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13-Lenses and Dispersion of Light

Convex lenses converge light rays to a focal point, while concave lenses diverge light rays. A lens has an optical center, principal axis, and focal length. Convex lenses are used in magnifying glasses, cameras, projectors, and photographic enlargers to produce real, inverted, and magnified images. Dispersion of light through a prism produces a visible spectrum from red to violet due to different wavelengths of light bending differently.

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174 views8 pages

13-Lenses and Dispersion of Light

Convex lenses converge light rays to a focal point, while concave lenses diverge light rays. A lens has an optical center, principal axis, and focal length. Convex lenses are used in magnifying glasses, cameras, projectors, and photographic enlargers to produce real, inverted, and magnified images. Dispersion of light through a prism produces a visible spectrum from red to violet due to different wavelengths of light bending differently.

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GIE
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Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

A lens is transparent curved surface, made up of glass or plastic.

Convex and Concave lenses:

Convex lens:

 It is thin at the edges and thick at the centre i.e. curved outside.
 It converges (focuses) the light rays at a point, so also called as
converging lens.

Concave lens:

 It is thin at the centre and thick at the edges i.e. curved inside.
 It diverges (spreads) the light rays, so also called as diverging lens.

Basic Terms of Convex Lens:

 Optical Centre
 Principal Axis
 Principal Focus
 Focal Length
 Optical Centre:
It is the mid point between the surface of a convex lens,
through which rays pass straight.
Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

 Principal axis:
A horizontal line passing through optical centre of convex lens.
 Principal Focus:
The point at which parallel rays falling on a convex lens focus.
 Focal length:
The distance between Principal focus and optical centre.

Image Formation in a convex lens:


Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

Image Characteristics with respect to object distance:


Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

Linear Magnification:
It is the ratio of image height to the object height.
Image height
i.e. m = Object height

Image distance
or m = Object distance

Linear magnification has no units.

Uses of Convex lens in a:


1. Magnifying glass
2. Camera
3. Projector
4. Photographic enlarger.
1. Magnifying glass:

A magnifying glass is a thin converging lens. It can be used to make


objects look bigger. For this purpose, object is placed from lens at a
distance less than focal length. i.e. object distance < f.
The image produced is:
 Virtual
 Upright
 Magnified
 On the same side as object.
Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

2) Camera:

The camera uses convex lens to produce a real, inverted and diminished
image on film. Focusing is done by varying the distance of the lens from
film. Object distance varies form infinity to slightly larger that f.

3) Projector:

The image produced in a projector is real, inverted and magnified.


Focusing of image is done by moving the convex lens so that object falls
between f and 2f. Since the image is inverted both vertically and latterly,
hence the slide is placed upside down and flipped 180°, so that the
image will be projected right way.

4) Photographic enlarger:
The working principle of a photograph enlarger is basically the same as
that of projector. The film in a photograph enlarger is placed between f
and 2f of the focusing lens. The image produced is
 Real
 Inverted
 Magnified
The ray diagram is same, as shown in the working of projector.
Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

Image formation in Eye:

Like a camera, the eye uses a convex lens system to produce real, inverted and
diminished image of an object. The ‘screen’ in this case is called retina.

Short-sighted Eye:

A short-righted person can see near objects clearly but not far objects. In
short-sightedness, the focal length of lens is too small, such that the rays focus
before reaching the screen. So image produced is not clear. This effect can be
removed by using a concave lens in front of eye.

Long-sighted Eye:

A long-sighted person cannot see close objects clearly. In long-sightedness, the


focal length of lens is too large such that rays tend to focus, after the screen.
Again image is not clear but it is blurred. This effect can be removed by using
convex lens in front of eye.
Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

Dispersion of Light

Dispersion of light is the splitting up of a light beam into its component colours.

The
colours provided are:
V – Violet
I – Indigo
B – Blue
G – Green
Y – Yellow
O – Orange
R – Red
The main features of dispersion of light through a prism are:
The colour range produced is called spectrum.
The red light is deviated least and violet light is deviated most.
The deviation for each colour is always towards base of the prism.
Each colour travels with speed of light.
The wavelength increases from violet towards red colour.
i.e. shortest wavelength = violet
Longest wavelength = red
 The frequency increases from red towards violet colour.
i.e. least frequency = red
Maximum frequency = violet.
Unit # 13 Lenses and Dispersion of Light Physics O-level)

Reason for dispersion of light:

The white light consists of seven radiations each having different


wavelength. The speed of light through the glass prism is different for different
wavelengths. Due to difference in speed, each wavelength bends differently
passing through a glass prism and spectrum of colours is produced.

Ultra Violet (UV) and Infra Red (IR) radiations:

UV:

Beyond the violet end of spectrum is the invisible UV-radiations. These


radiations can be detected by:
 Blackening of photographic film.
 Fluorescence e.g. currency notes usually have certain marks, which glow
under UV-lamps.
IR:

Beyond the red colour of visible spectrum is the invisible IR radiation. These
radiations can be detected by
 Thermopile i.e galvanometer deflects by sensing the IR-radiations.

IR G Galvanometer

 By placing thermometer, since IR radiations cause heating effect.

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