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Unit 2-Blood Guided Notes

The document provides information about the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the major functions of blood including transport, regulation, defense, and temperature stabilization. It describes the components of blood including plasma, platelets, and the three main types of formed elements. The structures and functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are summarized. The processes of hematopoiesis, blood typing, hemostasis, and homeostatic imbalances are also outlined.

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Jeanette Irambona
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57 views5 pages

Unit 2-Blood Guided Notes

The document provides information about the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the major functions of blood including transport, regulation, defense, and temperature stabilization. It describes the components of blood including plasma, platelets, and the three main types of formed elements. The structures and functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are summarized. The processes of hematopoiesis, blood typing, hemostasis, and homeostatic imbalances are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Jeanette Irambona
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Use this guided note document to take notes during lecture and/or while reading your textbook.

The USLOs
are taken from the course syllabus.

Unit 2: Cardiovascular System-Blood


-Blood is viscous (thickness of a fluid),a liquid connective tissue, and blood is also
alkaline(slightly) Ph > 7.35-7.45-physiological range
Differentiate the major functions of blood (USLO 2.1).
o Transports dissolved gases (oxygen/carbon dioxide), nutrients, hormones, and metabolic
wastes to all tissues
-waste transported to liver, kidneys, and lungs for disposal
o Regulates interstitial fluid pH and ion composition pH>7.5 (acidosis), pH<7.5 (alkalosis)
o Restricts fluid loss at injury sites
o Defends against toxins and pathogens
o Stabilizes body temperature (blood is warmer than body temperature)
Differentiate the structure and functions of plasma and formed elements (USLO 2.2).
o Plasma
-primarily water, but transports hormones, proteins, and nutrients to the parts of the body that
needs it. Liquid portion of the blood.
Plasma proteins
 Albumins
-maintaining osmotic pressure and water balance between blood and tissues

 Globulins
-blood plasma proteins like antibodies and complement. Globulins act as transport
molecules for hormones and carry them to target organs.

 Fibrinogens
-plasma protein. Plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism

 Serum
-Blood plasma fluid without its clotting factors

 Proteins/Other Solutes
-sodium, potassium, and calcium ions; dissolved gases, such as oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen.

o Formed Elements 45%


o Buffy coat contains platelets, and WBC 1%
 Platelets
-Cell fragments involved in clotting

 White Blood Cells (leukocytes)


o White blood cells that fight infections and pathogens
o -Round, very prominent nuclei, colorless

 Red Blood Cells (hematocrit) Erythrocytes


Contains hemoglobin and transports gases
-flexible, no nucleus, life span 120 days,
Recognize the structure and function of erythrocytes (USLO 2.3).
o Specialized to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
o Unique biconcave shape provides advantages
o Increased rate of diffusion between cytoplasm and plasma due to large surface to volume
ratio.
o Increased flexibility to squeeze through narrow capillaries.
o Structure and function of hemoglobin.
o Large molecule made of proteins and iron. Protein found in the red blood cells that
combines with oxygen to carry it to the tissues of the body

Recognize the process of hematopoiesis (USLO 2.4).


o Hemoglobin Recycling
1. Erythrocytes form in the bone marrow
2. Circulation in bloodstream for 120 days
3. Red blood cell death and phagocytosis (white blood cells destroy germs by
surrounding them and “eating them”
4. Protein portion of hemoglobin is turned into amino acids which is later reused for
protein synthesis
5. Bilirubin-derived products

o Stages in RBC Maturation


1.Proerythroblast
2.Basophilic erythroblast
3.Polycheromatic erythroblast
4.Orthochromatic erythroblast
5.Reticulocyte
6.Erythrocyte

o Regulation of Erythropoiesis
-regulated by the kidney-derived

o Role of Erythropoietin
-stimulates RBC production, increasing the number of circulating RBC’s

o Stages in WBC Maturation


Identify ABO and Rh blood groups (USLO 2.5).
o Blood Types
-Type A
-Type B
-Type AB
-Type O

