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UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Determination of Selected Heavy Metals (Pb, Cr,

Cd and As) in Environmental, Water and Biological Samples with Synthesized
Glutaraldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone...

Article · July 2021

DOI: 10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59

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 RESEARCH ARTICLE
European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research
www.ej-chem.org

UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Determination of Selected

Heavy Metals (Pb, Cr, Cd and As) in Environmental,
Water and Biological Samples with
Synthesized Glutaraldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as the
Chromogenic Reagent
Samuel Echioda, Adepeju Oluwabunmi Ogunieye, Salisu Salisu,
Amina Abdulazeez Abdulrasheed, I. Y. Chindo, and A. M. Kolo

ABSTRACT
A simple, sensitive, selective, and non-extractive UV-Vis
spectrophotometric method for the determination of cadmium, lead, Published Online: July 13, 2021
chromium, and arsenic in biological, soil and water samples using ISSN: 2684-4478
synthesized and characterized phenyl hydrazone; glutaraldehydephenyl
DOI :10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59
hydrazone (GPH) as the chromogenic reagent was developed. GPH was
synthesized as new chromogenic analytical reagents for the direct UV-Vis
spectrophotometric determination of the selected metals of interest in a S. Echioda
slightly acidic pH of 6.5-7.5 and 20 % dimethylformamide (DMF) solution Department of Science Laboratory
to give stable coloured metal-ligand complexes. The reactions were Technology, Federal College of
instantaneous; the wavelengths of maximum absorptions were followed Agricultural Produce Technology, Kano,
Nigeria.
spectrophotometrically and noted. The reagent GPH revealed a wavelength
of maximum absorption between 360.0 (Cr) to 395.0 nm for (Pb and As) at (e-mail: samechioda@yahoo.com)
A. O. Ogunieye
a working pH of 6.5 to 7.5 room temperature (37 °C). The reagent GPH had Chemistry Department, School of
a molar absorptivity (L mol-1 cm-1) ranging from 2.213×104 (Pb) to Chemistry Education, Federal College of
2.460×104 (As), a mole ratio of metal to ligand of 2:1, the detection limit Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State.,
(µg/g) ranging from 0.3432 (As) to 0.5250 (Pb) and the metal-ligand complex Nigeria.
was stable for 0-48 hours. The reagents had a Beer’s law validity range (mg S. Salisu
L-1) of 0.001 to 100. The Sandell’s sensitivities (µg/cm 2) ranged from Department of Science Laboratory
0000409 (As) to 0.00499 (Pb) for APDH and 0.00406 (As) to 0.00452 (Pb) Technology, Federal College of
respectively. Large excess of cations and anions as possible interferences up Agricultural Produce Technology, Kano,
Nigeria.
to 15 folds were studied and do not interfere with the determination of the A. A. Abdulrasheed
selected metals of interest. The developed method is highly selective for Cd, Department of Science Laboratory
Pb, and Cr and As and was successfully used for the determination for the Technology, Federal College of
said elements in soil, water, and biological samples. The results of the Agricultural Produce Technology, Kano,
developed methods were comparable with AAS and were found to be in Nigeria.
good agreement. The method had very high precision and very good (e-mail: samechioda@yahoo.com)
accuracy. I. Y. Chindo
Chemistry Department, Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi State,
Nigeria.
Keywords: Chromogenic reagents, glutaraldehyde phenyl hydrazone, A. M. Kolo
selective, sensitive. Chemistry Department, Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi State,
Nigeria.

*Corresponding Author

developing a simple, selective, sensitive, and non-extractive

I. INTRODUCTION UV-Vis spectrophotometric method with synthesized and
The detection and quantification of metals and metal ions, characterized phenyl-hydrazone (glutaraldehyde phenyl
especially transition metals both in solution and solid hydrazone) as chromogenic reagents for determining the
samples are of increased concern, as a result of increased concentrations of selected heavy metals in soil, water, and
environmental pollution worldwide. The greatest use of biological samples.
spectrophotometry lies in its application to quantitative
measurements. The reason for this stem from the ease with
which most spectrophotometric measurements can be made, II. MATERIALS USED
their sensitivity, precision, the relatively low cost of All the regents and materials used in the synthesis and
instrument purchase and operation. This work is aimed at characterization of the glutaraldehyde phenyl hydrazone

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59 Vol 2 | Issue 3 | July 2021 1

