Q

Why the BGP neighbor is down?

There could be several reasons why a BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) neighbor might be down. Some common reasons include:

The BGP neighbor's IP address is incorrect or has changed.

The BGP neighbor's router is not reachable or is offline.

There is a network problem or outage that is preventing the BGP routers from communicating with each other.

The BGP neighbor has not been configured properly on one or both of the routers.

There is a problem with the physical connection between the BGP routers, such as a broken cable or a faulty port.

If you are experiencing issues with a BGP neighbor, it is important to diagnose the problem and determine the cause in order to fix it. This may involve checking
the configuration of the BGP routers, verifying that the network is functioning properly, and ensuring that the physical connections between the routers are
intact.

Explain the difference between EVPN underlay and overlay?

In the context of computer networking, the term "underlay" refers to the physical infrastructure that a network is built upon, such as the cables, switches, and
routers that connect devices and enable data communication. The term "overlay" refers to the logical layer that sits on top of the underlay, and which provides
the services and functions that are used by applications and users.

In the case of EVPN (Ethernet Virtual Private Network), the underlay refers to the underlying network infrastructure that is used to transport EVPN traffic, such
as the Ethernet switches and IP routers that connect the EVPN network to other networks. The overlay, on the other hand, refers to the EVPN service itself,
which provides the mechanisms for creating and managing virtual Ethernet segments, and for carrying traffic over the underlay network.
In summary, the underlay is the physical network infrastructure that provides the connectivity for the EVPN service, while the overlay is the EVPN service itself,
which sits on top of the underlay and provides the functionality for creating and managing virtual Ethernet segments.

What is BGP route distinguisher?

In the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), a route distinguisher (RD) is a value that is used to uniquely identify a particular route within a VPN (Virtual Private
Network) route table. BGP is a routing protocol that is commonly used to exchange routing information between networks, and it allows multiple VPNs to
coexist on the same network. However, because each VPN has its own route table, it is necessary to use a route distinguisher to identify which routes belong to
which VPNs.

The route distinguisher is a 64-bit value that is typically assigned by the network administrator when the VPN is configured. It consists of two parts: a type field
and a value field. The type field specifies the format of the value field, which can be either an IPv4 address, an IPv6 address, or an ASN (Autonomous System
Number). The value field contains the actual RD value, which is unique within the VPN.

In summary, the BGP route distinguisher is a value that is used to identify routes within a VPN route table, and it allows multiple VPNs to coexist on the same
network without route conflicts.

How inter-VRF routing works?

A
Inter-VRF routing refers to the process of exchanging routing information between different VRFs (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) instances within a network. A
VRF is a virtual routing table that is used to segregate and isolate routing information for different networks or services. Each VRF has its own independent
routing table and forwarding information base, which allows multiple routing instances to coexist on the same physical network without conflicting with each
other.

In order to enable inter-VRF routing, a device, such as a router or a switch, must be configured with multiple VRFs, each of which is associated with a different
network or service. The device must also be configured with one or more VRF-aware routing protocols, such as BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) or OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First), which are used to exchange routing information between the VRFs.

When a packet arrives at the device, the device uses the VRF associated with the packet's destination network to determine which routing table to use for
forwarding the packet. If the destination network is in a different VRF, the device uses the inter-VRF routing protocols to find the appropriate route and forward
the packet to the next hop.

In summary, inter-VRF routing allows multiple VRFs to coexist on the same device and to exchange routing information with each other, enabling the device to
forward packets to different networks or services based on their VRF association.

How do you check the configuration on a Juniper router?

To check the configuration of a Juniper router, you can use the "show configuration" command in the Junos OS command-line interface (CLI). This command will
display the current configuration of the router, including the interfaces, routing protocols, and other settings that have been configured.

To access the Junos OS CLI, you will need to connect to the router using a terminal emulator program, such as PuTTY or SecureCRT. Once you have established a
connection to the router, you can enter the "show configuration" command at the prompt to view the current configuration.
Alternatively, you can use the "show configuration | display set" command to view the configuration as a series of set commands, which can be useful for
modifying or troubleshooting the configuration. You can also use the "show configuration | compare" command to compare the current configuration with a
previous configuration, which can help you identify any changes that have been made.

In summary, the "show configuration" command is used to view the current configuration of a Juniper router, and it can be useful for troubleshooting and
managing the router's settings.

How to you apply configuration changes in Cisco IOS XR OS?

