Experiment - Basic Logic Gates

Objectives :
In this lab experiment, we are going to build circuits using NOT, OR and
AND gates to analyze how a logic circuit works with different logic gates.
And then we are going to investigate the circuits in order to fill out the truth
tables verify according to the voltages measured.
Main points
1. To study the truth tables of various basic logic gates
2. To implement an OR gate using NAND gates
3. To implement an AND gate using OR gates
4. Also discussed about NAND and NOR gates

Introduction:
Logic gates are the building block of digital circuits which has two inputs
and one output in terms of Boolean algebra. There are seven basic logic
gates, for example: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR. All seven
basic logic gates have different rules for their truth table. The truth table
consists of three columns- two inputs and one output. The output
depends on the input for each of the logic gates’ rules. For example, for
AND gate when both inputs are true “1”, the output is also true “1”. But if
only one input is true “1” and the other one is false “0”, then the output is
false “0”. Similarly each of the seven logic gates’ truth tables are filled
with its own rule for the output. But we study only five gates namely
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OR,AND,NOT,NAND and NOR. So we talk about only these five logic gates
in this lab report.

Apparatus :
Bread board, LED, power supplies 5V, Diodes, Transistor, Two-way-
key, connecting wires.

Required IC’s :
7408 AND Gate
7432 OR Gate
7404 NOT Gate
7400 NAND Gate
7402 NOR Gate
Simulation:
Part 1: The OR gate

Firstly, we discussed about OR gate, So we construct circuit using 5V DC

Power, a 7432 (OR gate), 2 SPDT Switches and a ground. Firstly, we
connect both of the switches to the ground and get output voltage of 0V.
Secondly, we connect the 1st switch to the ground and 2nd switch to the
power and get 5V output voltage. Thirdly, we connect both switches to
the power and get 5V output voltage. Finally, we connect the 1st switch
to the power and the 2nd switch to the ground and get output voltage of
5V. If we get 5V measure we put “1” in the table and if we get 0V measure
we put “0” in the table.
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Truth Table(OR gate) :

Input A Input B Output A+B = C

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Symbol :

Circuit Diagram :

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 Pin diagram of IC74LS32:

Part 2: The AND gate

After OR gate we have AND gate, So for AND gate we construct another
circuit using 5V DC Power, 7408 (AND gate), 2 SPDT Switches and a
ground. Firstly, we connect the 1st switch to the ground and the 2nd
switch to the power and get 0V output voltage. Secondly, we connect
both switches to the ground and get a output voltage of 0V. Thirdly, we
connect the 1st switch to the power and the 2nd switch to the ground
and get 0V output voltage. Finally, we connect both of the switches to the
power and get a output voltage of 5V.

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Truth Table(AND gate) :

Input A Input B Output C = A . B

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Symbol :

Circuit Diagram :

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Pin diagram of IC74LS08:

Part 3: The NOT gate (Inverter)

For NOT gate we construct a circuit using 5V DC Power, a 7404
(Inverter) NOT gate SPDT Switch and a ground. Then we measure the
output voltage using a voltage probe and fill out the truth table. If we get
5V voltage we put true “1” and if we get 0V we put false “0”. NOT gate is
also implement result in revers mean, if input is 1 the output is 0.A NOT
gate is also known an inverter, has only one input and only one output.

The logic symbol & truth table of NOT gate are shown in figure 1.e & 1.f
respectively.
The symbol for NOT operation is „-„-‟(bar).

With input variable A the Boolean expression for output can be

written as;
A =

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Truth Table :

Input A Output
0 1
1 0

Symbol :

Circut Diagram :

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 Pin diagram for IC74LS04:

Part 4: The NAND gate (universal gate)

Universal Gates:

A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function

without need to use any other gate type.
The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are
economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC
digital logic families.
In fact, an AND gate is typically implemented as a NAND gate followed by
an inverter not the other way around!!

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Likewise, an OR gate is typically implemented as a NOR gate followed by
an inverter not the other way around!!

NAND gate :

NAND gate is universal gate. It can perform all the basic logic function.
NAND means NOT AND that is, AND output is NOTed.so NAND gate is
combination of an AND gate and aNOT gate. The output is logic 0 level,
only when each of its inputs assumes a logic 1 level. For any other
combination of inputs, the output is logic 1 level. NAND gate is equivalent
to a bubbled OR gate.

With input variables A & B the Boolean expression for(NAND gate)

output can be written as;

Truth Table:

Input A Input B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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Symbol :

Circuit Diagram :

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 Pin diagram for IC74LS00:

Part 5: The NOR gate (universal gate)

NOR gate is universal gate. It can perform all the basic logic function.
NOR means NOT OR that is, OR output is NOTed.so NOR gate is
combination of an OR gate and a NOT gate. The output is logic 1 level,
only when each of its inputs assumes a logic 0 level. For any other
combination of inputs, the output is logic 0 level. NOR gate is equivalent
to a bubbled AND gate.

With input variables A & B the Boolean expression for(NOR gate) output
can be written as;

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Truth Table :

Input A Input B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Symbol :

Circuit Diagram :

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 Pin diagram for IC74LS02:

Uses of Logic Gates

1. Logic gates are utilized in a variety of technologies. These are
components of chips (ICs), which are components of computers,
phones, laptops, and other electronic devices.
2. Logic gates may be combined in a variety of ways, and a million of
these combinations are necessary to make the newest gadgets,
satellites, and even robots.
3. Simple logic gate combinations can also be found in burglar alarms,
buzzers, switches, and street lights. Because these gates can make a
choice to start or stop based on logic, they are often used in a variety
of sectors.

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4. Logic gates are also important in data transport, calculation, and
data processing. Even transistor-transistor logic and CMOS circuitry
make extensive use of logic gates.

Now, going to the result that we are performing in lab on logics

gate is follow :
NOTE :These result of logic gates is performed by prectically on
breadboard through proper steps. (Electronics Lab )So some
of these pictures is given below :

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 Summary of Internal architecture of each IC
7408 AND Gate 7402 NOR Gate

7432 OR Gate 7404 INV Gate

7400 NAND gate

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Precautions and surce of errors :

connections should be neat and clean.

Both diodes should be checked before use.

If we used IC instead of diodes so IC must be checked before use.

Conclusion :

By using logic gates we perform many function like they control the

function of a system by monitoring physical parameters such as

temperature, pressure or some other physical quantity of the system.

And some of main uses of logic gates is given on page13-14.

THE END

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