CLI Basics

Foreword

⚫ This document describes the basics of command line operations, including

the command line interfaces (CLIs) and CLI-based file management.

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 Objectives

⚫ After completing this course, you will be familiar with:

 Basic Linux commands
 Linux login commands
 Linux system power management commands
 Linux file management commands

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 Contents

1. Basic Knowledge of Linux Commands

2. Basic Linux Commands

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Linux GUI and CLI
⚫ GUI stands for graphical user interface. All elements of this user interface are graphical. The
mouse is used as the input tool, and buttons, menus, and dialog boxes are used for interaction,
enhancing ease of use.
⚫ CLI is short for command line interface. All elements of a CLI are character-based. The keyboard is
used as the input tool to enter commands, options, and parameters to execute programs,
achieving high efficiency.

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Why We Use the Linux Command Line?
⚫ More efficient
 The Linux system allows rapid operations using a keyboard, rather than a mouse.
 The GUI is fixed, while CLIs in a script can be compiled to complete all required tasks. For
example: deleting outdated log files.

⚫ Low overhead (compared with GUI)

 Running a GUI requires a large number of system resources, whereas a CLI is far more
efficient. As a result, system resources can be allocated to other operations.

⚫ CLIs are often the only choice

 Most OSs for running servers do not utilize a GUI.
 Tools for maintaining and managing connected devices do not provide a GUI.

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Syntax of Linux Commands
⚫ Syntax: command [-option] [parameter]
⚫ Example: ls -la /etc
⚫ Note:
 Some commands do not comply with this format. The [] symbol indicates an option.
 If there are multiple options, you can write them together.
 Options can be short by following one hyphen (-) or long by following two hyphens
(--). For example, ls -a equals ls --all.

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Linux Command Line Keyboard Shortcuts
⚫ Tab: automatically supplements commands or file names, saving time and improving accuracy.
 If no command is entered, press Tab twice to list all available commands.
 If you have entered a part of the command name or file name, pressing Tab will supplement them
automatically.

⚫ Cursor
 ↑: Press ↑ to display recently executed commands, enabling you to quickly select and run them.
 ↓: Used together with ↑, facilitating command selection.
 Home: Press Home to move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
 Ctrl+A: Press Ctrl+A to move the cursor to the beginning of the line.
 Ctrl+E: Press Ctrl+E to move the cursor to the end of the line.
 Ctrl+C: Press Ctrl+C to stop the current program.
 Ctrl+L: Press Ctrl+L to clear the screen.
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 Classification of Linux Commands

Category Example Commands

Login and power

login, shutdown, halt, reboot, install, exit, and last
management

File processing file, mkdir, grep, dd, find, mv, ls, diff, cat, and ln

System management df, top, free, quota, at, ip, kill, and crontab

ifconfig, ip, ping, netstat, telnet, ftp, route, rlogin, rcp, finger, mail,
Network operation
and nslookup

System security passwd, su, umask, chgrp, chmod, chown, chattr, sudo ps, and who

Others tar, unzip, gunzip, unarj, mtools, and man

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 Contents

1. Basic Knowledge of Linux Commands

2. Basic Linux Commands

◼ Login Commands
 Power Management Commands
 File Management Commands
 Help Commands

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Login Command 1 - login (1)
⚫ login is used to log in to the system, which is applicable to all users.
⚫ If you choose to log in to the Linux OS in command line mode, the first command required is
login.
Authorized users only. All activities may be monitored and reported.
Activate the web console with: systemctl enable --now cockpit.socket

Last login: Wed Jul 29 14:15:56 2020 from 172.19.130.204

Welcome to 4.19.90-2003.4.0.0036.oe1.aarch64

System information as of time: Wed Jul 29 14:25:33 CST 2020

System load: 0.00

Processes: 185
Memory used: 20.0%
Swap used: 0.0%
Usage On: 13%
IP address: 192.168.110.245
Users online: 2

[root@localhost ~]#

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Login Command 1 - login (2)
⚫ Linux is a multi-user OS that allows multiple users to log in at the same time
and a single user to log in multiple times.
⚫ This is because Linux, like many versions of Unix, provides a virtual console
access mode that allows users to log in to the console (a monitor and keyboard
that are directly connected to the system) multiple times simultaneously.
⚫ Each virtual console can be regarded as an independent workstation and you
can switch between workstations.
⚫ You can press Alt and a function key (typically F1 to F6) to switch between
virtual consoles.

