Main Difference Between Active and Reactive Power

The main difference between active and reactive power is that Active Power is actual or
real power which is used in the circuit while Reactive power bounce back and forth
between load and source which is theoretically useless.
The following power triangle shows the relation between Active, Reactive and Apparent
Power. These all powers only induced in AC circuits when current is leading or lagging
behind the voltage i.e. there is a phase difference (phase angle (Φ) between voltage
and current.

What is Active Power?

The Power which is really utilized and consumed for useful works in AC or DC circuit is
known as Active Power. It is also called True Power, Real Power, Useful Power or Watt-
full Power. It is denoted by “P” and measured in Watts, kW or MW. The average value
of active power can be calculated by the following formulas.
Formulas for Active Power
 P = V x I … (DC circuits)
 P = V x I x Cosθ … (Single phase AC Circuits)
 P = √3 x VL x IL x Cosθ … (Three Phase AC Circuits)
 kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)

What is Reactive Power

The power which moves and back (bounces back and forth) between source and load in
the circuit is known as Reactive Power. It is also called, Useless Power or Watt-less
Power. Reactive Power is denoted by “Q” and measured in VAR (Volt Ampere
Reactive), kVAR or MVARs.
Reactive Power is useful too i.e. it helps to produce magnetic and electric field and
stores in the circuits and discharge by transformers, solenoid, and induction motors etc.
Formulas for Reactive Power
 Q = V x I x Sinθ
 VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)
 kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
 Reactive Power = √ (Apparent Power2 – True power2)

Comparison Between Active Power and Reactive Power.

The following table shows the main differences between Active and Reactive Powers.
Characteristi
Active Power Reactive Power
cs

The True or Real or Actual Power A Power which continuously

dissipated in the circuit is known bounces back and forth between
Definition as Active Power which is actually source and load is known
utilized or consumed. (Also known as Reactive Power. (Also known
as useful or watt-full power). as useless or watt-less Power).

Represented
P Q
by
Units Watts, kW, MW VAr, kVAr, MVAr
P = V x I (DC circuits) Q = V x I x Sinθ
P = V x I x Cosθ (Single phase Reactive Power = √ (Apparent
AC Circuits) Power2 -True Power2)
P = √3 x VL x IL x Cosθ (Three
Formulas VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)
Phase AC Circuits)
P = 3 x VPh x IPh x Cosθ kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
P = √ (S2 – Q2) or
P =√ (VA2 – VAR2)
Measuring
Watt meter VAr meter
Instrument
Active Power is equal to the There is no Reactive Power in
Role in DC Reactive Power i.e. there is no DC circuits due to the zero phase
Circuits VAr in DC Circuits. Only Active angle (Φ) between current and
Power exists. voltage.
Active power is important to Reactive Power plays an
Role in AC produce heat and utilize the important role in AC circuits to
Circuits electric and magnetic field produce magnetic and electric
generated by Reactive Power. fields.
Behavior in
All circuit Power is dissipated by
Pure No Reactive Power in pure
the resistors which is Active
Resistive resistive circuit.
Power.
Circuit
Leading Vars. In pure capacitive
load circuit, Voltage and current
Behavior in Active Power is Zero (0) i.e. all are 90° out of phase with each
Pure power is alternately absorbed from other (current is leading by 90°
Capacitive and returned to the AC source degree from voltage ( in other
Circuit continuously. words, Voltage is lagging 90°
Degree from current). I.e. Leading
Reactive Power.

Lagging Vars. In pure inductive or

reactive load circuit, Voltage and
Behavior in current are 90° out of phase with
Pure each other (current is lagging by
Inductive 90° degree from voltage (in other
Circuit words, Voltage is leading 90°
Degree from current). I.e. Leading
Active Power is Zero (0) Reactive Power.
P = V I Cos θ
When: Cos ( 90°) = 0
Power P = V I (0) = 0
Then Total Active Power is = 0
Reactive Power is useful too,
which is  used to measure
Active Power is used to produce the power factor and generate
heat, light, torque etc. in magnetic flux, electric
Applications
electrical appliances and flux, electric and magnetic
machines. field in motors, transformers,
ballasts and induction heating
equipment etc.
Power Factor Correction Calculator – How to
Find P.F Capacitor in µF & kVAR?
How to Calculate Capacitor in kVAR & µF for Power Factor
Improvement? Calculator & Example

Table of Contents

 Power Factor Calculator

 Power Factor Calculation Formula
 Single Phase P.F Calculation
 Three Phase P.F Calculation
 Calculation with Line-to-Line Voltage (VL-L)
 Calculation with Line to Neutral Voltage (VL-N)
 Capacitor in Microfarad & kVAR Calculation for P.F
 How to Calculate Power Factor & Capacitor in µF & kVAR

Power Factor Calculator

The following P.F calculator will calculate the existing or current power factor, apparent
power “S” in kVA, existing reactive power “Q” in kVAR and the value of needed
capacitor for P.F correction in microfarad “µF” and kVAR.
To calculate the value of capacitance of a capacitor bank in µF and kVAR, existing
power factor, current reactive power in kVAR and apparent power in kVA, just enter the
values of real or active power in kW, current in amps, voltage in volts, frequency in Hz
(50 or 60Hz), select supply voltage system (single or three phase) and the targeted
power factor (the value of needed or corrected power factor) and hit the “Calculate”
button to the get the result of capacitance in μF, S in kVA and Q in kVAR.

