(B) To describe the scientific base of (D) Industrial needs should
nineteenth-century American determine what areas fundamental
industries science focuses on.
(C) To correct misunderstandings
about the connections between 25. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
science, technology, and industry (A) understanding
(D) To argue that basic science has (B) public awareness
no practical application (C) scientific knowledge
(D) expansion
21. The word "altogether" in line 2
is closest in meaning to 26. The word "assumption" in line
(A) completely 23 is closest in meaning to
(B) realistically (A) regulation
(C) individually (B) belief
(D) understandably (C) contract
(D) confusion
22. The word "intensive" in line 6
is closest in meaning to 27. Why does the author mention
(A) decreased "consultants" in line 29 ?
(B) concentrated (A) To show how new areas of
(C) creative science have given rise to new
(D) advanced professions
(B) To distinguish between
23. The "list" mentioned in line 13 scientists who work in industry
refers to and those who do not
(A) types of scientific knowledge (C) To explain the ways in which
(B) changes brought by technology scientists find financial support for
(C) industries that used scientific their work
techniques (D) To show how scientists who
(D) applications of engineering science work in basic research contribute
to applied science
24. The understanding of research
and development in the late 28. Which of the following statements
nineteenth century is based on does the passage support?
which of the following? (A) The development of science
(A) Engineering science is not and of industry is now
very important. interdependent.
(B) Basic scientific research cannot (D) Science and technology are
generate practical applications. becoming more separate.
(C) Industries should spend less money
on research and development.

Questions 29-39
The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States
contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward
realism and naturalism. After the 1870' s, a number of important authors
began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed.
(6) Immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned
instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real
life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local
dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the
country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people. In doing
so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on
humans, and the influence of science.
(14) Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted
life in the South; Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains; and
Sarah One Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England.
Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local
life in the California mining camps.
(19) Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became
the country's most outstanding realist author, observing life around him
with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew
on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of
literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
(24) Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing
evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and
merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called
naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people
struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
(29) Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest
experience. Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels
such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human
beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control.
Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not
fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was "not intended as a piece
of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions."
29. Which aspect of late-nineteenth- 34. The word "depicted" in line 13
century United States literature does is closest in meaning to
the passage mainly discuss? (A) emphasized
(A) The influence of science on literature (B) described
(B) The importance of dialects for (C) criticized
realist writers (D) classified
(C) The emergence of realism and
naturalism 35. Why does the author mention
(D) The effects of industrialization mining camps in line 17 ?
on romanticism (A) To contrast the themes of
realist and naturalist writers
30. The word "prevailed" in line 4 (B) To illustrate how Bret Harte
is closest in meaning to differed from other authors
(A) dominated (C) As an example of a topic taken
(B) transformed up by realist writers
(C) entered (D) As an example of how setting
(D) generalized can influence literary style

31. The word "they" in line 9 refers to 36. Which of the following wrote
(A) authors about life in rural New England?
(B) dialects (A) Ellen Glasgow
(C) stories (B) Sarah Orne Jewett
(D) relationships (C) Hamlin Garland
(D) Mark Twain
32. According to the passage, a
highly significant factor in the 37. Mark Twain is considered an
development of realist and important literary figure because he
naturalist literature was (A) was the first realist writer in
(A) the Civil War the United States
(B) a recognition that romanticism (B) rejected romanticism as a
was unpopular literary approach
(C) an increased interest in the (C) wrote humorous stories and novels
study of common speech (D) influenced American prose style
(D) an economic depression through his use of common speech

33. Realist writers took an interest 38. The word "foremost" in line 29
in all of the following EXCEPT is closest in meaning to
(A) human relationships (A) most difficult
(B) characteristics of different regions (B) interesting
(C) the idealization of life (C) most focused
(D) social and historical theories (D) leading
39. Which of the following (C) He viewed himself more as a
statements about Theodore Dreiser social commentator than as a literary
is supported by the passage? artist.
(A) He mainly wrote about historical (D) He believed writers should
subjects such as the Civil War. emphasize the positive aspects of life.
(B) His novels often contained
elements of humor.

Questions 40-50
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a
million residents- New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had
ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth,
which reflected basic changes in the economy.
(5) The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly
in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400
percent from 1900 to 1930.
(8) A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los
Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for
irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating
to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap
the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well
as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion
pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs;
it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens
all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the
growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile.
The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines (15) led to the opening
of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North
America's greatest refining center.
(21) Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well:
its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private
ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis,
sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It
was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not
grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed
to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse.
Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in
1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were
dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere
collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a
city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.

40. What is the passage mainly (B) construction of an aqueduct

about? (C) expansion of transportation facilities
(A) The growth of cities in the (D) development of new connections
United States in the early 1900's to the city's natural harbor
(B) The development of the
Southern California oil fields 45. According to the passage, the
(C) Factors contributing to the initial success of Hollywood' s
growth of Los Angeles motion picture industry was due
(D) Industry and city planning in largely to the
Los Angeles (A) availability of many skilled
workers
41. The author characterizes the growth (B) beauty of the countryside
of new large cities in the United States (C) region's reputation for
after 1900 as resulting primarily from luxurious lifestyles
(A) new economic conditions (D) region's climate and good weather
(B) images of cities shown in movies
(C) new agricultural techniques 46. It can be inferred from the
(D) a large migrant population passage that in 1930 the greatest
number of people in the Los
42. The word "meteoric" in line 8 Angeles area were employed in
is closest in meaning to (A) farming
(A) rapid (B) oil refining
(B) famous (C) automobile manufacturing
(C) controversial (D) the motion picture industry
(D) methodical
47. According to the passage, the
43. The word "it" in line 11 refers to Southern California oil fields were
(A) aqueduct initially exploited due to
(B) vision (A) the fuel requirements of Los
(C) water Angeles' rail system
(D) agricultural potential (B) an increase in the use of
gasoline engines in North America
44. According to the passage, the (C) a desire to put unproductive
most important factor in the desert land to good use
development of agriculture around (D) innovative planning on the part
Los Angeles was the of the city founders
(A) influx of "new residents to
agricultural areas near the city
48. The phrase "apace with" in line (B) industrial areas
25 is closest in meaning to (C) suburban neighborhoods
(A) anew with (D) oil fields
(B) apart from 50. The visitors from the east coast
(C) as fast as mentioned in the passage thought
(D) at the middle of that Los Angeles
(A) was not accurately portrayed
49. It can be inferred from the by Hollywood images
passage that the spatial (B) lacked good suburban areas in
organization of Los Angeles which to live
contributed to the relative decline (C) had an excessively large population
there of (D) was not really a single city.
(A) public transportation

2001 年 10 月 TOEFL 试题
Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. Most geologists believe—from the (A) primary air flow to cause

remains of tiny marine plants and (B) the primary cause of air flow
animals that died millions of years ago. (C) they primarily cause air flow
(A) what was formed petroleum (D) air flow has a primary cause
(B) that petroleum was formed
(C) when petroleum formed 4. A mobile is a sculpture
(D) petroleum that formed constructed of pans so delicately
connected and balanced—the entire
2. The seat of France's North suspended structure may be moved
American holdings in the eighteenth by vibration or manual manipulation.
century was Quebec, and the French (A) in order
heritage ____ dominant there. (B) making
(A) to remain (C) with
(B) remaining (D) that
(C) by remaining
(D) has remained 5. The ice of a glacier that reaches
the sea breaks off—.
3. If Earth did not rotate, differences (A) and forming icebergs
in air pressure would be —, with (B) to form icebergs
winds blowing from high-pressure (C) icebergs have-formed
to low-pressure areas. (D) when the formation of icebergs