Tamil Nadu Dr.

Ambedkar Law University

CIVIL PROCEDURE
CODE

SURYA.S.MENON
HD18138
Introduction
After the plaint is filed, the summon is issued by the court to appear in the court to defend
it. The intimation which is sent to the other party (defendant) is called summons. The
provision related to summons are given in Section 27-32 and Order V of CPC.

Summons is an authoritative call from the court to attend the court at a specified place
and at a specified time. The summons as contemplated in Rule 1 is for the attendance of
the defendant. It says that once a plaint is admitted the court is required to send the
notice of such admission to the defendant and then for the purpose of his appearance
and to answer (reply) the allegations made against him in the plaint. The summons are
served on the defendant.

This appearance and answer (in the form of a Written Statement) must be made within 30
days from the date of service of summons (being duly received) and may be extended to
further such period as may be granted by the court not beyond 90 days from such
service. Therefore, further 60 days’ extension may be granted, if the case requires. This
does not mean that no further extension may be granted after the period of 90 days is
over, but it must be made only in exceptional circumstances, if the defendant satisfies the
court of an exceptional cause for not appearing and that he was not negligent. It is not
necessary to issue summons when the defendant is in the court at the time of
presentation of the plaint and admits the claim.

Generally, a summons must contain:

1. Reason (Purpose) for sending it,

2. Signature of the Judge and seal of the court,
3. Specified date of appearance of the defendant,
4. Copy of plaint,
5. Appropriate directions.

This order must be read with Section 27-32 of CPC, 1908.

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Section 27: Summons to Defendants
Section 27 of CPC stipulates that where a suit has been duly instituted by filing a plaint,
the first duty of the court is to issue summons calling on the defendant to appear and
answer the claim and such summons may be served in a manner prescribed in the rules
mentioned in Order V of the first schedule and on such day not beyond 30 days from the
date of the institution of the suit.

Section 28: Service of summons where defendant resides

in another state
Section 28 of CPC provides for a situation when the summons is to be sent to a
defendant who is residing in a different state and also provides for the requirement to
such process thereon. It simply says that the summons to be served in an another state
must be sent for service through the court of that state and it will so be served according
to the rules in force in the state in which it is sent to. The court to which it is sent must
serve it as it is issued by that court and return it to the court issuing it along with the
proceedings therein.

Section 29: Service of foreign summonses

Section 29 provides for the situation when any of the following courts:

1. Civil or Revenue court to which Civil Procedure Code does not apply.
2. Civil or Revenue court established by the authority of Central Government outside
India.
3. Civil or Revenue court outside India to which this section would apply. has issued
certain summons and is intended to be served in the territory to which Civil
Procedure Code applies. It provides that it may be sent to the courts to which Civil
Procedure Code applies and may be severed by them as if it was issued by such
courts.

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Section 30: Power to order discovery and the like.
Section 30: Power to order discovery and the like.

Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the Court may, at any
time, either of its own motion or on the application of any party,-

(a) make such orders as may be necessary or reasonable in all matters relating to the
delivery and answering of interrogatories, the admission of documents and facts, and the
discovery, inspection, production, impounding and return of documents or other material
objects producible as evidence;

(b) issue summonses to persons whose attendance is required either to give evidence or
to produce documents or such other objects as aforesaid;

(c) order any fact to be proved by affidavit.

Section 31: Summons to witness

This provision provides that if a summon is to be sent not to a defendant to appear and
answer the plaint but to any person including defendant for the purpose of giving
evidence or to produce documents or other material objects, then such summons must
be sent as according to Sections 27, 28, 29 and if the person does not comply with the
direction provided in the summons, Section 32 shall apply.

Section 32: Penalty for default-

If the summons is sent under Section 30 by the court and the person to whom it is sent
does not comply with the orders, the court may in consequence compel the attendance of
the person to whom a summons has been issued under Section 30.

Order V Rule 2
Order V Rule 2 talks about that when summon is to be sent then it is necessary to
annexed a copy of plaint with it.

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Order V Rule 3
Order V Rule 3 - Court may order defendant or plaintiff to appear in person: The Court
shall order the defendant and the plaintiff to appear on the same day as specified, in
person, if it is so required.