Good to Know:
 Both kVAR and μ-farad are terms used in capacitor banks and power factor
improvement & correction to eliminate the reactive components from the load
side which has multiple advantages.
 This power factor calculator can be used for educational purposes which does
not differentiate between lagging or leading power factor.
 We assume inductive load as power factor plays an important role in inductive
circuits. Capacitive circuits provide leading power factor and the value of
power factor is unity “1” in pure resistive circuits.
 The power factor correction capacitor must be connected in parallel with each
phase load.
Power Factor Calculation Formula
Single Phase P.F Calculation
The following formula can be used to calculate power factor in single phase AC circuits.
 Cosθ = P / S
 Cosθ = P / V x I
 Cosθ = kW / kVA
 Cosθ = True Power/ Apparent Power
 Cosθ = R/Z
Where:
 Cosθ = Power factor
 P = Real power in kW
 S = Apparent power in kVA
 V = Voltage in Volts
 I = Current in Amps
 R = Resistance in Ohms “Ω”.
 Z = Impedance (Resistance in AC circuits i.e. X L, XC and R known as Inductive
reactance, capacitive reactance and resistance respectively) in Ohms “Ω”.

Three Phase P.F Calculation

Calculation with Line-to-Line Voltage (VL-L)
Cosθ = kW / √ (3 x VL-L x I)
Calculation with Line to Neutral Voltage (VL-N)
Cosθ = kW / 3 x VL-N x I

Capacitor in Microfarad & kVAR Calculation for P.F

The following formulas can be used to calculate the capacitance of a capacitor in farad
and microfarad for power factor correction.
 C = 159.155 x 106 x Q in kVAR ÷ f x V2     …     in microfarad
 C = 159.155 x Q in kVAR ÷ f x V2     …     in Farad
or
 C = kVAR x 109 ÷ (2π x f x V2)     …     in microfarad
 C = kVAR x 103 ÷ (2π x f x V2)     …     in Farad
Additionally, the required capacitor bank in kVAR can be calculated as follow:
 Required Capacitor kVAR = P in kilowatts (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
 kVAR = C x f x V2 ÷ (159.155 x 106)      …     in kVAR
 kVAR = C x 2π x f x V2 x 10-9     …     in kVAR
Where:
  C = Capacitor in microfarad
 kVAR = Reactive Power
 f = Frequency in Hertz
 V = Voltage in volts
Good to Know:
The following formulas for Impedance “Z”, active power “P”, reactive power “Q” and
apparent power “S” are useful while calculating the value of desired power factor and
capacitor bank in kVAR and µF.
Impedance “Z”:
 Z = √ (R2 + (XL + XC)2)     …     Z, R, XL, XC in Ohms 
 XL = 2πfL     …     L is inductance in Henry
 XC = 1/ 2πfC     …     C is capacitance in Farads
Active Power “P”:
Real or True Power or Active Power = √ (Apparent Power2 – Reactive Power2) or
 P = V x I x Cosθ     …     (In Single phase AC Circuits)
 P = √ (S2 – Q2)
 P =√ (VA2 – VAR2)
 P = √ 3 x VL-L x I x Cosθ     …     (In Three Phase Line to Line)
 P = 3 x VL-N x I x Cosθ     …     (In Three Phase Line to Neutral)
 kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)
Reactive Power “Q”:
Reactive Power = √ (Apparent Power2 – True power2)
 Q = V I Sinθ
 VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)
 kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
Apparent Power “S”:
Apparent Power = √ (True power2 + Reactive Power2)
 S=VI
 S = √ (P + Q2)
 kVA = √ (kW2 + kVAR2)

How to Calculate Power Factor & Capacitor in µF &

kVAR
The following example shows how to calculate the required power factor, correction
capacitor rating for capacitor bank in microfarad and kVAR, existing reactive power,
active power and apparent power. You may compare the result of the solved example
with the power factor calculator results.
Example:
A Single phase 240V, 60Hz, motor takes a supply current of 25A at a P.F (Power factor)
of 0.60. The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.92 by connecting a capacitor in
parallel with it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor both in microfarads and
kVAR.
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the Active Power of Load:
P = V x I x Cosθ1
 P = 240V x 25A x 0.6
 P = 3.6 kW
Additionally,
Actual KVA at Current lagging P.f
P=VxI
 P = 240V x 25A
 P = 6 kVA
Actual kVAR at Current lagging P.f
kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
 kVAR = √ (62 kVA – 3.62 kW)
 kVAR = 4.8 kVAR
Actual kVAR at Current lagging P.f
Step 2: Calculate the required kVAR for power factor correction
Existing P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.60
Needed P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.92
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.130; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.130) = 1.333
θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.92) = 23°.073; Tan θ2 = Tan (23°.073) = 0.426
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve power factor from 0.60 to 0.92
Required Capacitor in kVAR
Required Capacitor kVAR = P in kW (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
kVAR = 3.6kW x (1.333 – 0.426)
VAR = 3265.2 VAR
Required kVAR = 3.2652 kVAR
Step 3: Convert kVAR to Microfarad
Required Capacitor in µF
C = kVAR x 109 ÷ (2π x f x V2)     …     in microfarad
C = 3.2625 kVAR x 109 ÷ (2π x 60Hz x 2402 V)
C = 150.4 µF

Farad & μF to kVAR Conversion Formulas &

Equations
The SI unit of reactive power “Q” is VAR “Volt-Amp-Reactive”. For higher values, we
mostly use kVAR “103” or MVAR “106” etc.

Similarly, The SI unit of capacitor for capacitance is Farad. As it is a big unit and

unusual to use it for small capacitors, here comes small units i.e. mF “millifarad = 10 -3”
and μF “microfarad = 10-6“.

