Mechanics Of Materials

LAB REPORT# 08
Submitted to: Eng. Wahad Ur Rehman
Submitted by: ZAIN ULLAH
Registration Number: 20PWMCT0761

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ZAIN ULLAH 20PWMCT0761
 labelled.

Lab 08: Maximum Deflection Analysis Of Cantiliver Beam

Objective:-
 To learn how to model cantilever beam in COMSOL Multiphysics.
 To learn how to simulate cantilever beam in COMSOL Multiphysics
 To perform the Eigen frequency analysis of cantilever beam.
 To perform the stationary analysis of cantilever beam.
 To draw the curve of load VS deflection.

Theory
Beam:-
 A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist the lateral
loads applied to the beams axis. The structural member which resists the
forces laterally or transversely applied to the (beam) axis is called a beam.
 Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural
elements, but any structures such as automotive automobile frames, aircraft
components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems
contain beam structures that are designed to carry lateral loads are analyzed in
a similar fashion.

Figure 4.1: Beam

Types of beam:-

The following are the Important types of beam:

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 1. Cantilever beam,
2. Simply supported beam,
3. Overhanging beam,
4. Fixed beams, and
5. Continuous beam.

Loading condition:-

A load definition is made up of a load class, a load name, an optional load case number, a
geometric part or reinforcement(s) to which the load is applied, and some real number data
to describe the load magnitude and possibly direction. This load data to the finite element
mesh associated with the geometric part in a variety of ways depending upon the load
class. For example, force loads are extrapolated to nodes, pressure to element faces or
edges, gravity to element centroids.

4.2: Loading condition

Deflection in the beam:-

Deflection, in structural engineering terms, refers to the movement of a

beam or node from its original position due to the forces and loads being applied to the
member. It is also known as displacement and can occur from externally applied loads or
from the weight of the structure itself, and the force of gravity in which this applies.
Deflection can occur in beams, trusses, frames, and basically any other structure. To define
deflection, let’s take a simple cantilevered beam deflection that has a person with weight
(W) standing at the end.

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 Figure 4.3: Deflection in the beam

Cantilever beam:-

 Cantilever Beams are members that are supported from a single point only typically,
with a Fixed Support. In order to ensure the structure is static, the support must be
fixed; meaning it is able to support forces and moments in all directions.
 It is a rigid structural element supported at one end and free at the other, as shown in
Fig 3.9. The cantilever beam can be either made of concrete or steel whose one end
is cast or anchored to a vertical support. It is a horizontal beam structure whose free
end is exposed to vertical loads.

Figure 4.4: Cantilever Beam

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 Numerical Analysis:-

Maximum Deflection VS Applied Load:

Applied Load ( N ) Maximum Deflection

( mm )
10 1.941747573
20 3.883495146
30 5.825242718
40 7.766990291
50 9.708737864
60 11.65048544
70 13.59223301
80 15.53398058
90 17.47572816
100 19.41747573
110 21.3592233
120 23.30097087
130 25.24271845
140 27.18446602
150 29.12621359
160 31.06796117
170 33.00970874
180 34.95145631
190 36.89320388
200 38.83495146

Table 4.1: Maximum Deflection Vs Applied Load

Graph:-

Load Deflection Graph

0.06

0.05

0.04
Deflection

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
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20PWMCT0761
 Maximum Deflection VS Length of the beam:

Beam Length Maximum Deflection

(m) ( mm )
0.5 2.427184466
0.6 4.194174757
0.7 6.660194175
0.8 9.941747573
0.9 14.15533981
1 19.41747573
1.1 25.84466019
1.2 33.55339806
1.3 42.66019417
1.4 53.2815534
1.5 65.53398058
1.6 79.53398058
1.7 95.39805825
1.8 113.2427184
1.9 133.184466
2 155.3398058

Table 4.2: Maximum Deflection Vs Length of the beam

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 Graph:-

Length Deflection Graph

0.035

0.03

0.025
Deflection

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

Length

Maximum Deflection VS Width of the beam:

Width of the beam (m) Maximum Deflection

( mm )
0.05 38.83495146
0.06 32.36245955
0.07 27.73925104
0.08 24.27184466
0.09 21.57497303
0.1 19.41747573
0.11 17.65225066
0.12 16.18122977
0.13 14.93651979
0.14 13.86962552
0.15 12.94498382
0.16 12.13592233
0.17 11.42204455
0.18 10.78748652
0.19 10.21972407
0.2 9.708737864

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 Graph:-

Width Defelction Graph

0.06

0.04

0.02
Deflection

0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22
-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08
Width

Table 4.3: Maximum Deflection Vs Width of the beam

Maximum Deflection VS Thickness of the beam:

Thickness of the beam (m) Maximum Deflection ( mm )

0.005 155.3398058
0.006 89.89572096
0.007 56.61071641
0.008 37.92475728
0.009 26.63576917
0.01 19.41747573
0.011 14.58863691
0.012 11.23696512
0.013 8.838177391
0.014 7.076339551
0.015 5.753326142
0.016 4.74059466
0.017 3.952264549
0.018 3.329471147
0.019 2.830948495
0.02 2.427184466

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 Graph:-

COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling and simulation:-

Setup Model environment:-

When we start the COMSOL we have two options which
are Model wizard & Blank Model in which we need to select Model wizard.