Order V Rule 4
Order V Rule 4 - No party to be ordered to appear in person unless resident within local
limits

Q. When can a party be asked to appear personally?

No party will be ordered to appear personally unless

1. He resides within local limits of courts’ jurisdiction.

2. Where he resides within 50 miles from the court-house, or
3. Beyond such jurisdiction but within 200 miles from the court and where 5/6th
distance can be covered by Railways or steamers or other public conveyance.

There are certain provisions where there is an exemption from personal appearance, such
as

1. Section 132, in case of certain women like Pardanashin lady,

2. Section 133, in case of other person like President, Vice-President, etc.

Order V Rule 5
Order V Rule 5 - Summons to be either to settle issues or for final disposal, The summons
may be issued for settlement of issues or for final disposal of the suit and the court shall at
the time of issuing the summons specify for what purpose summons are being issued and
it must contain a direction accordingly. The Court of Small Causes shall issue summons
for final disposal only.

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Order V Rule 6
Order V Rule 6 - Fixing day for appearance of defendant, The following factors should be
looked into while fixing the date for appearance-

1. The current business of the court,

2. The place of residence of the defendant,
3. Time necessary for service of summons,
4. Sufficient time to enable defendant to prepare his defence.

Order V Rule 7
Order V Rule 7: Summons to order defendant to produce documents relied on by him

It shall be ordered to the defendant in the summons to produce all the document or copies
thereof specified in Order VIII Rule 1 A to produce on which he intends to rely in his support.

Order V Rule 8
Order V Rule 8: On issue of summons for final disposal, defendant to be directed to

produce his witnesses In the summons for final disposal of the suit the defendant shall be
directed to produce all the witness upon whose evidence he relies for his defence at the
day fixed for appearance.

Mode of service of summons

1. Service of court [Rule 9].
2. Service by plaintiff (Dasti Summons) [Rule 9A]
3. Personal or Direct Service [Rule 10-16, 18]
4. Substituted Service [Rule 17, 19-20]- (i) without the order of the court (ii) with the
order of the court.
5. Service by Post.

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Order V Rule 9
Order V Rule 9: Delivery of summons by Court- This rule provides for the manner in which
the summons must be served, that if the defendant or his agent is a resident within the
jurisdiction of the court, such summons shall be served either by officer of the court
known as process server or bailiff or by such courier services as are approved by the
court. Furthermore Sub-Rule 3 provides for the manner in which the summons may be
served.

The service of summons may be made by delivering or transmitting a copy to the

defendant or his duly authorised agent by:

A. Registered Post acknowledgement due, or

B. Speed Post or courier service approved by the High Court or the District Court, or
C. Any other means of transmission like fax message or electronic mail service, etc.

The service of summons under this sub-rule 3 shall be made on the expenses of the
plaintiff.

If the defendant is residing out of the jurisdiction of the court sending summons then such
summons shall be served according to sub-rule 3 except by registered post
acknowledgement due and provisions of rule 21 does not apply. Where the summons if
returned back to the court with the endorsement that the defendant or his agent refused
to accept the summons when tendered or transmitted to him, the court shall declare that
the summons had been duly served on the defendant.

In the following cases the court may declare deemed service of summons-

A. The refusal or non-acceptance by the defendant,

B. Where the summons was properly addressed, prepared and duly sent by
registered post or acknowledgement due and having been lost or mislaid and
wasn’t received by the court within 30 days from the date of issue of summons.
The High Court or the District Judge shall prepare the list of courier services.

Order V Rule 9A
Rule 9A: Summons given to the plaintiff for service

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 The types of summons provided under Rule 9A are issued by the court in addition to the
manner provided under Rule 9. In this kind of summons, the plaintiff’s is allowed to served
the summons personally to the defendant. Such summons must be sealed and signed.
The plaintiff must take the acknowledgement from the defendant and shall endorse a
return by stating the time and manner of service of original summons. Such summons may
be served by the court by a re-issue and in a normal manner. These summon are known
as Dasti Summons.

Personal or Direct Service [Rule 10-16, 18]

Rule 10 to 16 and 18 deals with the personal or direct service of summons upon the
defendant. This is an ordinary mode of service of summons.

Rule 10
Rule 10: Mode of Service: Service of the summons shall be made by delivering or
tendering a copy thereof signed by the judge or such officer as he appoints in this behalf,
and sealed with the seal of the court.

Rule 11
Rule 11: Service on several defendants- Where there are two or more defendants, service
shall be made on each of them.