 VAR = C x 2π x f x V2 x 10-6     …     VAR

 kVAR = C x 2π x f x V2 x 10-9     …     in kVAR
 MVAR = C x 2π x f x V2 x 10-12     …     in MVAR
Where:
 kVAR = kilo Volt-ampere-reactive “Q”
 C = Capacitance of a Capacitor in μF
 V = Voltage in volts
 f = Frequency in Hertz

kVAR to Farad Conversion Formulas & Equations

The SI unit of capacitor for capacitance is Farad. As it is a big unit and unusual to use it
for small capacitors, here comes small units i.e. mF “millifarad = 10 -3” and μF
“microfarad = 10-6“.
Similarly, the SI unit of reactive power “Q” is VAR “Volt-Amp-Reactive”. For higher
values, we mostly use kVAR “103” or MVAR “106” etc.

 C = kVAR x 109 ÷ 2πf x V2     …     in microfarad

 C = kVAR x 106 ÷ 2πf x V2     …     in millifarad
 C = kVAR x 103 ÷ 2πf x V2     …     in Farad
Where:
 C = Capacitance of a Capacitor in Farads
 kVAR = kilo-Volt-ampere-reactive “Q”
 V = Voltage in volts
 f = Frequency in Hertz
How to Calculate the Capacitor Value in kVAR?
Example: 1
A 3 Phase, 5 kW Induction Motor has a P.F (Power factor) of 0.75 lagging. What
size of Capacitor in kVAR is required to improve the P.F (Power Factor) to 0.90?
Solution
Motor input = P = 5 kW
Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.75
Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.75) = 41°.41; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.41) = 0.8819
θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 5kW (0.8819 – 0.4843)
= 1.99 kVAR
And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase
1.99 kVAR / 3 = 0.663 kVAR

Example 2:
An Alternator is supplying a load of 650 kW at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.65. What
size of Capacitor in kVAR is required to raise the P.F (Power Factor) to unity (1)?
And how many more kW can the alternator supply for the same kVA loading when
P.F improved.
Solution
Supplying kW = 650 kW
Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.65
Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 1
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.65) = 49°.45; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.24) = 1.169
θ2 = Cos-1 = (1) = 0°; Tan θ2 = Tan (0°) = 0
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 650kW (1.169– 0)
= 759.85 kVAR
We know that P.F = Cosθ = kW/kVA . . .or
kVA = kW / Cosθ
= 650/0.65 = 1000 kVA
When Power Factor is raised to unity (1)
No of kW = kVA x Cosθ
= 1000 x 1 = 1000kW
Hence increased Power supplied by Alternator
1000kW – 650kW = 350kW

How to Calculate the Capacitor Value in Microfarad &

kVAR?
The following methods show that how to determine the required capacitor bank
value in both kVAR and Micro-Farads. In addition, the solved examples also show
that how to convert the capacity of a capacitor in microfarad to kVAR and kVAR to
microfarad for P.F. This way, a right size capacitor bank can be installed in parallel to
each phase load side to obtain the targeted power factor.
Example: 3
A 500 volts 60 c/s single phase motor takes a full load current of 50 amp at P.F
0.86 lagging. The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.94 by connecting
capacitor bank across it. Calculate the required capacity of capacitor in both
kVAR and μ-Farads?
Solution:
Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ
                              = 500V x 50A x 0.86
                              = 21.5kW
Actual or existing P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.86
Required or target P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.94
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.86) = 30.68°; Tan θ1 = Tan (30.68°) = 0.593
θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.95) = 19.94°; Tan θ2 = Tan (19.94°) = 0.363
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.86 to 0.95
Required Capacitor kVAR = P in kW (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 21.5kW (0.593 – 0.363)
= 4.954 kVAR
(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Farads to improve P.F from
0.86 to 0.97
kVAR = 4.954 … (i)
We know that;
IC = V / XC
Whereas XC = 1 / 2π x f x C
IC = V / (1 / 2π x f x C)
IC = V x 2π x f x C
= (500V) x 2π x (60Hz) x C
IC = 188495.5 x C
And,
kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR = (V x I) / 1000]
= 500V x 188495.5 x C
IC = 94247750 x C … (ii)
Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,
94247750 x C = 4.954 kVAR x C
C = 4.954 kVAR / 94247750
C = 78.2 μF
Example 4
What value of Capacitance must be connected in parallel with a load drawing 1kW
at 70% lagging power factor from a 208V, 60Hz Source in order to raise the overall
power factor to 91%.
Capacitor kVAR to μ-Farad & μ-Farad to kVAR
Conversion
The following formulas are used to calculate and convert capacitor kVAR to Farads and
Vice Versa.
Required Capacitator in kVAR
Convert Capacitor Farads & Microfarads in VAR, kVAR and MVAR.
 VAR = C x 2π x f x V2x 10-6                               …     VAR
 VAR = C in μF x f x V2 / (159.155 x 103)          …     in VAR
 kVAR = C x 2π x f x V2 x 10-9                           …     in kVAR
 kVAR = C in μF x f x V2 ÷ (159.155 x 106)        …     in kVAR
 MVAR = C x 2π x f x V2 x 10-12                         …     in MVAR
 MVAR = C in μF x f x V2 ÷ (159.155 x 109)        …     in MVAR
Required Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads.
Convert Capacitor kVAR in Farads & Microfarads
 C = kVAR x 103 / 2π x f x V2                         …     in Farad
 C = 159.155 x Q in kVAR / f x V2                 …     in Farad
 C = kVAR x 109 / (2π x f x V2)                       …     in Microfarad
 C = 159.155 x 106 x Q in kVAR / f x V2        …     in Microfarad
Where:
 C = Capacitance in Microfarad
 Q = Reactive Power in Volt-Amp-Reactive
 f = Frequency in Hertz
 V = Voltage in Volts
Good to Know:
Following is the important electrical formulas used in Power factor improvement
calculation.
Active Power (P) in Watts:
 kW = kVA x Cosθ
 kW = HP x 0.746 or (HP x 0.746) / Efficiency … (HP = Motor Horse Power)
 kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)
 kW = P = V x I Cosθ … (Single Phase)
 kW = P = √3x V x I Cosθ … (Three Phase Line to Line)
 kW = P = 3x V x I Cosθ … (Three Phase Line to Phase)
Apparent Power (S) in VA:
 kVA = √ (kW2 + kVAR2)
 kVA = kW / Cosθ
Reactive Power (Q) in VA:
 kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
 kVAR = C x (2π x f  x V2)
Power Factor (from 0.1 to 1)
  Power Factor = Cosθ = P / V I … (Single Phase)
 Power Factor = Cosθ = P / (√3x V x I) … (Three Phase Line to Line)
 Power Factor = Cosθ = P / (3x V x I) … (Three Phase Line to Neutral)
 Power Factor = Cosθ = kW / kVA … (Both Single Phase & Three Phase)
 Power Factor = Cosθ = R/Z … (Resistance / Impedance)
And