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Login Command 2 - last
⚫ last is used to display the recent logins of users or terminals, and is applicable
to all users. Run the last command to view a program's log. The user will know
who used, or attempted to connect to, the system.
⚫ Main options:
 -n: specifies the number of output records.
 -t tty: displays the login status of the specified virtual console.
 -y: displays the year, month, and day of the record.
 -ID: displays the username.
 -x: displays the history of system shutdowns, user logins, and user logouts.

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Login Command 3 - exit
⚫ exit is used to log out of the system, and is applicable to all users.
⚫ The exit command has no options. After this command is executed, the system
exits and the login page is displayed.

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 Contents

1. Basic Knowledge of Linux Commands

2. Basic Linux Commands

 Login Commands
◼ Power Management Commands
 File Management Commands
 Help Commands

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Power Management Command 1 - shutdown (1)
⚫ shutdown is used to shut down the computer, and is only applicable to the superuser.
⚫ Main options:
 -h: powers off the server after it is shut down.
 -r: powers on the server after it is shut down. (This operation is equivalent to restarting the
server.)
 -t: indicates the time after which the init program is shut down before changing to another
run level.
 -k: sends a warning signal to each user. It does not shut down the computer.
 -F: forcibly performs file system consistency check (fsck) when restarting the computer.
 -time: specifies the time before the shutdown.

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Power Management Command 1 - shutdown (2)
⚫ The shutdown command safely shuts down the system. It is dangerous to shut
down a Linux system by directly powering it off.
⚫ Unlike the Windows OS, Linux runs many processes in the background. As such,
forcible shutdown may result in data loss, leading to system instability or even
damaging hardware in some cases.
⚫ If you run the shutdown command to shut down the system, the system
administrator notifies all login users that the system will be shut down and the
login command will be frozen. As a result, no further users can log in to the
system.

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Power Management Command 2 - halt
⚫ halt is used to shut down the system, and is only applicable to the superuser.
⚫ Main options:
 -n: prevents synchronization of system calls. It is used after the root partition is repaired using
fsck, and prevents the kernel from overwriting the repaired superblock with that of an earlier
version.
 -w: writes the wtmp file in /var/log/wtmp instead of restarting or shutting down the system.
 -f: forcibly shuts down or restarts the system without calling the shutdown command.
 -i: shuts down all network interfaces before shutting down or restarting the system.
 -f: forcibly shuts down the system without calling the shutdown command.
 -d: shuts down the system without making a record.

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Power Management Command 3 - reboot
⚫ reboot is used to restart the computer, and is applicable to the system
administrator.
⚫ Main options:
 -n: saves the data and restarts the system.
 -w: writes records to the /var/log/wtmp file. It does not restart the system.
 -d: does not write records to the /var/log/wtmp file. (The -n option contains -d.)
 -i: restarts the system after disabling the network settings.

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 Contents

1. Basic Knowledge of Linux Commands

2. Basic Linux Commands

 Login Commands
 Power Management Commands
◼ File Management Commands
 Help Commands

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Linux File Directory Structure (1)
[root@localhost ~]# ls /
⚫ On the Linux OS, everything is a file. bin dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
boot etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
⚫ The file directory utilizes a tree structure, with / as the root directory.
Root directory
/

/bin /boot /dev /etc /lib /lib64 /media /mnt /opt

Directory of the boot
programs used by all

64-bit system library

application software
Directory for storing
Device file directory

Mounting directory
Directory of binary

Removable media
Configuration file

device directory
System library
loader file

directory
directory
directory
users

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Linux Directory Usage (1)
Directory Main Files and Their Functions

/bin bin is short for binary. This directory stores the most frequently used commands.

/boot Stores core files used for starting the Linux OS, including some connection files and image files.

dev is short for device, and this directory stores Linux external device files. The method used to
/dev
access devices on Linux is the same as that for accessing files.

/etc Stores all configuration files and subdirectories required for system management.

Stores the system's most basic dynamic link libraries (DLLs). The function of this directory is
/lib similar to the storing of DLL files on Windows. Almost all applications need to use these shared
libraries.

/mnt Temporarily mounts other file systems.

/opt Stores additional software that is installed on the host.