o Antigens
Type A has the A antigen
Type B has the B antigen
Type AB has both A and B antigen
Type O has neither A nor B antigen

o Antibodies
-Type A has b antibodies
-Type B has A antibodies
Type AB has no antibodies
-Type O has both AB antibodies

o Cross reactions in transfusions


-occurs when antibodies in recipient react with their specific surface antigen on
donor’s RBC’s
-cause angulation, or clumping in RBCs

o Difference between ABO and Rh


-ABO blood group is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the
surface of the red blood cells, whereas the Rh blood group is determined by the presence
or absence of D antigen on the surface of the red blood cell

o Universal Donors and Recipients


-Universal donors have type O blood, especially type O-
-RBC’s ae unlikely to cause severe cross-reaction in recipient blood type
-Lack A and B antigens

Universal Recipients:
-Have type AB blood
-lack anti- a and anti- b antibodies, so any transfused RBCs would not be attacked

Differentiate between the five classes of leukocytes (USLO 2.6).

o Stages in WBC Maturation

o Granulocytes: (Not Every-Body Likes Money)


 Neutrophils
- These cells engulf and destroy bacteria. neutrophils are normally found in the
blood. However, they will enter tissues if infection has occurred. Most common

 Eosinophils
- these cells defend the body against parasitic worms.

 Basophils
-The least abundant leukocytes enhance inflammation by releasing inflammatory
mediators. Often associated with allergies.
o Agranulocytes: Without granules
 Lymphocytes
- Used in the specific defenses of the immune system. They attack cells of the body
when necessary or produce antibodies for defense.

 Monocytes
- An inactive cell forms. The monocyte eventually enters a tissue and transforms into an active
form called the macrophage.

Recognize the structure and function of platelets (USLO 2.7)

o Platelet production
-accounts for less than .1 % formed elements
-cell fragments that are shed from enormous cells called megakaryocytes (in the red bone
marrow

o Platelet function
Initiate clotting process and help close injured blood vessels
-plays a major role in clotting system

Identify the steps of hemostasis and clot regulation (USLO 2.8).


o Vascular Phase
-Damage triggers contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels called vascular spasm
-decreases vessel diameter
-Slows or stops loss of blood through wall of small vessel

o Platelet Phase
-platelets attach to sticky endothelium and exposed collagen, more platelets arrive and stick
to each other forming a platelet plug

o Coagulation Phase
-fibrinogen converted to insoluble fibrin
-fibrin networks form a blood clot, sealing damaged portion of blood vessel

Clotting Process

 Extrinsic pathway
-starts when damaged tissues release tissue factor

 Intrinsic pathway
-proceeds with platelet factor released from aggregating platelets

o Common pathways of blood clotting


-begins when enzymes from wither extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor C

o Clot retraction and removal


-platelets contract, pulling torn edges of vessel closer together in a process called clot retraction

 Differentiate homeostatic imbalances of blood (USLO 2.9).


o Anemias
-caused by faulty or decreased RBC production include sickle cell anemia, iron deficiency
anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, and disease of the bone marrow and stem cells.
*Caused by blood loss, faulty or decreased RB, and or excessive destruction of RBC’s*

o Thalassemia
-inherited condition typically occurring in individuals causing abnormal synthesis of globin
proteins and excessive destruction of erythrocytes

from the middle east, the Mediterranean, African, and southeast Asia, in which maturation of the
RBCs does not proceed normally. The most severe is called Cooley’s anemia.

o Polycythemia
-elevated RBC count

o Hemophilia
-bleeding disorder in which the blood doesn’t clot as it should; genetic

o Thrombus
-stationary clot that has the potential to block a blood vessel and cut off oxygen and
nutrient supply

o Embolus
-thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel walls and entered the circulation. A mass of
blood or foreign matter in circulation. (Mobile clot)

o Septicemia
Infection of the blood

o Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke)


-arteries that have thickened and toughened are less tolerant of pressure increase

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