 XC = 1 / (2π x f x C) … (XC = Capacitive reactance)

 IC = V / XC … (I = V / R)

Capacitor Sizing Chart & Table for Power Factor

Correction
The following power factor correction chart can be used to easily find the right size of
capacitor bank for desired power factor improvement. For example, if you need to
improve the existing power factor from 0.6 to 0.98, just look at the multiplier for both
figures in the table which is 1.030. Multiply this number with the existing active power in
kW. You can find the real power by multiplying the voltage to the current and the
existing lagging power factor i.e., P in Watts = Voltage in volts x Current in Amps x
Cosθ1. This easy way, you will find the required value of capacitance in kVAR which is
needed to get the desired power factor.

How to Convert Capacitor μ-Farads to kVAR

and vice versa? – For P.F Correction
Conversion of kVAR to μ-Farad & μ-Farad to kVAR
The following simple calculation tutorial shows how to calculate and convert the
required capacitor bank value in microfarads and then convert to kVAR and vice
versa. We will be using three simple methods to convert the capacitor kVAR in μ-
Farads and conversion of microfarad in kVAR.
Example 1:
A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power
factor) of 0.6. The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.9 by connecting a
capacitor in parallel with it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both
kVAR and Farads.
Solution:
Calculate and convert kVAR in Microfarads
(1) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in kVAR and convert it to micro-
farad to improve the P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Three Methods)
Solution #1 (Simple Method using the Table)
Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ
          = 400V x 50A x 0.6
          = 12kW
From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.60 to 0.90 is 0.849
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.60 and 0.90
= 12kW x 0.849
= 10.188 kVAR
Solution # 2 (Classic Calculation Method)
Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ
          = 400V x 50A x 0.6
          = 12kW
Actual P.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6
Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333
θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = P in kW (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 12kW (1.3333– 0.4843)
= 10.188 kVAR
Solution # 3 (Using μFarad to kVAR Calculator)
You may directly use the Farad and microfarad to kVAR conversion calculator.
Related Posts:
 Capacitor Bank in kVAR & µF Calculator for Power Factor Correction
 Power Factor Correction Calculator – How to Find P.F Capacitor in µF &
kVAR?
(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Micro-Farads and convert the
Capacitor μ-Farads to kVAR to improve the P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Three Methods)
Solution #1 (Simple Method using the Table)
We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can
easily convert it into Farads by using this simple formula
Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads
C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad
Putting the Values in the above formula
= (10.188kVAR) / (2π x 50Hz x 4002V)
= 2.0268 x 10-4
= 202.7 x 10-6
= 202.7μF
Solution # 2 (Classic Calculation Method)
kVAR = 10.188 … (i)
We know that;
IC = V / XC
Whereas XC = 1 / 2π x f x C
IC = V / (1 / 2π x f x C)
IC = V x 2π x f x C
= (400V) x 2π x (50Hz) x C
IC = 125663.7 x C
And,
kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000     …     [kVAR = (V x I) / 1000]
= 400 x 125663.7 x C
IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii)
Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,
50265.48 x C = 10.188C
C = 10.188 / 50265.48
C = 2.0268 x 10-4
C = 202.7 x 10-6
C = 202.7μF
Solution # 3 (Using kVAR to μFarad Calculator)
You may use the kVAR to Farad and microfarad conversion calculator.
Capacitor μ-Farad to kVAR and kVAR to μ-Farad
Conversion Formula
The following formulas are used to calculate and convert
capacitor kVAR into Farads and Vice Versa
Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads.
Convert Capacitor kVAR in Farads & Microfarads
 C = kVAR x 103 / 2π x f x V2                         …     in Farad
 C = 159.155 x Q in kVAR / f x V2                 …     in Farad
 C = kVAR x 109 / (2π x f x V2)                       …     in Microfarad
 C = 159.155 x 106 x Q in kVAR / f x V2        …     in Microfarad
Required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR
Convert Capacitor Farads & Microfarads in VAR, kVAR and MVAR.
 VAR = C x 2π x f x V2x 10-6                               …     VAR
 VAR = C in μF x f  x V2 / (159.155 x 103)          …     in VAR
 kVAR = C x 2π x f x V2  x 10-9                           …     in kVAR
 kVAR = C in μF x f x V2 ÷ (159.155 x 106)        …     in kVAR
 MVAR = C x 2π x f x V2  x 10-12                         …     in MVAR
 MVAR = C in μF x f x V2 ÷ (159.155 x 109)        …     in MVAR
Where:
 C = Capacitance in Microfarad
 Q = Reactive Power in Volt-Amp-Reactive
 f = Frequency in Hertz
 V = Voltage in Volts

What is Power Factor (Cos ϕ)?