 RESEARCH ARTICLE
European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research
www.ej-chem.org

were of analytical grade, sourced from accredited vendors The criterion for interference is an absorbance value varying
and were used without further purification, unless stated by more than ± 5% from the expected value for the metal
otherwise. under observation alone.
A. Samples Collection and Treatment
The samples (Wastewater, Water and Soil) in triplicates III. RESULTS
were collected from Challawa Industrial Area of Kumbotso
TABLE I: DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN SOIL, WATER AND BIOLOGICAL
Local Government Area of Kano State Nigeria West Africa SAMPLES WITH THE DEVELOPED METHOD (GPH) WITH AAS AS
into polythene bags and transported to the laboratory of REFERENCE METHOD
Federal College of Agricultural Produce Technology Kano Relative
Serial Sample Concentration (µg.g-1) ±SD
p-value Error (%)
for analysis. The waste water samples collected (500.00 cm3) No Code of Pb AAS1 GPH
AAS/GPH
were filtered using a filter paper (Whatman No. 41) and then
1 F 0.007 ± 0.001 0.007 ± 0.001 0.2297 0.00
each filtered water sample was evaporated nearly to dryness 2 L 0.001 ± 0.001 0.001 ± 0.000 0.0000 0.00
with a mixture of 5.00 cm3 of concentrated H2SO4 and 10.00 3 P1 1.018 ± 0.001 1.019 ± 0.002 0.5878 +0.0
cm3 concentrated HNO3 in a fume cupboard and then cooled 4 P2 1.014 ± 0.001 1.015 ± 0.000 0.2297 +0.09
to room temperature. In order to dissolve the salts, the residue 5 B 0.001 ± 0.001 0.001 ± 0.000 0.0000 0.00
was then heated with 15.00 cm3 of distilled water. After 6 IW 0.810 ± 0.001 0.081 ± 0.001 0.2991 +0.12
cooling the solution was neutralized with dilute NH4OH 7 SW 1.924 ± 0.002 1.924 ± 0.002 0.2297 0.00
8 WS 1.173 ± 0.003 1.174 ± 0.002 0.5242 +0.08
solution and the obtained solution was filtered into 50.00 cm 3
9 WW 0.877 ± 0.002 0.877 ± 0.003 0.75041 0.00
standard flask and made up to the mark with deionized water
[1]. TABLE II: DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM IN SOIL, WATER AND
Before digestion of the soil samples, each sample was BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES WITH THE DEVELOPED METHOD (GPH) WITH AAS
AS THE REFERENCE METHOD
dried at 65.0 °C for 48.0 hours. All samples were performed
Relative
in triplicates. Five grams (5.00 g) of the samples in crucibles Serial Sample Concentration (µg.g-1) ±SD
p-value Error (%)
was placed in a pre-heated muffle furnace at 200-250.0 °C No Code of Pb AAS1 GPH
AAS/GPH
for 30.0 minutes and ashed for eight hours at 500-550.0 °C. 1 F 0.000 ± 0.000 0.000 ± 0.000 0.00 0.00
Then, the samples were removed from the furnace and 2 L 0.020 ± 0.001 0.020 ± 0.001 0.2297 0.00
cooled. A 2.00 cm3 of 5.00 mol/dm3 of HNO3 was added and 3 P1 0.014 ± 0.003 1.014 ± 0.002 0.75041 0.00
evapourated to dryness on a sand bath. The samples were 4 P2 1.021 ± 0.003 1.021 ± 0.001 1.0000 0.00
then placed in a furnace and heated to 550.0 °C for 15.0 5 B 0.000 ± 0.000 0.000 ± 0.000 0.00 0.00
6 IW 0.031 ± 0.004 0.031 ± 0.001 0.509224 0.00
minutes. The samples were removed from the furnace, 7 SW 1.055 ± 0.004 0.055 ± 0.002 0.814812 0.00