A virtual directory, which is the mapping of the system memory. You can obtain the system
/proc information by directly accessing this directory.

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Linux Directory Usage (2)
Directory Main Files and Their Functions
This directory is the home directory of the system administrator, who is also called the
/root superuser.
s indicates the superuser. This directory stores the system management program used by
/sbin the system administrator.

/srv Stores the data that needs to be extracted after a service is started.

/tmp Stores temporary files.

Many user applications and files are stored in this important directory, which is similar to
the program files directory on Windows. /usr/bin is the application used by system
/usr users. /usr/sbin is an advanced management program and system daemon used by the
superuser. /usr/src is the default directory for storing the kernel source code.
Stores content that is constantly expanded, such as log files. You are advised to place
/var
frequently modified directories here.
A temporary file system that stores the information generated after the system is started.
/run
The information is cleared or deleted when the system is restarted.

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Linux File Paths
⚫ When using the shell or invoking an application, specify the path of the invoked
program.
⚫ The path can be an absolute or relative path.
 Absolute path: On Linux, an absolute path starts from / (also called the root
directory). If a path starts from /, it must be an absolute path.
 Relative path: The relative path is relative to the current directory.

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File Command 1 - pwd
⚫ The pwd command is used to print the current working directory.
⚫ The pwd command has two options: -L and –P. The functions are similar to those of the cd
command.
⚫ -L: outputs the connection path when the directory is linked.
⚫ -P: outputs the physical path.

[root@localhost ~]# pwd

/root
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/log
[root@localhost log]# pwd
/var/log
[root@localhost log]#

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File Command 2 - cd
⚫ The cd command is used to change the current working directory.
⚫ Syntax: cd [dir]
 cd /usr: accesses the /usr directory.
 cd ..: accesses the upper-level directory. Two dots indicate the parent directory.
 cd .: accesses the current directory.
 cd: accesses the home directory by default if no parameter is added.
 cd -: accesses the previous directory. This command is used to quickly switch
between two directories.
 cd ~: accesses the home directory.

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File Command 2 - Example
⚫ Change the current working directory.

[root@localhost ~]# pwd

/root
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/log
[root@localhost log]# pwd
/var/log
[root@localhost log]# cd ..
[root@localhost var]# pwd
/var
[root@localhost var]# cd ~
[root@localhost ~]# pwd
/root

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File Command 3 - ls
⚫ The ls command is one of the most frequently used Linux commands, and lists the
content of a directory or file information. The output of this command is sorted by file
name by default. If no target is specified, the content of the current directory is listed.
⚫ Syntax: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 -a: displays all files and directories. Files or directories whose names start with a dot (.) are
hidden.
 -l: lists information such as the file type, permission, owner, and file size, in addition to the file
name.
 -t: lists files by creation time.
 -R: lists any files in the current directory in sequence.

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File Command 3 - Example
⚫ Run the following commands to list all files (including hidden files) in the
/usr/local directory, and sort them by creation time.
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/ -ahlt
total 48K
drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4.0K Jul 28 14:00 ..
drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4.0K Jul 28 14:00 .
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 4.0K Jul 28 14:00 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 libexec
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Mar 24 05:34 src

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File Command 4 - mkdir
⚫ The mkdir command is used to create a directory or folder.
⚫ Syntax: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir my_dir_01
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg my_dir_01
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir my_dir_02 my_dir_03
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg my_dir_01 my_dir_02 my_dir_03
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir my_dir_04/sub_dir
mkdir: cannot create directory 'my_dir_04/sub_dir': No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p my_dir_04/sub_dir
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg my_dir_01 my_dir_02 my_dir_03 my_dir_04
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 5 - touch
⚫ The touch command is used to create an empty file.
⚫ It can also be used to change the timestamp of a file.

[root@localhost ~]# ls
[root@localhost ~]# touch test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lt
total 0
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Jul 29 15:06 test01.log
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Jul 29 15:06 test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# touch -t 202001020304.05 test01.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lt
total 0
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Jul 29 15:06 test02.log
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Jan 2 2020 test01.log
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 6 - cp
⚫ The cp command is used to copy files or directories. You can copy a single file or
multiple files at a time. Exercise caution when running this command, as there is
a risk of data loss.
⚫ Syntax: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 -a: copies the files of a directory while retaining the links and file attributes.
 -p: copies the file content, modification time, and access permissions to the new file.
 -r: copies all subdirectories and files in the source directory file.
 -l: generates a link file but does not copy the file.