Power Factor Definitions and Formulas
In electrical engineering, power factor is only and only related to AC circuits i.e. there is
no power factor (P.f)  in DC circuits due to zero frequency and phase angle difference
(Φ) between current and voltage.
What is Power Factor?
Power factor may be defined by three definitions and formals as follow.
1).  The Cosine of angle between Current and Voltage is called Power Factor.
 P = VI Cosθ OR
 Cosθ = P ÷ V I OR
 Cosθ = kW ÷ kVA OR

 Cosθ = True Power ÷ Apparent Power

Where:
 P = Power in Watts
 V = Voltages in Volts
 I = Current in Amperes
 W = Real Power in Watts
 VA = Apparent Power in Volt-Amperes or kVA
 Cosθ = Power factor
2). The ratio between Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit is known as Power
Factor.
Cosθ = R ÷ Z
Where:
 R = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
 Z = Impedance (Resistance in AC circuits i.e., XL, XC and R known
as Inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and resistance respectively)
in Ohms (Ω)
 Cosθ = Power factor
Impedance “Z” is the total resistance of AC Circuit i.e.
Z = √ [R2 + (XL + XC)2]
Where:
 XL = 2πfL   … L is inductance in Henry
 XC = 1 ÷ 2πfC … C is capacitance in Farads
3). The ratio between Active Power and Apparent Power in volts-amperes is
called power factor.
 Cosθ = Active Power ÷ Apparent Power
 Cosθ = P ÷ S
 Cosθ = kW ÷ kVA
Where
 kW = P = Real Power in kilo-Watts
 kVA = S = Apparent Power in kilo-Volt-Amperes or Watts
  Cosθ = Power factor
Power Factor Formula in Three Phase AC Circuits
Power Factor Cosθ = P ÷ √3 VL × IL…     Line Current & Voltage
Power Factor Cosθ = P ÷ √3 VP × IP…  Phase Current & Voltage
Power Factor Triangle and Examples

Beer analogy of active or true power, reactive power, apparent power and power
factor.

Chips bag analogy of true or real power, reactive power, apparent power and power
Factor.
Good to know:
In pure resistive circuit, power factor is 1 due to zero phase angle difference
(Φ) between current and voltage. 
In pure capacitive circuit, power factor is leading due to the lagging VARs. i.e.,
Voltage is lagging 90° behind the current. In other words, Current is leading 90° from
voltage (Current and voltage are 90° out of phase with each other’s, where current is
leading and voltage is lagging).
In pure inductive circuit, power factor is lagging due to the leading VARs i.e., Voltage
is leading 90° from current. In other words, Current is lagging begging 90° behind the
voltage (Current and voltage are 90° out of phase with each, others where voltage is
leading and current is lagging).

What is Active, Reactive, Apparent and Complex Power?

What is Active Power: (P)

Active Power is the actual power which is really transferred to the load such
as transformer, induction motors, generators etc. and dissipated in the circuit.
Alternative words used for Real Power (Actual Power, True Power, Watt-full
Power, Useful Power, Real Power, and Active Power) and denoted by (P) and
measured in units of Watts (W) i.e. The unit of Real
or Active power is Watt where 1W = 1V x 1 A.

Active Power in DC Circuits:

In DC Circuits, power supply to the DC load is simply the product of Voltage across the
load and Current flowing through it i.e., P = V I because in DC Circuits, there is no
concept of phase angle between current and voltage. In other words, there is no
frequency (f) or Power factor in DC Circuits.

Active Power in AC Circuits:

But the situation in Sinusoidal or AC Circuits is more complex because of phase
difference (θ) between Current and Voltage. Therefore, average value of power (Real
Power) is P = VI Cosθ is in fact supplied to the load.
In AC circuits, when circuit is pure resistive, then the same formula used for power as
used in DC as P = V I.

Active Power Formulas:

 P = V x I                                      (In DC circuits)
 P = V x I x Cosθ                            (in Single phase AC Circuits)
 P = √3 x VLx IL x Cosθ         or    (in Three Phase AC Circuits)
 P = 3 x VPh x IPhx Cosθ
 P = √ (S2 – Q2) or
 P =√ (VA2 – VAR2) or
Real or True Power or Active Power = √ (Apparent Power 2 – Reactive Power2) or
kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)
Where:
 P = Power in Watts
 V = Voltages in Volts
 I = Current in Amperes
 Cosθ = Power Factor (Phase angle Difference)
 VL = Line Voltage
 IL = Line Current
 S = Apparent Power in VA (Volt Ampere)
 Q = Reactive Power in VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive)

What is Reactive Power: (Q)  

Also known as (Use-less Power, Watt less Power)
The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known
as reactive Power (Q)
Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to
as reactive power.
Reactive Power represent that the energy is first stored and then released in the form
of magnetic field or electrostatic field in case of inductor and capacitor respectively.
Reactive power is given by Q = V I Sinθ which can be positive (+ve) for inductive
loads and negative (-ve) for capacitive load.
The unit of Reactive Power is Volt-Ampere reactive i.e., VAR where 1 VAR = 1V x
1A.
In more simple words, in Inductor or Capacitor, how much magnetic or electric field
produced by 1A x 1V is known as the unit of Reactive Power.