Rule 12
Rule 12: Service to be on defendant in person when practicable, or on his agent- The
summons must be served to the defendant in person or to his authorised agent.

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Rule 13
Rule 13: Service on agent by whom defendant carries on business- When the suit relates
to any business or work and is against a person not resident within the jurisdiction of the
court issuing summons, such summons may be served upon any manager or agent who
personally carries on such business or work and is within the local limits of the court.

Rule 14
Rule 14: Service on agent in charge in suits for immovable property- In a suit to obtain a
relief with respect to an immovable property or for suit for compensation over such
property, it would be sufficient that the summons is served upon the agent who is in
charge of the property.

Rule 15
Rule 15: Where service may be on an adult member of defendant’s family- In cases where
the summons cannot be served due to absence of defendant for a reasonable time and
the agent also is not available to receive summons, then such service may be made to an
adult member residing with the defendant. It can be served both on male or female but
only on adult member of the family. In such cases a servant is not considered the family
member of the defendant. Also when adult female members of defendants refused to
receive suit summons, a conclusion can be drawn that summons are served on
defendants in view of Order V Rule 15, CPC.

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Rule 16
Rule 16: Person served to sign acknowledgement- The serving officer shall require the
signature of the person accepting the summons to an acknowledgement of the service
endorsed on the original summons.

Rule 18
Rule 18: Endorsement of time and manner of service- The serving officer in all cases
where the summons has been served under Rule 16, shall endorse or annex on the
original a return stating the time and manner of service and name or address of the
person identifying the person or witnessing the delivery.

Substituted Service [Rule 17, 19-20]

Substituted service means the service of summons by a mode which is substituted for the
ordinary mode of service of summons. For ordering substituted service as per Order 5
Rule 20, CPC it must be shown that the respondent/defendant is keeping out of the way
for the purpose of avoiding service or that for any other reason, the summons cannot be
served in the ordinary way.

Publication of notice in Newspaper:- When service of notice is intended by an

advertisement in a newspaper, the Newspaper shall be a daily Newspaper circulating in
the locality in which the respondent/defendant is last known to have actually and
voluntarily resided or carried on business or personally worked for gain.

There are two modes of substituted service of summons:

A. Service without the order of the court

B. Service with the order of the court Service without the order of the court- Order V
Rule 17 lays down following circumstance when substituted service can be made
on the defendant without the order of the court:

Procedure after such service: After affixing such copy of summons as stated above, the
serving officer shall then return the original to the court issuing summons with a report
endorsed thereon stating

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 A. The fact about affixing the copy;
B. The circumstances under which he did so;
C. The name and address of the person, if any, by whom the house was identified
and in whose presence the copy was affixed.

Order V Rule 19 further provides that if the court is satisfied, either on affidavit or
examination on oath of serving officer, that the summon is duly served, it may either
declare the summons has been duly served or may make such inquiry as it thinks fit. If
provisions of Rule 19 are not complied with, service of summons cannot be said to be in
accordance with law.

In other words, Rule 19 provides that where a summons is returned under r. 17, the court
shall, if the return under that rule has not been verified by the affidavit of the serving
officer, and may, if it has been so verified, examine the serving officer on oath, or cause
him to be so examined by another Court, touching his proceedings, and may make such
further enquiry in the matter as it thinks fit; and shall either declare that the summons has
been duly served or order such service as it thinks fit.

Service with the order of the court- Order V Rule 20 provides the mode of service of
summons with the order of the court. If the court is satisfied that there is reason to believe
that defendant avoids service or for any other reasons, the summons cannot be served in
the ordinary way, in such case, the service may be affected in the following manner:

Permission to defend suit:- In summary suits for recovery of money under Order 37, CPC,
period of ten days to file application by defendant seeking permission to defend the suit
be computed from the date of service of summons for judgment and not from the date of
service of suit summons9.

Order V is applicable to Execution proceedings:- It is not in dispute that the procedure

contemplated for service of notice under Order 5 is made applicable for service of notice
in the execution proceedings also10.

Service by Post
Where the summons was properly addressed, prepaid and duly sent by registered post
and acknowledgement is lost or not received by the court within 30 days from the date of
issue of summons, the court shall declare that the summons has been duly served.

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 Thus, the court may adopt any of these modes accordingly for serving summons on the
defendant so that he is ensured fair trial and there is no delay in the progress of the suit.

