INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 4156-1

Second edition
2021-02

Straight cylindrical involute splines —

Metric module, side fit —
Part 1:
Generalities
Cannelures cylindriques droites à flancs en développante — Module
métrique, à centrage sur flancs —
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Partie 1: Généralités
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ISO 4156-1:2021
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Reference number
ISO 4156-1:2021(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols, subscripts and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................. 5
4.1 General symbols...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Subscripts..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Formulae for dimensions and tolerances for all fit classes............................................................................... 8
5 Concept of side fit splines..........................................................................................................................................................................11
6 Effective fit concept..........................................................................................................................................................................................13
7 Basic rack profiles for spline.................................................................................................................................................................22
8 Spline fit classes..................................................................................................................................................................................................23
9 Space width and tooth thickness tolerances.........................................................................................................................26
9.1 Total tolerance T + λ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
9.2 Deviation allowance, λ.................................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.3 Total pitch deviation, Fp.................................................................................................................................................................. 27
9.4 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Total profile deviation, Fα.............................................................................................................................................................. 27
9.5 Total helix deviation, Fβ................................................................................................................................................................... 28
9.6 (standards.iteh.ai)
Machining tolerance, T................................................................................................................................................................... 29
9.7 Effective clearance tolerance, Tv.............................................................................................................................................. 29
9.8 Use of effective and actual dimensions
ISO 4156-1:2021 for space width and tooth thickness................................ 29
9.8.1 Minimum material........................................................................................................................................................ 29
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9.8.2 Maximum9d74-96bb0828940b/iso-4156-1-2021
material (minimum effective clearance)........................................................................ 29
9.8.3 Maximum effective clearance............................................................................................................................. 29
10 Minor and major diameters....................................................................................................................................................................31
10.1 Tolerances................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
10.2 Adjustment to minor diameters (Die), form diameters (DFe) and major diameters
(Dee) of external splines................................................................................................................................................................ 32
11 Manufacturing and design considerations..............................................................................................................................32
11.1 Radii............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
11.2 Profile shifts............................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
11.3 Eccentricity and misalignment............................................................................................................................................... 33
11.3.1 Eccentricity......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
11.3.2 Misalignment.................................................................................................................................................................... 33
11.3.3 Major and minor diameters................................................................................................................................. 33
12 Spline data................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
12.1 Basic dimensions................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
12.2 Combination of types...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
12.3 Designation.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
12.4 Drawing data........................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Annex A (informative) Drawing data example calculations.......................................................................................................36
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/​patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
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World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www​.iso​.org/​
iso/​foreword​.html. (standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 14, Shafts of machinery and accessories.
ISO 4156-1:2021
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4156-1:2005), which has been technically
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revised. 9d74-96bb0828940b/iso-4156-1-2021
The main changes compared to the previous edition includes:
— ISO 268-1 has been removed from Clause 2;
— ISO 4156-2 and ISO 4156-3 have been moved from Clause 2 to Bibliography;
— the definitions of base diameter, major diameter, minor diameter, depth of engagement, theoretical
clearance, out-of-roundness, and auxiliary dimension have been removed;
— symbols of length and arc length between two points, according to ISO 80000-3, have been adopted
and used in calculation examples in Annex A;
— in Figure 8, clearance between external spline and mating part has been corrected;
— in Figure 10, measurement of space width, effective and tooth thickness, effective have been
corrected;
— in Figure 11, the figure title has been changed;
— in Figure 15, the indication of form tooth height and minor tooth height has been corrected;
— in Table 11, the tolerance on Dii for diameter > 80 to 120 in column H 11 has been corrected;
— the previous Tables 14 to 17 have been corrected and moved to Annex A;
— in A.4, the calculation of MRe min has been completed.
A list of all parts in the ISO 4156 series can be found on the ISO website.

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 ISO 4156-1:2021(E)


Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/​members​.html.

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ISO 4156-1:2021(E)


Introduction
ISO  4156 (all parts) provides the data and indications necessary for the design, manufacture and
inspection of straight (non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines.
Straight cylindrical involute splines manufactured in accordance with ISO  4156 (all parts) are used
for clearance, sliding and interference connections of shafts and hubs. They contain all the necessary
characteristics for the assembly, transmission of torque, and economic production.
The nominal pressure angles are 30°, 37,5° and 45°. For electronic data processing purposes, the form
of expression 37,5° has been adopted instead of 37°30’. ISO 4156 (all parts) establishes a specification
based on the following modules:
— for pressure angles of 30° and 37,5° the module increments are:
0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,25; 1,5; 1,75; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8; 10;
— for pressure angle of 45° the module increments are:
0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,25; 1,5; 1,75; 2; 2,5.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4156-1:2021(E)