Reactive Power Formulas:

 Q = V I Sinθ
 Reactive Power = √ (Apparent Power2– True power2)
 VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)
 kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
Where:
 θ = Phase angle
What is Apparent Power: (S)
The Product of voltage and current if and only if the phase angle
differences between current and voltage are ignored.
Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to as
apparent power
The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power
In an AC circuit, the product of the r.m.s voltage and the r.m.s current is
called apparent power which is denoted by (S) and measured in units of Volt-amp
(VA).
It is the product of Voltage and Current without phase angle.
The unit of Apparent power (S) VA i.e., 1VA = 1V x 1A.
When the circuit is pure resistive, then apparent power is equal to real or true power,
but in inductive or capacitive circuit, (when Reactance’s exist) then apparent power is
greater than real or true power.
Apparent Power Formulas:
 S=VI
 S = √ (P + Q2)
 Apparent Power = √ (True power2 + Reactive Power2)
 kVA = √kW2 + kVAR2

What is Complex Power? (S = P+jQ or S=VI*)

The Complex sum of Real Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q) is known as Complex
Power which can be expressed like S = P+jQ and measured in terms of Volt Amps
Reactive (generally in kVAR).
It may also be expressed as S=VI* where “I*” is the conjugate of the complex current I.
This current “I” flows through a reactive load Z caused by the Voltage.

Complex Power Formulas:

Complex Power in Capacitive Loads
 Z = R – jXC
 I = IP + jIQ
 Cosθ = R / |Z| (leading)
 I* = IP – jIQ
 S = P – jQ
A Capacitive Load provide Leading VARS (i.e., it eliminates VARS and improves the
overall power factor of the system). That’s why capacitors are used to correct and
improve the power factor.
Complex Power in Inductive Loads
 Z = R + jXL
 I = IP – jIQ
 Cosθ = R / |Z| (lagging)
 I* = IP + jIQ
 S = P + jQ
Where:
 Z = Impedance
 R = Resistance
 XL = Inductive Reactance
 XC = Capacitive Reactance
 Cosθ = Power Factor
 P = Active Power
 S = Apparent Power
 Q = Reactive Power
An Inductive Load provide lagging VARS (i.e., it added VARS and decrease the overall
power factor.)
Complex power can also be expressed by the following formula.

Good to know:
Resistor absorbs the real power and dissipates in the form of heat and light.
Inductor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form of magnetic field
Capacitor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form of electric or
electrostatic filed

The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in pure inductive circuit, Current lags
90° from Voltage, this large difference of phase angle between current and voltage causes zero
power factor. Basically, all those circuit having Capacitance and inductance (except resonance
circuit (or Tune Circuit) where inductive reactance = capacitive reactance (XL = Xc), so the
circuit becomes a resistive circuit), power factor would be existed over there because
Capacitance and inductance causes in difference of phase angle (θ) between current and voltage.
there are a lot of disadvantages of low P.f and we must improve Pf .
Following are the causes of low Power factor:
1. Single phase and three phase induction Motors (Usually, Induction motor works 
    at poor power factor i.e., at:
    Full load, Pf = 0.8 -0.9
    Small load, Pf = 0.2 -0.3
    No Load, Pf may come to Zero (0).
2.  Varying Load in Power System (As we know that load on power system is varying. During
low load period, supply voltage is increased which increase the magnetizing current which cause
the decreased power factor)
3.  Industrial heating furnaces
4.  Electrical discharge lamps (High intensity discharge lighting) Arc lamps (operate 
     a very low power factor)
5.  Transformers
6.  Harmonic Currents

Methods for Power Factor Improvement

The following devices and equipment are used for power factor correction in an
electrical system.
1. Static Capacitor
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancer
Disadvantages and Effects of Low Power Factor
Now, in case of low power factor, current will be increased, and this high amount of
current will lead to the following disadvantages.
Large Line Losses (Copper Losses):
We know that Line Losses is directly proportional to the squire of the electric current “I 2”
Power Loss = I2 x R i.e., the larger the current, the greater the line losses i.e. I >> Line
Losses
In other words,
Power Loss = I2 x R = 1 / CosФ2   …   Refer to Equation “I ∝ 1/CosФ” …   (1)
Thus, if Power factor = 0.8, then losses on this power factor =1/CosФ 2 = 1/ 0.82 = 1.56
times will be greater than losses on Unity power factor.
Large kVA rating and Size of Electrical Equipment:
As we know that almost all Electrical Machinery (Transformer, Alternator, Switchgears
etc.) are rated in kVA. But it is clear from the following formula that Power factor is
inversely proportional to the kVA i.e.
CosФ = kW / kVA
Therefore, The Lower the Power factor, the larger the kVA rating of Machines also, the
larger the kVA rating of Machines, The larger the Size of Machines and The Larger the
size of Machines, The Larger the Cost of machines.
Greater Conductor Size and Cost:
In case of low power factor, current will be increased, thus, to transmit this high current,
we need the larger size of conductor. Also, the cost of a large size of conductor will be
increased.
Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop:
Voltage Drop = V = IZ.
Now in case of Low Power factor, Current will be increased. So, the Larger the current,
the Larger the Voltage Drop.
Also Voltage Regulation = V.R = (VNo Load – VFull Load)/ VFull Load
In case of Low Power Factor (lagging Power factor) there would be large voltage drop
which causes low voltage regulation. Therefore, keeping Voltage drop in the particular
limit, we need to install Extra regulation equipment i.e. Voltage regulators.

Low Efficiency:
In case of low Power Factor, there would be large voltage drop and large line losses
and this will cause the system or equipment efficiency too low. For instance, due to low
power factor, there would be large line losses; therefore, alternator needs high
excitation, thus, generation efficiency as well as transformer’s efficiency would be low.
Same is the case for lower motor’s efficiency in case of low P.F.
Penalty from Electric Power Supply Company on Low Power factor
Electrical Power supply Company imposes a penalty of power factor below 0.95 lagging
in Electric power bill. So, you must improve P.f above 0.95.