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File Command 6 - Example
[root@localhost ~]# ls
test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/passwd passwd.back
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /var/log/audit ./
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit passwd.back test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# cp -s /etc/passwd passwd_link
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit passwd.back passwd_link test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l
total 8
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Jul 29 15:24 audit
-rw-------. 1 root root 2546 Jul 29 15:24 passwd.back
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Jul 29 15:25 passwd_link -> /etc/passwd
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Jan 2 2020 test01.log
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 Jul 29 15:06 test02.log
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 7 - mv
⚫ The mv command is used to move a file or directory. Exercise caution when
running this command, as there is a risk of data loss.
⚫ If the source file and target file are in the same parent directory, the mv
command is used to rename the file.
⚫ Syntax: mv [option] source file or directory target file or directory
 -b: backs up a file before overwriting it.
 -f: forcibly overwrites the target file without asking the user.
 -i: overwrites the target file at the destination after obtaining the user's consent.
 -u: updates the target file only when the source file is newer than the target.

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File Command 7 - Example
⚫ Change the name of the test02.log file to test03.log.
⚫ Move the statistics file in the mail directory to the current directory.

[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit passwd.back passwd_link test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# mv test02.log test03.log
[root@localhost ~]# mv audit/audit.log ./
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit audit.log passwd.back passwd_link test01.log test03.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls audit/
audit.log.1
[root@localhost ~]# mv audit/ audit_back
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit_back audit.log passwd.back passwd_link test01.log test03.log
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 8 - rm
⚫ The rm command is used to delete a file or directory.
⚫ Exercise caution when running this command, as it is not possible to completely restore files
deleted in this manner. As the rm command does not move files to a place from which they can
be restored, such as a "recycle bin", the deletion operation cannot be revoked.
⚫ Syntax: rm [OPTION] file_or_dir
 -f or --force: ignores the files that do not exist and does not display any message.
 -I or --interactive: performs interactive deletion.
 -r, -R, or --recursive: instructs rm to recursively delete all directories and subdirectories listed
in the parameter.
 -v or --verbose: displays the detailed procedure.

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File Command 8 - Example
⚫ Delete the test01.log file after obtaining the user's consent.
⚫ Forcibly delete the test03.log file.
⚫ Delete the mail.bak directory and all files and directories within.

[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit_back audit.log passwd.back passwd_link test01.log test03.log
[root@localhost ~]# rm test01.log
rm: remove regular empty file 'test01.log'? yes
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf test03.log
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf audit_back/
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit.log passwd.back passwd_link
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 9 - cat
⚫ The cat command is used to read the entire content of a file, or to combine
multiple files into one.
⚫ Syntax: cat [OPTION] [FILE]
 -A or --show-all: equivalent to -vET.
 -b or --number-nonblank: numbers a non-blank output line.
 -E or --show-ends: displays $ at the end of each line.
 -n or --number: numbers all output lines. The value starts from 1.

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File Command 9 - Example
⚫ View the content of the test01.log and test02.log files, and combine the
content of both into the test03.log file.

[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit.log passwd.back passwd_link test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# cat test01.log
This is a test!
[root@localhost ~]# cat -b test02.log
1 This is a test too!
[root@localhost ~]# cat test01.log test02.log > test03.log
[root@localhost ~]# cat test03.log
This is a test!
This is a test too!
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 10 - head
⚫ The head command is used to display the beginning of a file (the first 10 lines,
by default).
⚫ Syntax: head [OPTION] [FILE]
⚫ Main options:
 -q: hides the file name.
 -v: displays the file name.
 -c<byte>: displays the number of bytes.

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File Command 10 - Example
⚫ Display the first three lines of the /etc/passwd file.
⚫ Display the content of the /etc/passwd file, excluding the last 20 lines.

[root@localhost ~]# head -n 3 /etc/passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
[root@localhost ~]# head -n -40 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 11 - tail
⚫ The tail command is used to read the tail of a file.
⚫ Syntax: tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
⚫ Main options:
 -f: reads data cyclically.
 -q: does not display processing information.
 -v: displays detailed processing information.
 -c<number>: displays the number of bytes.
 -n<number>: displays the number of lines.