Figure 4.6: Setup Model environment

After that we need to select the space dimensions in which we will select the
3D model and click on done!

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 Figure 4.7: Select Space dimension
Select physics:-

Now after that we need to select the physics in which we usually

select structural mechanics, and in structural mechanics we will
select the solid mechanics.

Figure 4.8: Select Physics

 The Solid Mechanics interface is intended for general

structural analysis of 3D, 2D, or axisymmetric bodies.
 In 2D, plane stress or plane strain assumptions can be used.
 The Solid Mechanics interface is based on solving Navier's
equations.  This results such as displacements, stresses, and
strains are computed.

Select study:-
Now after clicking on next we need to select the study, in which we have
lots of options but we need to select stationary analysis.

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 Figure 4.9: Select Physics

Creating Geometry:
Now this is the most important and main part of creating model
where we will create geometry, select its shape, its shape types
(solid or surface), selecting units, dimensions and positions.

Figure 4.10: Creating Geometry

In this lab, as we are making model of cantilever beam so our dimensions are:

 Length = 1 m
 Width = 0.1 m
 Height= 0.01 m

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 Figure 3.11: Cantilever Beam
Adding material:-

Now we need to add material in our model rather it is steel, iron,

allow, brass etc. So we need to select the structural steel for our
model. Then add to components, add selections and at last check
its properties.

Figure 4.12: Adding material

Initial and boundary conditions:- by right clicking on the physics.

Now
we need to set the initial boundary conditions

Creating mesh:-
Now we need to create mesh on our model cantilever beam in which
first we need to select the sequence type, the we will select the element size
and at last we will select the grid. If we have a good operating system, the we
can select the finest one otherwise we can select the normal for faster
simulation.

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 Figure 4.13:
Creating Mesh

After doing every step now it’s time to fin simulation of

stationary analysis and compute the solution, so we can get out final
view of our model that we created in COMSOL Multiphysics

Run simulation:

View results:-
After we simulate our model we will get the results which shows us the
maximum deflection and we successfully created our Cantilever beam o COMSOL
Multiphysics.

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ZAIN ULLAH 20PWMCT0761
 Comsol Data Analysis:-

Maximum Deflection VS Applied Load:

Applied Load ( N ) Maximum Deflection ( mm )

10 1.920154
20 3.642589
30 5.768172
40 7.528580
50 9.672569
60 11.450917
70 13.390681
80 15.398058
90 17.277816
100 19.201548
110 21.148633
120 23.100987
130 24.989845
140 26.890846
150 28.826259
160 30.767967
170 32.507074
180 34.784456
190 36.6140388
200 38.5908146
Table 4.5: Maximum Deflection Vs Applied Load

Graph:
Maximum Deflection Vs Applied Load
50
40
30
20
10

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 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Applied Load
Graph 4.5: Maximum Deflection Vs Applied Load

Maximum Deflection VS Length of the beam:

Beam Length (m) Maximum Deflection ( mm )

0.5 2.2289765
0.6 3.9989764
0.7 6.0176175
0.8 9.1569083
0.9 14.3765901
1 19.4125685
1.1 25.5678484

1.2 33.3264590
1.3 42.4887576
1.4 53.0945670
1.5 65.2679014
1.6 79.29016754
1.7 95.09929086
1.8 112.9998352
1.9 132.7698254
2 155.06437689

Table 4 .6: Maximum Deflection Vs Length of the beam

Graph:

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 Maximum Deflection Vs Length of the beam

Maximum Deflection VS Width of the beam:

Width of the beam (m) Maximum Deflection ( mm )

0.05 38.6894145
0.06 32.0978590
0.07 27.5408967
0.08 23.9897120
0.09 21.1198678
0.1 19.2145340
0.11 17.4478997
0.12 15.8634901
0.13 14.7768314
0.14 13.5569017
0.15 12.8001541
0.16 11.9998965

0.17 11.2051451
0.18 10.4989054
0.19 9.9219870
0.2 9.4786124
Table 4.7: Maximum Deflection Vs Width of the beam
Graph:-

45
40
35
30
25
20
5
0
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 Graph 4.7: Maximum Deflection Vs Width of the beam

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 Maximum Deflection VS Thickness of the beam:

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 0.012 11.000916
0.013 8.621584
0.014 6.859861
0.015 5.557951
0.016 4.541295
0.017 3.715138
0.018 3.015935
0.019 2.669195
0.02 2.212547
Table 4.8: Maximum Deflection Vs Thickness of the beam
Graph:-

Maximum Deflection VS Applied Load:

Maximum Deflection ( mm )
Applied Load ( N )
Point Load Uniformly Distributed
Load
10 1.941747573 0.007281553

20 3.883495146 0.007281553

30 5.825242718 0.007281553

40 7.766990291 0.007281553

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 50 9.708737864 0.007281553

60 11.65048544 0.007281553

70 13.59223301 0.007281553

80 15.53398058 0.007281553

90 17.47572816 0.007281553

100 19.41747573 0.007281553

110 21.3592233 0.007281553

120 23.30097087 0.007281553

130 25.24271845 0.007281553

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 140 27.18446602 0.007281553

150 29.12621359 0.007281553

160 31.06796117 0.007281553

170 33.00970874 0.007281553

180 34.95145631 0.007281553

190 36.89320388 0.007281553

200 38.83495146 0.007281553

Table 4.9: Maximum Deflection Vs Applied Load

Maximum Deflection VS Length of the beam:

Maximum Deflection ( mm )
Beam Length (m)
Point Load Uniformly Distributed Load
0.5 2.427184466
0.000455097
0.6 4.194174757
0.000943689
0.7 6.660194175
0.001748301
0.8 9.941747573
0.002982524
0.9 14.15533981
0.004777427
1 19.41747573
0.007281553
1.1 25.84466019
0.010660922
1.2 33.55339806
0.015099029
1.3 42.66019417
0.020796845
1.4 53.2815534
0.027972816
1.5 65.53398058
0.036862864
1.6 79.53398058
0.047720388
1.7 95.39805825
0.060816262
1.8 113.2427184
0.076438835

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 1.9 133.184466
0.094893932

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 2 155.3398058
0.116504854

Table 4.10: Maximum Deflection Vs Length of the beam

Maximum Deflection VS Width of the beam:

Maximum Deflection ( mm )
Width of the beam (m)
Point Load Uniformly Distributed Load

0.05 38.83495146 0.007281553

0.06 32.36245955 0.007281553

0.07 27.73925104 0.007281553

0.08 24.27184466 0.007281553

0.09 21.57497303 0.007281553

0.1 19.41747573 0.007281553

0.11 17.65225066 0.007281553

0.12 16.18122977 0.007281553

0.13 14.93651979 0.007281553

0.14 13.86962552 0.007281553

0.15 12.94498382 0.007281553

0.16 12.13592233 0.007281553

0.17 11.42204455 0.007281553

0.18 10.78748652 0.007281553

0.19 10.21972407 0.007281553

0.2 9.708737864 0.007281553

Table 4.11: Maximum Deflection Vs Width of the beam

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 Maximum Deflection VS Thickness of the beam:

Maximum Deflection ( mm )
Thickness of the beam (m)
Point Load Uniformly Distributed
Load
0.005 155.3398058
0.058252427
0.006 89.89572096
0.033710895
0.007 56.61071641
0.021229019
0.008 37.92475728
0.014221784
0.009 26.63576917
0.009988413
0.01 19.41747573
0.007281553
0.011 14.58863691
0.005470739
0.012 11.23696512
0.004213862
0.013 8.838177391
0.003314317

0.014 7.076339551
0.002653627
0.015 5.753326142
0.002157497
0.016 4.74059466
0.001777723
0.017 3.952264549
0.001482099
0.018 3.329471147
0.001248552
0.019 2.830948495
0.001061606
0.02 2.427184466
0.000910194

Table 4.12: Maximum Deflection Vs Thickness of the beam

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 References

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[2] https://www.testometric.co.uk/, "testometric," [Online]. Available: https://www.testometric.co.uk/.

[3] https://www.directindustry.com/, "directindustry," [Online]. Available: https://www.directindustry.com/.

[4] https://www.essom.com/, "essom," [Online]. Available: https://www.essom.com/.

[5] http://www.ayva.com/, "ayva," [Online]. Available: http://www.ayva.com/.

[6] http://p-a-hilton.com/, "p-a-hilton," [Online]. Available: http://p-a-hilton.com/.

[7] http://infinitetech.com.my/, "infinitetech," [Online]. Available: http://infinitetech.com.my/.

[8] https://theconstructorsgrouppk.com/, "theconstructorsgrouppk," [Online]. Available:

https://theconstructorsgrouppk.com/.

[9] https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BQsyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=eng-old-
naja.com&source=bl&ots=AbGU5K3NkM&sig=ACfU3U1Eo8JNngPBAMaPC_ctvZBY4XFw2A&hl=en&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjetIG-0Iz3AhVuwQIHHYyqABEQ6AF6BAgNEAM, "books.google," [Online]. Available:
https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BQsyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=eng-old-
naja.com&source=bl&ots=AbGU5K3NkM&sig=ACfU3U1Eo8JNngPBAMaPC_ctvZBY4XFw2A&hl=en&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjetIG-0Iz3AhVuwQIHHYyqABEQ6AF6BAgNEAMhttps://books.google.com.pk/books?
id=BQsyBgAA.

END

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