Example: 1:

A 3 Phase, 5 kW Induction Motor has a P.F (Power factor) of 0.75 lagging. What size of
Capacitor in kVAR is required to improve the P.F (Power Factor) to 0.90?

Motor input = P = 5 kW
Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.75
Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.75) = 41°.41; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.41) = 0.8819
θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 5kW (0.8819 – 0.4843)
= 1.99 kVAR
And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase
1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR
Example: 2:

An Alternator is supplying a load of 650 kW at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.65. What size of
Capacitor in kVAR is required to raise the P.F (Power Factor) to unity (1)? And how many
more kW can the alternator supply for the same kVA loading when P.F improved.

Supplying kW = 650 kW
Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.65
Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 1
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.65) = 49°.45; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.24) = 1.169
θ2 = Cos-1 = (1) = 0°; Tan θ2 = Tan (0°) = 0
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 650kW (1.169– 0)
= 759.85 kVAR
Example: 3

A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power factor) of
0.6. The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.9 by connecting a capacitor in parallel
with it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both kVAR and Farads.

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

                              = 400V x 50A x 0.6
                              = 12kW
Actual P.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6
Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90
θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333
θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843
Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90
Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 5kW (1.3333– 0.4843)
= 10.188 kVAR

kVAR = 10.188 … (i)

We know that;
IC = V/ XC

Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C

IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C)
IC = V 2 F C
= (400) x 2π x (50) x C
IC = 125663.7 x C

And,
kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR = (V x I)/ 1000]
= 400 x 125663.7 x C
IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii)

Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,

 50265.48 x C = 10.188C
C = 10.188 / 50265.48
C = 2.0268 x 10-4
C = 202.7 x 10-6
C = 202.7μF

Example 5:
Calculate Size of Capacitor Bank Annual Saving in Bills and Payback Period for Capacitor
Bank.
Electrical Load of (1)
= 2 No’s of 18.5KW,415V motor ,90% efficiency,0.82 Power Factor,
Electrical Load of (2)
= 2 No’s of 7.5KW,415V motor ,90% efficiency,0.82 Power Factor,
Electrical Load of (3)
= 10KW ,415V Lighting Load. The Targeted Power Factor for System is 0.98.
Electrical Load is connected 24 Hours, Electricity Charge is 100Rs/KVA and 10Rs/KW.
A) Calculate size of Discharge Resistor for discharging of capacitor Bank. Discharge
rate of Capacitor is 50v in less than 1 minute.
B) Also Calculate reduction in KVAR rating of Capacitor if Capacitor Bank is
operated at frequency of 40Hz instead of 50Hz and If Operating Voltage 400V
instead of 415V.
C) Capacitor is connected in star Connection, Capacitor voltage 415V, Capacitor
Cost is 60Rs/Kvar. Annual Deprecation Cost of Capacitor is 12%.
Calculation:
For Connection (1):
Total Load KW for Connection (1) =Kw / Efficiency= (18.5×2) / 90%=41.1KW
tanǾ1=Arcos (0.82) =0.69
tanǾ2=Arcos (0.98) =0.20
Total Load KVAR1= KWX (tanǾ1- tanǾ2) =41.1(0.69-0.20) = 20.35KVAR

For Connection (2):

Total Load KW for Connection (2) =Kw / Efficiency= (7.5×2) / 90%=16.66KW
Total Load KVA (old) for Connection (1) = KW /Old Power Factor= 16.66 /0.83=20.08 KVA
Total Load KVA (new) for Connection (1) = KW /New Power Factor= 16.66 /0.98= 17.01KVA
Total Load KVAR2= KWX ([(√1-(old p.f)2) / old p.f]- [(√1-(New p.f)2) / New p.f])
Total Load KVAR2=20.35x ([(√1-(0.83)2) / 0.83]- [(√1-(0.98)2) / 0.98])
Total Load KVAR2=7.82 KVAR

For Connection (3):

Total Load KW for Connection (3) =Kw =10KW
Total Load KVA (old) for Connection (1) = KW /Old Power Factor= 10/0.85=11.76 KVA
Total Load KVA (new) for Connection (1) = KW /New Power Factor= 10 /0.98= 10.20KVA
Total Load KVAR3= KWX ([(√1-(old p.f)2) / old p.f]- [(√1-(New p.f)2) / New p.f])
Total Load KVAR3=20.35x ([(√1-(0.85)2) / 0.85]- [(√1-(0.98)2) / 0.98])
Total Load KVAR3=4.17 KVAR
Total KVAR=KVAR1+ KVAR2+KVAR3
Total KVAR=20.35+7.82+4.17
Total KVAR=32 Kvar

Size of Capacitor Bank:

§   Site of Capacitor Bank=32 Kvar.
§  Leading KVAR supplied by each Phase= Kvar/No of Phase
§  Leading KVAR supplied by each Phase =32/3=10.8Kvar/Phase
§  Capacitor Charging Current (Ic)= (Kvar/Phase x1000)/Volt
§  Capacitor Charging Current (Ic)= (10.8×1000)/(415/√3)
§  Capacitor Charging Current (Ic)=44.9Amp
§  Capacitance of Capacitor = Capacitor Charging Current (Ic)/ Xc
§  Xc=2 x 3.14 x f x v=2×3.14x50x(415/√3)=75362
§  Capacitance of Capacitor=44.9/75362= 5.96µF
§  Required 3 No’s of 10.8 Kvar Capacitors and
§  Total Size of Capacitor Bank is 32Kvar
*****************************************************************************
 Protection of Capacitor Bank:
Size of HRC Fuse for Capacitor Bank Protection
§   Size of the fuse =165% to 200% of Capacitor Charging current.
§  Size of the fuse=2×44.9Amp
§  Size of the fuse=90Amp
*****************************************************************************
Size of Circuit Breaker for Capacitor Protection:
§   Size of the Circuit Breaker =135% to 150% of Capacitor Charging current.
§  Size of the Circuit Breaker=1.5×44.9Amp
§  Size of the Circuit Breaker=67Amp
§  Thermal relay setting between 1.3 and 1.5of Capacitor Charging current.
§  Thermal relay setting of C.B=1.5×44.9 Amp
§  Thermal relay setting of C.B=67 Amp
§  Magnetic relay setting between 5 and 10 of Capacitor Charging current.
§  Magnetic relay setting of C.B=10×44.9Amp
§  Magnetic relay setting of C.B=449Amp
*****************************************************************************
Sizing of cables for capacitor Connection:
§   Capacitors can withstand a permanent over current of 30% +tolerance of 10% on capacitor
Current.
§  Cables size for Capacitor Connection= 1.3 x1.1 x nominal capacitor Current
§  Cables size for Capacitor Connection = 1.43 x nominal capacitor Current
§  Cables size for Capacitor Connection=1.43×44.9Amp
§  Cables size for Capacitor Connection=64 Amps
*****************************************************************************
Maximum size of discharge Resistor for Capacitor:
§   Capacitors will be discharge by discharging resistors.
§  After the capacitor is disconnected from the source of supply, discharge resistors are required for
discharging each unit within 3 min to 75 V or less from initial nominal peak voltage (according
IEC-standard 60831).
§  Discharge resistors have to be connected directly to the capacitors. There shall be no switch, fuse
cut-out or any other isolating device between the capacitor unit and the discharge resistors.
§  Max. Discharge resistance Value (Star Connection) = Ct / Cn x Log (Un x√2/ Dv).
§  Max. Discharge resistance Value (Delta Connection)= Ct / 1/3xCn x Log (Un x√2/ Dv)
§  Where Ct =Capacitor Discharge Time (sec)
§  Cn=Capacitance  Farad.
§  Un = Line Voltage
§  Dv=Capacitor Discharge voltage.
§  Maximum Discharge resistance =60 / ((5.96/1000000)x log ( 415x√2 /50)
§  Maximum Discharge resistance=4087 KΩ
*****************************************************************************
Effect of Decreasing Voltage & Frequency on Rating of Capacitor:
§   The kvar of capacitor will not be same if voltage applied to the capacitor and frequency changes
§  Reduced in Kvar size of Capacitor when operating 50 Hz unit at 40 Hz
§  Actual KVAR = Rated KVAR x(Operating Frequency / Rated Frequency)
§  Actual KVAR = Rated KVAR x(40/50)
§  Actual KVAR = 80% of Rated KVAR
§  Hence 32 Kvar Capacitor works as 80%x32Kvar= 26.6Kvar
§  Reduced in Kvar size of Capacitor when operating 415V unit at 400V
§  Actual KVAR = Rated KVAR x(Operating voltage / Rated voltage)^2
§  Actual KVAR = Rated KVAR x(400/415)^2
§  Actual KVAR=93% of Rated KVAR
§  Hence 32 Kvar Capacitor works as 93%x32Kvar= 23.0Kvar
*****************************************************************************
Annual Saving and Pay Back Period
 Before Power Factor Correction:
§   Total electrical load KVA (old)= KVA1+KVA2+KVA3
§  Total electrical load= 50.1+20.08+11.76
§  Total electrical load=82 KVA
§  Total electrical Load KW=kW1+KW2+KW3
§  Total electrical Load KW=37+15+10
§  Total electrical Load KW =62kw
§  Load Current=KVA/V=80×1000/(415/1.732)
§  Load Current=114.1 Amp
§  KVA Demand Charge=KVA X Charge
§  KVA Demand Charge=82x60Rs
§  KVA Demand Charge=8198 Rs
§  Annual Unit Consumption=KWx Daily usesx365
§  Annual Unit Consumption=62x24x365 =543120 Kwh
§  Annual charges =543120×10=5431200 Rs
§  Total Annual Cost= 8198+5431200
§  Total Annual Cost before Power Factor Correction= 5439398 Rs
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After Power Factor Correction:

§   Total electrical load KVA (new)= KVA1+KVA2+KVA3
§  Total electrical load= 41.95+17.01+10.20
§  Total electrical load=69 KVA
§  Total electrical Load KW=kW1+KW2+KW3
§  Total electrical Load KW=37+15+10
§  Total electrical Load KW =62kw
§  Load Current=KVA/V=69×1000/(415/1.732)
§  Load Current=96.2 Amp
§  KVA Demand Charge=KVA X Charge
§  KVA Demand Charge=69x60Rs =6916 Rs————-(1)
§  Annual Unit Consumption=KW x Daily usesx365
§  Annual Unit Consumption=62x24x365 =543120 Kwh
§  Annual charges =543120×10=5431200 Rs—————–(2)
§  Capital Cost of capacitor= Kvar x Capacitor cost/Kvar = 82 x 60= 4919 Rs—(3)
§  Annual Interest and Deprecation Cost =4919 x 12%=590 Rs—–(4)
§  Total Annual Cost= 6916+5431200+4919+590
§  Total Annual Cost After Power Factor Correction =5438706 Rs

Pay Back Period:

§ Total Annual Cost before Power Factor Correction= 5439398 Rs
§ Total Annual Cost After Power Factor Correction =5438706 Rs
§ Annual Saving= 5439398-5438706 Rs
§ Annual Saving= 692 Rs
§ Payback Period= Capital Cost of Capacitor / Annual Saving
§ Payback Period= 4912 / 692
§ Payback Period = 7.1 Years