cooled and moistened with four drops of distilled water. Then 8 WS 0.008 ± 0.004 0.008 ± 0.002 0.791764 0.00
2.00 cm3 of concentrated HCl was added into the sample was 9 WW 0.009 ± 0.002 0.008 ± 0.002 0.668422 0.00
evaporated to dryness, removed, and 5.00 cm 3 2.00 mol/dm3
HCl was again added and the crucible. The solution was TABLE III: DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM IN SOIL, WATER AND
filtered through Whatman No. 41 filter paper and the BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES WITH THE DEVELOPED METHOD (GPH) WITH AAS
AS THE REFERENCE METHOD
transferred quantitatively to a 50.00 cm3 flask by making it Relative
up with deionized water [2]. Serial Sample Concentration (µg.g-1) ±SD
p-value Error (%)
No Code of Pb AAS1 GPH
The biological samples (liver, blood and flesh from AAS/GPH
animals) and plants samples were collected from Challawa 1 F 0.033 ± 0.001 0.033 ± 0.001 0.45826 0.00
industrial of Kano State Nigeria West Africa. The blood 2 L 0.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002 0.43902 0.00
samples of 5.00 cm3, the liver, flesh and plants samples were 3 P1 3.474 ± 0.015 3.475 ± 0.002 0.9392 +0.02
oven dried and 5.00 g were transferred into crucibles. The 4 P2 2.042 ± 0.005 2.041 ± 0.003 0.8779 -0.04
5 B 0.000 ± 0.000 0.000 ± 0.000 0.0000 0.00
samples were then ashed in the muffle furnace at 500- 6 IW 1.988 ± 0.001 1.986 ± 0.001 0.1237 -0.10
550.0 ºC for 8.0 hours in the presence of 5.00 cm 3 nitric acid. 7 SW 2.248 ± 0.003 2.247 ± 0.002 0.2438 -0.04
The contents of each crucible were cooled to room 8 WS 2.616 ± 0.004 2.615 ± 0.002 0.2710 -0.03
temperature, and 1.50 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid 9 WW 1.038 ± 0.001 1.039 ± 0.001 0.2926 +0.09
was added and warmed slightly. The solutions were then
transferred quantitatively into 50.0 cm 3 calibrated flask and TABLE IV: DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC IN SOIL, WATER AND
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES WITH THE DEVELOPED METHOD (GPH) WITH AAS
made up to the mark with deionized water [3]. AS THE REFERENCE METHOD
Relative
B. Samples Collected and their Codes Serial Sample Concentration (µg.g-1) ±SD
p-value Error (%)
No Code of Pb AAS1 GPH
F = Animal flesh, L = Animal liver, P1 = Spinach, P2 = AAS/GPH
Cabbage, B = Animal blood, IW = Irrigation water, SW 1 F 0.000 ± 0.000 0.000 ± 0.000 0.00 0.00
= Wastewater, WS = Farm land Soil, WW = Well water. 2 L 0.000 ± 0.000 0.000 ± 0.000 0.00 0.00
3 P1 0.012 ± 0.001 0.012 ± 0.001 0.00 0.00
C. Effect of Interference or Foreign Ions 4 P2 0.014 ± 0.002 0.014 ± 0.002 0.3415 0.00
The effects of foreign ions (cations; Co, Cu, Al, Fe, Hg, 5 B 0.000 ± 0.000 0.000 ± 0.000 0.00 0.00
Zn, Ca, and anions like SO42-, NO3-) on the determination of 6 IW 0.011 ± 0.001 0.012 ± 0.002 0.2297 +0.09
7 SW 1.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002 0.5878 0.00
the heavy metals were studied using the methods of [4] by 8 WS 0.009 ± 0.004 0.010 ± 0.002 0.5878 +1.11
measuring the absorbances of the metal-ligand complex 9 WW 0.028 ± 0.002 0.028 ± 0.002 0.8000 0.00
containing 1, 5, 10 and 15.0 µg mL-1 of the metal of interest.