Irregularity in service of summons

It has been held that procedural irregularity in the service of notice would not be bad in
law and consequential action would be sustained unless the defendant is able to show
that substantial prejudice was caused due to procedural lapse in making service to him
[Prabhun Ram Pukhan v. State of Assam (2015) 2 SCC (Civ) 331].

For example, A obtained by false representation an order for substituted service by giving
court to understand that B had been avoiding service. In such a case, substituted service
shallbe deemed to have effect of personal service upon the defendant and will be valid
unless he shows any prejudice caused to him due to such service.

OTHER PROVISION RELATED TO SUMMONS:

Rule 21:
Service of summons where defendant resides within jurisdiction of another court- The
service of summons outside the jurisdiction of the court issuing, may be made in any of
the aforesaid manner provided under the rule, to the court other than the High Court in
whose jurisdiction defendant resides.

Rule 22:
Service within presidency-town of summons issued by courts outside- Where a summons
issued by any court established beyond the limits of town of Calcutta, Madras and
Bombay is to be served within any such limits, it shall be sent to the Court of Small
Causes within whose jurisdiction it is to be served.

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Rule 23:
Duty of Court to which summons is sent- The Court to which a summons is sent under rule
21 and rule 22 shall, upon receipt thereof, proceed as if it had been issued by such court
and shall return the summons to the court of issue, together with the record (if any) of its
proceedings with regard thereto.

Rule 24:
Service on defendant in prison- The service of summons to a person confined in prison
shall be served to the officer in charge of prison for service on the defendant either by
post or by courier service or by any other mode of communication.

Rule 25:
Service where defendant resides out of India and has no agent- if the suit is instituted
against a defendant residing outside India and he has no agent in India, then the summon
shall be sent to the defendant at the place where he is residing i.e. in any foreign country.
The summons may be sent either by post or by courier service or by fax or by electronic
mail service or any other means provided by the High Court. A defendant residing in
Bangladesh and Pakistan may be served with the summons through the court of that
country except the High Court.

The summons may be sent either by post or by courier service or by fax or by electronic
mail service or any other means provided by the High Court. A defendant residing in
Bangladesh and Pakistan may be served with the summons through the court of that
country except the High Court.

Rule 26:
Service in foreign country through Political Agent or CourtWhere the defendant is residing
in a foreign country; The summons may be sent through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
that Foreign Country to such political agent or court, appointed or established by Central
Government or to any court situated in that country and not established or continued by
Central Government, for being served upon the defendant by post or otherwise. When

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 such political agent or court returns the summons with an endorsement to the effect that
summons has been served, such endorsement shall be deemed to be the evidence of the
service.

Rule 26A:
Summonses to be sent to officers of foreign countriesThe summons to be served on
defendants residing or carrying on business or working for gain in the foreign country
shall be sent to an officer of the foreign country specified by Central Government through
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India. The endorsement returned by that officer shall be
deemed to be the evidence of the service.

Rule 27:
Service on civil public officer or on servant of Railway Company or local authorityThe
service of summons on the defendant who is a public servant (except mentioned in rule
28) or the servant of a railway company or local authority may be served to the head of
the office in which he is employed, together with a copy of it to be retained by the
defendant.

Rule 28:
Service on soldiers, sailor or airmen- Where the defendant is a soldier, sailor or airman,
the court shall send the summons for service to his commanding officer together with a
copy to be retained by the defendant.

Rule 29:
Rule 29: Duty of person to whom summons is delivered or sent for service-

(1) Where a summons is delivered or sent to any person for service under rule 24, rule 27
or rule 28, such person shall be bound to serve it if possible, and to return it under his
signature, with the written acknowledgement of the defendant, and such signature shall
be deemed to be evidence of service.

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 (2) Where from any cause service is impossible, the summons shall be returned to the
court with a full statement of such cause and of the steps taken to procure service, and
such statement shall be deemed to be evidence of non-service.

Rule 30:
Substitution of letter for summons- This rule provides situation when serving of summons
does not seem to be proper, and in such situation the court sends a letter to the
defendant, who is entitled to this form of calling due to the rank of such defendant
requiring such mark of consideration or respect. However, this does not mean that all the
particulars required in summons will not be mentioned in such letter as it will be treated in
all respects, as a summons.

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