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General Chemistry

This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts including the history and development of the atomic theory and periodic table. It discusses key scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr and their contributions to understanding the atomic structure. Some main points covered include Dalton's atomic theory, the discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons, the development of atomic models including the quantum mechanical model, and an introduction to concepts like isotopes, ions, electron configuration and the periodic table.

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yen perioles
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34 views10 pages

General Chemistry

This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts including the history and development of the atomic theory and periodic table. It discusses key scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr and their contributions to understanding the atomic structure. Some main points covered include Dalton's atomic theory, the discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons, the development of atomic models including the quantum mechanical model, and an introduction to concepts like isotopes, ions, electron configuration and the periodic table.

Uploaded by

yen perioles
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General Chemistry

Chapter 1: Basic concepts of chemistry

Importance of Chemistry
- Chemistry is the study of everything.

Brief History of Chemistry


- The origin of the universe is chemical nature.
- Bigbang Theory (nucleosynthesis reaction)
- Creation Theory
- The “origin of life” is also chemical in nature.
- Evolution Theory (Darwin)
- Chemistry started during the ancient times.
- Stone Age – polishing of stone & pottery.

All things are composed with 4 elements.

Atomos – indivisible

More than 2 thousand years na wa ang concept sa atoms.

What is chemistry?
- A science that deals with matter.

Divisions of chemistry
 Pure Chemistry
 Applied Chemistry
Chapter 2: atomic structure and the periodic table
The Atom
 Greek word “atomos”, meaning unbreakable.
 Dalton: “it is the basic unit of an element that can enter into
chemical combination.”
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Each element is composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
An atom of the element oxygen. An atom
of the element nitrogen.

 All atoms of a given element are identical, but the atoms of


one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
Oxygen
Nitrogen

 Atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a


different element by chemical reactions; atoms are neither
created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
Oxygen Nitrogen

 Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one


element combine; a given compound always has the same
relative number and kind of atoms.

*However during the 20th century, experiment showed existence of


subatomic particles*
Subatomic particles
Electron
-JJ Thompson
 English physicist
 Cathode ray tube
 Ratio of electrical change to mass of e- is (-) 1.7 x 108 c/g

-RA Milikan
 Oil-drop experiment
 Charge of e- is -1.06 x 10-19C
 Mass e- = 9.10 x 10-28g

Proton
-JJ Thompson
 Plum-pudding model
 Atom is a uniform positive sphere of matter in which e- are
embedded

-Ernest Rutherford
 Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden
 A particles scattering experiment

*Conclusion: atoms have positive charges that are concentrated in


the nucleus, which is a dense central core within the atom.
*p+ charge = (+) 1.06 x 10-19C
*mass of p+ = 1.67 x 10-24g (1840 x mass e-)

If e- and p+ only, then why is the ratio of the mass for H=He is 1:4
and not 1:2… (?)

James Chadwick
 Bombarded a thin sheet of Be (Beryllium) with particles,
and very high energy radiation was emitted (neutrons).
Conclusion:
H 1 e- 1 p+ 0 n°
He 2 e- 2 p+ 2 n°

Mass p+ ≈ mass of n°
H = He is 1:4

Proton Neutron Electron


Electrical
change
Mass
Location
Symbols
The atoms
Ions – atoms that have a net positive (cation) or negative (anion)
charge due to e- gains or loss.

Isotopes – atoms that have the same Z but different A due to


different numbers of n°.

Element No. of No. of No. of


Protons Electrons Neutrons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Atomic models

Dalton
- Atom is the smallest unit of matter.

How e- are arranged around the nucleus?


 Niels Bohr
- e- revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits.
- Each orbit corresponds to a definite energy which
increases as its distance from the nucleus increases.
- Each orbit contains a definite number of e-.

Atomic models: quantum mechanical model


 Schrodinger and de Broglie
- e- is not only a particle but a wave also.
- Connected wave and particle nature of matter using
the relationship that applies to protons.

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle


You cannot know both the position and velocity of a
particle. The e- behaves both as particles and as a wave. It can be
visualized as a diffused cloud of matter. Because it is a cloud, it is
not possible to determine the exact position of the e -. Its location
can only be described in terms of probabilities. The volume in
space where there is a high probability of finding an e - is called
atomic orbital.

Quantum Numbers
 Principal quantum numbers, n
- Main energy levels
- Distance of e- from nucleus
- Values 1, 2, 3…

Azimuthal quantum numbers > small letter


 Shape of the orbital
 Values: 0 to (n-1)
Value 0 1 2 3 4…
Symbol s p d f g…

n value (shell) value subshells


1 0 1s
2 0, 1 2s, 2p
3 0, 1, 2 3s, 3p, 3d
4 0, 1, 2, 3 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
5 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, 5g

Magnetic quantum number, m


 Orientation of orbital in space
 Values: -1 to +1, including…
1 values 1 symbol m, value No. of
orientation
0 s 0 1
1 p -1, 0, +1 3
2 d -2, -1, 0, +1, 5
+2
3 f -3, -2, -1, 0, 7
+1, +2, +3

Total # of
No. of No. of
symbol e- in
orientation orbitals
orbitals
s 1 1 2 s2
p 3 3 6 p6
d 5 5 10 d10
f 7 7 14 f14
Electron configuration
Aufbau Principle
 German for“building up”

Madelung’s
Rule
 Erwin

Madelung
 Energy increases with increasing (n+1) value.
 For some values of (n+1), energy increases with increasing
n.

Groups
 Vertical columns in the periodic. (family)

History of the Periodic Table

Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois


- Periodic table, called the telluric helix or screw.

John Newlands
- Elements listed in order of increasing atomic weights.
- Similar physical and chemical properties recurred at
intervals of eight.

Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs


- Spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra, atomic
weights, and chemical similarities.

Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer


- List of the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic
weight.
- New row or column when the characteristics of the
elements began to repeat.

Period, n
 Horizontal rows in the periodic table

Blocks
 Include the s, p, d, and f blocks.

Valence Electrons
 Outermost electrons
 Involved in bonding and chemical reactions
Groups 1-12 # val e- = group #
Group 13-18 # val e- = group # - 10

Valence Electron Configuration


Group # Format
1 (s-block) ns1
2 (s-block) ns2
p-block ns2npx
d-block ns2(n-1)dx
f-block ns2(n-1)d1(n-2)fx

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