Straight cylindrical involute splines — Metric module,

side fit —
Part 1:
Generalities

1 Scope
This document provides the data and indications necessary for the design and manufacture of straight
(non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines.
Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing deviations and their effects on the fit between
connecting coaxial spline elements are defined in the formulae and given in the tables. Unless otherwise
specified, linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO  1101, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form,
orientation, location and run-out ISO 4156-1:2021
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
3.1
spline joint
connecting, coaxial elements that transmit torque through the simultaneous engagement of equally
spaced teeth situated around the periphery of a cylindrical external member with similar spaced
mating spaces situated around the inner surface of the related cylindrical internal member
3.2
involute spline
member of spline joint (3.1) having teeth or spaces that have involute flank profiles
3.3
internal spline
spline formed on the inner surface of a cylinder
3.4
external spline
spline formed on the outer surface of a cylinder

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3.5
fillet
concave surface of the tooth or space connecting the involute flank and the root circle
Note 1 to entry: For generated splines this curved surface, as generated, varies and cannot be properly specified
by a radius of any given value. For splines formed directly by a tool (e.g. broached, net formed) the fillet may be
specified as a true radius.

3.6
fillet root
spline having a tooth or space profile in which the opposing involute flanks are connected to the root
circle (Dei or Die diameter) by a single fillet (3.5)
3.7
flat root
spline having a tooth or space profile in which each of the opposing involute flanks are connected to the
root circle (Dei or Die diameter) by a fillet (3.5)
3.8
module
m
ratio of the circular pitch (3.12), expressed in millimetres, to the number π
3.9
pitch circle
reference circle to which all spline dimensions are related, and the circle on which the specified pressure
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
angle (3.13) has its nominal value
3.10 (standards.iteh.ai)
pitch diameter
D ISO 4156-1:2021
diameter of the pitch circle (3.9), in millimetres, equal to the number of teeth multiplied by the
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3.11
pitch point
intersection of the spline tooth profile with the pitch circle (3.9)
3.12
circular pitch
p
length of arc of the pitch circle (3.9) between two consecutive pitch points (3.11) of left- (or right-) hand
flanks, which has a value of the number π multiplied by the module (3.8)
3.13
pressure angle
α
acute angle between a radial line passing through any point on a tooth flank and the tangent plane to
the flank at that point
3.14
standard pressure angle
αD
pressure angle (3.13) at the specified pitch point (3.11)
3.15
base circle
circle from which involute spline (3.2) tooth profiles are generated

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3.16
base pitch
pb
arc length of the base circle (3.15) between two consecutive corresponding flanks
3.17
form diameter
DF
diameter used to define the depth of involute profile control
Note 1 to entry: In the case of an external spline (3.4) it is located near and above the minor diameter, and on an
internal spline (3.3) near and below the major diameter.

3.18
basic circular space width
E
for 30°, 37,5° and 45° pressure angle (3.13) splines, half the circular pitch (3.12), measured at the pitch
diameter (3.10)
3.19
basic circular tooth thickness
S
for 30°, 37,5° and 45° pressure angle (3.13) splines, half the circular pitch (3.12), measured at the pitch
diameter (3.10)
3.20
actual space width
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practically measured circular space width, on the pitch circle (3.9), of any single space width within the
(standards.iteh.ai)
limit values Emax and Emin
3.21 ISO 4156-1:2021
effective space width, circular
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Ev 9d74-96bb0828940b/iso-4156-1-2021
space width where an imaginary perfect external spline (3.4) would fit without clearance or interference,
given by the size of the tooth thickness of this external spline, considering engagement of the entire
axial length of the splined assembly
Note  1  to  entry:  The minimum effective space width (Ev min, always equal to E) of the internal spline (3.3) is
always basic, as shown in Table 3.

3.22
actual tooth thickness
practically measured circular tooth thickness, on the pitch circle (3.9), of any single tooth within the
limit values Smax and Smin
3.23
effective tooth thickness, circular
Sv
tooth thickness where an imaginary perfect internal spline (3.3) would fit without clearance or
interference, given by the size of the space width of this internal spline, considering engagement of the
entire axial length of the splined assembly
3.24
effective clearance
cv
〈looseness or interference〉 effective space width, circular (3.21) of the internal spline (3.3) minus the
effective tooth thickness, circular (3.23) of the external spline (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: For looseness, c v is positive; for interference, c v is negative.

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3.25
form clearance
cF
radial clearance between the form diameter of the internal spline (3.3) and the major diameter of the
external spline (3.4), or between the minor diameter of the internal spline and the form diameter of the
external spline
Note 1 to entry: It allows eccentricity of their respective pitch circles (3.9).