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File Command 11 - Example
⚫ Read the last three lines of the /etc/passwd file and display the output of a
ping operation in real time.
[root@localhost ~]# tail -n 3 /etc/passwd
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:978:978:System Message Bus:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
openeuler:x:1000:1000:openEuler:/home/openeuler:/bin/bash
[root@localhost ~]# ping 192.168.110.245 > ping.log &
[1] 12865
[root@localhost ~]# tail -f ping.log
PING 192.168.110.245 (192.168.110.245) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.110.245: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.099 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.110.245: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.113 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.110.245: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.113 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.110.245: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.114 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.110.245: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.107 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.110.245: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.117 ms
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 12 - more
⚫ The more command displays further information, page by page, for users to
read. Basically, you can press the space bar to go to the next page, press b to go
back to the previous page, and search for strings. As more reads files from the
front to the back, the entire file is loaded from the very start.
⚫ Syntax: more [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 +n: displays the information from the first n lines.
 -n: defines the screen size as n lines.
 +/pattern: searches for the character string pattern before the file is displayed, and
then displays the character string from the first two lines.
 -c: clears the screen from the top.

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File Command 12- Common Operation Commands
⚫ You can perform interactive operations when reading file information by running the more
command.
 Enter: moves to the next n lines. This operation needs to be defined. By default, n is set to 1.
 Ctrl+F: scrolls down to the next screen.
 Space bar: scrolls down to the next screen.
 Ctrl+B: returns to the previous screen.
 =: outputs the number of the current line.
 V: invokes the vi editor.
 ! command: invokes and executes a shell.
 q: exits the more command.

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File Command 13 - less
⚫ The less command is used to read content and display it on multiple screens. The less
command is similar to the more command. Unlike more, which only moves downwards,
less can move both upwards and downwards and does not load the entire file before
displaying the its content.
⚫ Syntax: less [OPTION]... [FILE]...
⚫ Common operations:
 /Character string: searches downwards for character strings.
 ?Character string: searches upwards for character strings.
 Q: exits the less command.
 Space bar: scrolls to the next page.
 Enter: scrolls to the next line.
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File Command 14 - find
⚫ The find command is used to search for files in a specified directory.
⚫ You can specify search conditions, such as file name, file type, user, and even
timestamp.
⚫ Syntax: find [path...] [expression]
 -name: searches for files by file name.
 -perm: searches for files by file permission.
 -user: searches for files by file owner.
 -mtime -n +n: searches for files by modification time.

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File Command 14 - Example (1)
⚫ Search for files by file name.

[root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name passwd

/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/raddb/mods-enabled/passwd
/etc/raddb/mods-available/passwd
/etc/passwd
[root@localhost ~]# find . -name "*.log"
./test01.log
./ping.log
./test02.log
./test03.log
./audit.log
[root@localhost ~]#

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File Command 14 - Example (2)
⚫ Search the /var/log/anaconda directory for the common files with a modification time
earlier than the last seven days.
[root@localhost ~]# find /var/log/anaconda/ -type f -mtime +7
/var/log/anaconda/dnf.librepo.log
/var/log/anaconda/syslog
/var/log/anaconda/dbus.log
/var/log/anaconda/ks-script-cdcy5u0e.log
/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log
/var/log/anaconda/ifcfg.log
/var/log/anaconda/lvm.log
/var/log/anaconda/program.log
/var/log/anaconda/journal.log
/var/log/anaconda/hawkey.log
/var/log/anaconda/anaconda.log
/var/log/anaconda/storage.log
/var/log/anaconda/X.log
[root@localhost ~]#
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File Command 15 - gzip
⚫ gzip is a command used to compress and decompress files on Linux.
⚫ Specifically, gzip can be used to compress large, rarely-used files to save disk space.
⚫ Syntax: gzip [option] [file or directory]
 -d, --decompress, or ----uncompress: decompresses a package.
 -f or --force: forcibly compresses a file, regardless of whether the file name exists or
whether the file is a symbolic link.
 -l or --list: lists information about compressed files.
 -r or --recursive: recursively processes all files and subdirectories in a specified
directory.
 -v or --verbose: displays the command execution process.