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 RESEARCH ARTICLE
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TABLE V: EVALUATION OF ACCURACY OF LEAD TO THE DEVELOPED TABLE VII: EVALUATION OF ACCURACY OF CHROMIUM (CR) FOR THE
METHOD (GPH) DEVELOPED METHODS (GPH)
GPH method Method GPH
Sample Pb added Sample Cr added
Found (µg/ml) Recovery (%) ± SD Found (µg/ml) Recovery (%) ± SD
- ND - F - ND -
50.0 49.99 99.98±0.2 50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2
F
100.0 99.99 99.99±0.2 100.0 99.99 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.99 99.99±0.1 500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
- ND -
L - ND -
50.0 49.99 99.98±0.2
L
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.99 99.99±0.2 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
- ND - 500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
50.0 49.97 99.94±0.3 P1 - ND -
P1 50.0 49.97 99.98±0.3
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
500.0 499.96 99.20±0.4 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
- ND - 500.0 499.96 99.98±0.3
50.0 49.99 99.98±0.3 P2 - ND -
P2
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2 50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3
500.0 499.99 99.99±0.1 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
- ND - 500.0 499.97 99.99±0.2
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3 B - ND -
B
100.0 99.99 99.99±0.2 50.0 49.98 99.98±0.2
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.1
100.0 99.96 99.96±0.3
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3
500.0 499.97 99.98±0.3
IW IW - ND -
100.0 99.99 99.99±0.1
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2 50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2
- ND - 100.0 99.97 99.97±0.3
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3 500.0 499.98 99.99±0.3
SW
100.0 99.99 99.99±0.1 SW - ND -
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2 50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2
- ND - 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3 500.0 499.94 99.98±0.3
WS
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2 WS - - -
500.0 499.97 99.97±0.2 50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3
- ND - 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3 500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
WW
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
WW - ND -
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
50.0 49.96 99.92±0.2
Average of five replicate determinations of each Sample (n = 5).
ND = Not Detected.
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
SD = standard deviation. 500.0 499.94 99.99±0.2
Average of five replicate determinations of each Sample (n = 5).
ND = Not Detected.
TABLE VI: EVALUATION OF ACCURACY CADMIUM FOR THE DEVELOPED SD = Standard Deviation.
METHODS (GP)
GPH method TABLE VIII: EVALUATION OF ACCURACY OF ARSENIC (AS) FOR THE
Sample Cd added
Found (µg/ml) Recovery (%) ± SD METHODS (GPH)
- ND - GPH Method
50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2 Sample As added
F Found (µg/ml) Recovery (%) ± SD
100.0 99.99 99.99±0.2
F - ND -
500.0 499.97 99.99±0.2
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3
- ND -
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
50.0 49.96 99.92±0.3
L 500.0 499.96 99.99±0.2
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
L - ND -
500.0 499.96 99.99±0.2
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.2
- ND -
100.0 99.97 99.97±0.3
50.0 49.98 99.99±0.2
P1 500.0 499.95 99.99±0.2
100.0 99.99 99.99±0.3
500.0 499.97 99.99±0.3
P1 - ND -
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.96±0.3
50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2
P2 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
500.0 499.96 99.99±0.3
500.0 499.96 99.99±0.3
P2 - ND -
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.2
50.0 49.99 99.99±0.2
B 100.0 99.97 99.97±0.3
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
500.0 499.96 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.3
B - ND -
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.2
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.3
IW 100.0 99.97 99.97±0.3
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
IW - ND -
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.3
50.0 49.98 99.99±0.2
SW 100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
500.0 499.95 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.96 99.99±0.4
SW - ND -
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.99±0.1
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.3
WS 100.0 99.95 99.95±0.3
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.3
500.0 499.95 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.97 99.99±0.4
WS - - -
- ND -
50.0 49.98 99.99±0.2
50.0 49.98 99.98±0.3
WW 100.0 99.94 99.94±0.3
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
500.0 499.98 99.99±0.2
500.0 499.97 99.99±0.3
WW - ND -
Average of five replicate determinations of each Sample (n=5).
50.0 49.96 99.92±0.3
ND = Not Detected.
100.0 99.98 99.98±0.2
SD = Standard Deviation.
500.0 499.96 99.99±0.2
Average of five replicate determinations of each Sample (n = 5).
ND = Not Detected.
SD = Standard Deviation.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59 Vol 2 | Issue 3 | July 2021 3