To apply configuration changes in Cisco IOS XR OS, you can use the "commit" command in the command-line interface (CLI). This command saves the current
configuration changes to the router's running configuration and activates the new configuration.

To access the IOS XR CLI, you will need to connect to the router using a terminal emulator program, such as PuTTY or SecureCRT. Once you have established a
connection to the router, you can enter configuration mode by typing "configure" at the prompt and pressing Enter. You can then make the desired
configuration changes using the appropriate commands.

When you are finished making changes, you can type "commit" at the prompt to save the changes to the running configuration. The commit command will also
validate the configuration to ensure that it is correct and complete, and it will display any errors or warnings that are found. If the configuration is valid, the
changes will be applied and the new configuration will be activated.

In summary, the "commit" command is used to apply configuration changes in Cisco IOS XR OS, and it saves the changes to the running configuration and
activates the new configuration.
Q

How do you check the routing table on a FortiGate firewall in CLI?

To check the routing table on a FortiGate firewall using the command-line interface (CLI), you can use the "get router info routing-table" command. This
command will display the current routing table for the firewall, including the routes that have been learned through dynamic routing protocols and any static
routes that have been configured.

To access the FortiGate CLI, you will need to connect to the firewall using a terminal emulator program, such as PuTTY or SecureCRT. Once you have established
a connection to the firewall, you can enter the "get router info routing-table" command at the prompt to view the current routing table.

Alternatively, you can use the "diagnose ip routing list" command to view detailed information about the routes in the routing table, including the next hop, the
route type, and the interface through which the route is reachable. You can also use the "diagnose ip route [destination]" command to view specific information
about a particular route, such as the metric, the administrative distance, and the gateway.

In summary, the "get router info routing-table" and "diagnose ip routing list" commands are used to view the routing table on a FortiGate firewall, and they can
be useful for troubleshooting routing issues and managing the firewall's routing settings.

How do you check the routing table on a Palo Alto firewall in CLI?

To check the routing table on a Palo Alto firewall using the command-line interface (CLI), you can use the "show routing route" command. This command will
display the current routing table for the firewall, including the routes that have been learned through dynamic routing protocols and any static routes that have
been configured.
To access the Palo Alto CLI, you will need to connect to the firewall using a terminal emulator program, such as PuTTY or SecureCRT. Once you have established a
connection to the firewall, you can enter the "show routing route" command at the prompt to view the current routing table.

Alternatively, you can use the "show routing route [destination]" command to view specific information about a particular route, such as the next hop, the route
type, and the administrative distance. You can also use the "show routing route protocol" command to view only the routes that have been learned through a
particular routing protocol, such as OSPF or BGP.

In summary, the "show routing route" command is used to view the routing table on a Palo Alto firewall, and it can be useful for troubleshooting routing issues
and managing the firewall's routing settings.

Show me an example of a dig command in Infoblox CLI!

Here is an example of a dig command in the Infoblox CLI:

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dig @<IP_ADDRESS_OF_INFBLOX_GRID_MEMBER> <HOSTNAME>

In this example, <IP_ADDRESS_OF_INFBLOX_GRID_MEMBER> is the IP address of a member of the Infoblox grid, and <HOSTNAME> is the hostname that you
want to look up.

To use the dig command, you must first connect to the Infoblox CLI by using the ssh command. Here is an example:

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ssh <USERNAME>@<IP_ADDRESS_OF_INFBLOX_GRID_MEMBER>
In this example, <USERNAME> is the username that you use to authenticate with the Infoblox grid member, and <IP_ADDRESS_OF_INFBLOX_GRID_MEMBER> is
the IP address of the Infoblox grid member.

Once you are connected to the Infoblox CLI, you can use the dig command to look up hostnames. For example:

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dig @<IP_ADDRESS_OF_INFBLOX_GRID_MEMBER> example.com

This command would look up the IP address of the hostname example.com on the Infoblox grid member with the IP address
<IP_ADDRESS_OF_INFBLOX_GRID_MEMBER>.

Show me the most used OpenSSL options in CLI?

There are many options that can be used with the OpenSSL command-line interface (CLI), and which options are most commonly used can vary depending on
the specific needs of the user. However, some of the most commonly used options include:

openssl version: This option displays the version number of the OpenSSL CLI.

openssl genrsa: This option generates a private RSA key.

openssl req: This option is used to create and submit a certificate signing request (CSR).

openssl x509: This option is used to manage certificate trust and certificate revocation lists (CRLs).

openssl verify: This option is used to verify certificate chains.

openssl enc: This option is used to encrypt and decrypt files.