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Proposition

Logic is the study of valid reasoning and how truths can be combined to form new truths. Mathematics uses propositions to precisely communicate ideas, where a proposition is a statement that can be identified as objectively true or false but not both. Propositions are the basic units of logic and mathematics. They use quantifiers like "all", "some" to scope quantities, and are either true or false as determined by truth tables which diagram all the possible truth values of propositions.

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31 views1 page

Proposition

Logic is the study of valid reasoning and how truths can be combined to form new truths. Mathematics uses propositions to precisely communicate ideas, where a proposition is a statement that can be identified as objectively true or false but not both. Propositions are the basic units of logic and mathematics. They use quantifiers like "all", "some" to scope quantities, and are either true or false as determined by truth tables which diagram all the possible truth values of propositions.

Uploaded by

Shane Gonzales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic is the study of valid reasoning, studies the manner in • Universal Quantifiers – all, each, every, no and none

which consequences can be drawn or how truths can be


combined to form new truths. • Existential Quatifiers – some, there exists and at least
one
Mathematics is a language. As in any other types of language,
we use sentences to communicate thoughts and ideas. Examples:
Mathematics is not an exception. We use propositions to
1. Every student taking Mathematics in the Modern World
communicate mathematical ideas precisely.
subject this semester will pass. -Universal
‣Proposition- a declarative sentence that can be objectively
identified either true or false, but not both 2. No accounting student is also majoring in food technology.
-Universal
Proposition also called Statement 3. Some people who are NBA fans are also Ginebra fans.-

• If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true and is 4. There is at least one professor in this school who does not
denoted by T or 1; otherwise, it’s truth value is false and is have brown eyes. - Existential
denoted by F or 0
1: This cannot true or false 5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0. -Existential
at the same time
6. All smartphones have cameras. -Universal
Cannot be identified and
but not true or False at the Remark: The words each, every, and all mean the same thing.
same time -imperative, Likewise, some, there exists, and at least one are considered to
interrogative, exclamatory be the same and are treated that way as well.
not a proposition
6. Basketball players are handsome-based sa opinion so it's not a • The negation of a proposition p is the proposition which
proposition is false when p is true; and true when p is false.

7. We are yet to determine this is true or false pero hindi pwedeng • The negation of p is denoted by ¬p. The truth table for
true or false at the same time
¬p is In the English language, we
1. I am going to eat at a cafe today. - P 6. Bill Gates is the founder of
can simply state the negation
Microsof – P
of a proposition p by saying
2. Zia got her hair highlighted. –P “It is not the case that p.”
7. Please do not use your
However, there are many
3. When does the party starts? –NP phones in class- NP coz
ways to express negations of
Imperative
statements grammatically by
4. Granite is a metamorphic rock –P
8. 12-8=5. - P =mathematical replacing “is/are” by “is
sentence not/are not”, etc.
-P Examples:
9. Nikki is a food nutrition
• Symbolically, we denote major. - P q : Today is Wednesday. p : Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
prepositions in this lesson 10. Buy me a milkshake. - NP The corresponding negations are
using lower case letters, such
as p, q, r, s, etc. ¬ q : Today is not Wednesday.

Given a proposition, its truth ¬ p : Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.


table is a diagram in table
form that is used to show all
its possible truth values
Remark: A truth table
• Quantified Statements –
involving n distinct propositions
involves terms such as all,
has 2n rows
every, each, no, none, some,
there exists, and at least one.
Quantified statements-declarative sentence, objectively
identified whether the declarative sentence is true or false
but not true or false at the same time.

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