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File Command 15 - Example
⚫ Compress, view, and decompress files.
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit.log passwd_link test01.log test03.log
passwd.back ping.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# gzip *.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit.log.gz passwd_link test01.log.gz test03.log.gz
passwd.back ping.log.gz test02.log.gz
[root@localhost ~]# gzip -l test01.log.gz
compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name
45 16 0.0% test01.log
[root@localhost ~]# gzip -dv test01.log.gz
test01.log.gz: 0.0% -- replaced with test01.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls
audit.log.gz passwd_link test01.log test03.log.gz
passwd.back ping.log.gz test02.log.gz
[root@localhost ~]#
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File Command 16 - tar
⚫ The tar command is used to pack files. You can pack multiple files into a package
to facilitate data transfers.
⚫ Syntax: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]
 -c: creates a compressed file.
 -x: extracts files from a compressed file.
 -t: displays the content of a compressed file.
 -z: supports gzip decompression.
 -j: supports bzip2 file decompression.
 -v: displays the operation process.

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File Command 16 - Example
⚫ Compress files.
⚫ Query the files in a package and decompress the package to the specified directory.
[root@localhost ~]# ls
passwd test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# tar -cf log.tar *.log
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zcf log.tar.gz *.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls
log.tar log.tar.gz passwd test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# tar -ztvf log.tar.gz
-rw------- root/root 0 2020-07-29 17:47 test01.log
-rw------- root/root 0 2020-07-29 17:47 test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir log
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zxf log.tar.gz -C ./log/
[root@localhost ~]# ls
log log.tar log.tar.gz passwd test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls log
test01.log test02.log
[root@localhost ~]#
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File Command 17 - ln (1)
⚫ The ln command is used to create a link file.
⚫ There are two types of links on Linux: soft link (also known as symbolic link)
and hard link.
Soft Link Hard Link

A file copy, which does not occupy the

A path, similar to a Windows shortcut
actual space
A link, which becomes invalid after the A link, which has no impact on the source
source file is deleted file after being deleted

Linking to a directory is supported Linking to a directory is not supported

Cross-file system linking is supported Cross-file system linking is not supported

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File Command 17 - ln (2)
⚫ If the ln command does not contain any option, a hard link is created by
default.
⚫ Syntax: ln [-f] [-n] [-s] SourceFile [TargetFile]
 -b: deletes and overwrites the existing link.
 -d: allows the superuser to create hard links to directories.
 -f: forcibly executes the command.
 -i: indicates the interactive mode. If the file exists, the system prompts you to
overwrite it.
 -n: regards symbolic links as common directories.
 -s: soft link (symbolic link).
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File Command 17 - Example
⚫ Create a link, delete the source file, and restore the source file. Then, check the link status.

[root@localhost ~]# ls
passwd
[root@localhost ~]# ln passwd link_h_password
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s passwd link_s_password
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l
total 8
-rw-------. 2 root root 2546 Jul 29 15:24 link_h_password
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Jul 29 17:41 link_s_password -> passwd
-rw-------. 2 root root 2546 Jul 29 15:24 passwd
[root@localhost ~]# rm -f passwd
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-------. 1 root root 2546 Jul 29 15:24 link_h_password
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Jul 29 17:41 link_s_password -> passwd
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/passwd passwd
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l
total 8
-rw-------. 1 root root 2546 Jul 29 15:24 link_h_password
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Jul 29 17:41 link_s_password -> passwd
-rw-------. 1 root root 2546 Jul 29 17:41 passwd
[root@localhost ~]#

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 Contents

1. Basic Knowledge of Linux Commands

2. Basic Linux Commands

 Login Commands
 Power Management Commands
 File Management Commands
◼ Help Commands

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Help Command - help
⚫ Due to the vast number of commands in the Linux system, it is almost impossible to remember them all.
However, you can run the help command to obtain detailed information.
⚫ Syntax:
 help [option] [command]
⚫ The options are as follows:
 -d: displays the brief description of the command.
 -s: displays the brief description of the command syntax.
⚫ See the following example:
[root@localhost ~]# help pwd
pwd: pwd [-LP]
Print the name of the current working directory.
Options:
-L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working directory
-P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links

By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified.

Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory cannot be read.

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 Summary

⚫ This document describes the basic operations of the Linux command line,
and the basic commands for logging in to the Linux system, starting and
shutting down the system, and operating files.

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Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
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Copyright©2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive

statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei
may change the information at any time without notice.