 RESEARCH ARTICLE
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www.ej-chem.org

IV. DISCUSSIONS highest absorbance was determined as the working pH for

Organic compounds containing different functional each metal of interest. It was noted that the metal-ligand
groups have been used as analytical chromogenic reagents in complexes had higher absorbances at pH between 6.5-7.5
the heavy metal analysis in real samples [3] and [5]. The which was slightly acidic to almost neutral and was resolved
chromogenic reagent used in this study is glutaraldehyde to be the working pH for the study.
phenyl hydrazone. The ligand generally was soluble and The precision of the developed quantitative Uv-Vis
stable in dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide spectrophotometric method for determination of selected
(DMSO) and 1,4-dioxane for fourty eight hours at room heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr and As) in soil, water and biological
temperature without heating. The colour formation and samples with the synthesized phenyl hydrazones;
development was instantly. To avoid precipitation of the glutaraldehyde hydrazone (GPH) as chromogenic reagents is
DMF, DMSO and 1,4-dioxane content of the final solution, described, The coloured metal-ligand complexes were
the solvents used must not be below 20.00 % total volume as soluble and stable with higher absorbances in dimethyl
recommended by [6], [2] and [1]. formide (DMF) at pH of 6.5-7.5 having maximum
The ligand: glutaraldehyde phenyl hydrazone tends to absorbances (ƛmax) of ; Cd-GPH (387.00 nm), As-GPH
reduce the maximum wavelength of the absorptions of the (395.00 nm), Pb-GPH (395.00 nm), Cr-GPH (360.00 nm).
metal complexes at the same working concentrations which The complexation of the phenyl hydrazones with the Cd, Pb,
tend to give better absorption for spectrophotometric Cr and As markedly altered the wavelength of absorption of
determinations of metals in the UV-Vis region. The colour the complexes and this phenomenon can be utilized in the
reactions were instantaneous and the method does not spectrophotometric determination of these metals [12] and
involve heating of the reaction mixture or pre-extraction of [13]. Five replicate concentrations of the cadmium, lead,
the components. The reagents gave colour reactions with chromium and arsenic in the samples under observations
metal ions in slightly acidic and slightly neutral regions. For were evaluated. The relative standard deviation (n = 5) was
the selection of the working wavelength, a number of between 0.00 - 3.00 % for the proposed method and all the
solutions were made by mixing equal volume of the reagent metals analysed which is in agreement with the results of
concentration (1.00×10-4 mol/dm3) and (1.00×10-4 mol/dm3), [13]-[17] and [5] indicating that the developed method is
of the salt of metal of interest in a 25.00 cm3 volumetric flask highly precise and reproducible as shown in Table V to VIII,
and made to the mark with deionized water. The absorbances respectively.
were scanned between 190-800.00 nm in a 1.00 cm3 cuvette The effect of possible interring species (cations and
to determine the maximum wavelength (ƛmax) of absorption anions) which are generally associated with the
using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer [7]. determination of those metals under study at 1:5, 1:10 and
The quantitative determination of the selected heavy 1:15 folds was evaluated. The interfering species were
metals (Cd, Pb, Cr and As) in the soil, water and biological studied by measuring the absorbance of the reaction mixtures
samples was based on the measurement of increase and with and without the various species. An error of ± 5.00 % in
reduction of the absorbance of the [Metal-GPH] [8]. the absorbance reading was considered tolerated limit. From
Method validation: under the optimized conditions, the all the interfering cations and anions studied at the various
calibration curves were constructed by plotting the folds, their corresponding absorbances were within the
absorbance signal against the concentrations of each analyte tolerable limits of the ± 5.00 % [17] and [5]. The performance
subjected according to the general procedure [5]. The of the developed methods was evaluated by determining the
solutions were transferred into the optical cell of 1.00 cm3 for concentrations of cadmium, lead, chromium, and arsenic in
the measurement of each metal ion spectrophotometrically at biological, environmental, soil, water, and waste samples, the
the respective absorption maximum against a reagent blank results presented in Table I to IV. The present method was
prepared under similar conditions. The calibration graphs simple, rapid and very sensitive for non-extractive.
follow a straight-line equation Y= ac + b; where c is the Evaluation of the developed method for its accuracy and
concentration of the solution, Y is the measured absorbance, precisions with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) as
a and b are the constants. The Beer’s law equation for the reference method was reported. The developed method GPH
reagent GPH is : ƛmax (Cd-GPH 387.0) nm = 0.2419 X + were applied for the quantitative determination of cadmium,
0.017 ; r = 0.8109, ƛmax (Pb-GPH 395.0) nm = 0.2549X + lead, chromium, and arsenic in environmental, biological,
0.091; r = 0.7581, ƛmax (Cr-GPH 360.0) nm = 0.2551 X + soil, water, and waste samples, and were evaluated by adding
0.089; r = 0.8651, ƛmax (As-GPH 395.00) nm = 0.2654 X + known amount of cadmium, lead, chromium and arsenic salts
0.074 ; r = 0.922 which indicated that the methods are at 50, 100 and 500 µg mL-1 in five replicates (n = 5). The
moderately sensitive as described by [9], [10], [7], and [4]. recoveries were 99.2 to 99.99 % as shown in Table V to VIII
The effect of pH on formation the metal-reagent complex which are in good agreement with the works of [1], [3], [18],
was studied based on the method reported by [7] and [11]. In [4], [13], [6] and [8]. The result indicates that the found
a series of 10.00 cm3 volumetric flaks, 2.00 cm3 solution values are in a very concordance indicating the good
(1.00×10-4 mol/dm3), of the salt of metal of interest, 3.00 cm3 accuracy of the developed method. The samples were
of the hydrazone solution (1.00×10-4 mol/dm3) and 4.00 cm3 digested according to standard methods already reported.
of the buffer of varying pH were added and made up to the
mark with deionized water and the absorbances were
measured against the ligand blank at the scanned and
recorded wavelength. A plot was then made between
absorbance and pH in the UV-Vis range. The pH with the

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59 Vol 2 | Issue 3 | July 2021 4

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59 Vol 2 | Issue 3 | July 2021 5

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