3.26
total pitch deviation
Fp
absolute value of the difference between the greatest positive and negative deviations from the
theoretical spacing, measured at the pitch circle (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 1328-1.

3.27
total profile deviation
Fα
absolute value of the difference between the greatest positive and negative deviations from the
theoretical tooth profile, measured normal to the flanks
3.28
total helix deviation
Fβ iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
absolute value of the difference between the two extreme deviations from the theoretical direction
parallel to the reference axis (standards.iteh.ai)
Note 1 to entry: This includes parallelism deviation (3.29) and alignment deviation (3.30), see Figure 1.
ISO 4156-1:2021
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a) Helix deviation

b) Parallelism deviation

c) Alignment deviation
Key
1 reference axis
2 centreline of teeth
3 effective spline axis

Figure 1 — Helix deviations

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3.29
parallelism deviation
deviation of parallelism of a single spline tooth to any other single spline tooth
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 b).

3.30
alignment deviation
deviation of the effective spline axis with respect to the reference axis
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 c).

3.31
effective deviation
accumulated effect of the spline deviations on the fit with the mating part
3.32
deviation allowance
λ
permissible deviation between minimum actual and minimum effective space width, circular (3.21) or
maximum effective and maximum actual tooth thickness (3.22)
3.33
machining tolerance
T
permissible deviation between maximum actual and minimum actual space width (3.20) or tooth
thickness iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
3.34 (standards.iteh.ai)
effective clearance tolerance
Tv ISO 4156-1:2021
between maximum effective and minimum effective space width, circular (3.21)
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or tooth thickness 9d74-96bb0828940b/iso-4156-1-2021
3.35
total tolerance
T+λ
〈general〉 machining tolerance (3.33) plus the deviation allowance (3.32)
3.36
total tolerance
〈internal spline〉 difference between the minimum effective space width, circular (3.21) and the maximum
actual space width (3.20)
3.37
total tolerance
〈external spline〉 difference between the maximum effective tooth thickness, circular (3.23) and the
minimum actual tooth thickness (3.22)
3.38
basic dimension
numerical value to describe the theoretically exact size, shape or location of a feature
Note 1 to entry: It is the basis from which permissible deviations are established by tolerances.

4 Symbols, subscripts and abbreviated terms

4.1 General symbols

The general symbols used to designate the various spline terms and dimensions are given below.

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ISO 4156-1:2021(E)


b Spline length mm

cF Form clearance mm

cv Effective clearance (looseness or interference) µm

cv max Maximum effective clearance µm

cv min Minimum effective clearance µm

dce Ball or pin contact diameter, external spline mm

dci Ball or pin contact diameter, internal spline mm

D Pitch diameter mm

DFe Form diameter, external spline mm

DFe max Maximum form diameter, external spline mm

DFi Form diameter, internal spline mm

DFi min Minimum form diameter, internal spline mm

DRe Diameter of measuring ball or pin for external spline mm

DRi iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

Diameter of measuring ball or pin for internal spline mm

Db Base diameter (standards.iteh.ai) mm

Dee Major diameter, external spline ISO 4156-1:2021 mm

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Dee max Maximum major diameter, external spline
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Dee min Minimum major diameter, external spline mm

Dei Major diameter, internal spline mm

Dei max Maximum major diameter, internal spline mm

Dei min Minimum major diameter, internal spline mm

Die Minor diameter, external spline mm

Die max Maximum minor diameter, external spline mm

Die min Minimum minor diameter, external spline mm

Dii Minor diameter, internal spline mm

Dii max Maximum minor diameter, internal spline mm

Dii min Minimum minor diameter, internal spline mm

E Basic circular space width mm

Emax Maximum actual space width mm

Emin Minimum actual space width mm

Ev Effective space width, circular mm

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Ev max Maximum effective space width mm

Ev min Minimum effective space width mm

esv Fundamental deviation, external µm

Fp Total pitch deviation µm

Fα Total profile deviation µm

Fβ Total helix deviation µm

hs Form tooth height mm

i Tolerance unit µm

inv α Involute α (= tan α − π⋅α /180° ) —

Ke Approximation factor for external spline —

Ki Approximation factor for internal spline —

k Number of measured teeth —

L Length of the arc mm

lBA iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

Length between two points (e.g. point B and point A) mm

MRe (standards.iteh.ai)
Measurement over two balls or pins, external splines mm

MRi Measurement between two ISOballs or pins, internal

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m Module 9d74-96bb0828940b/iso-4156-1-2021 mm

p Circular pitch mm

pb Base pitch mm

S Basic circular tooth thickness mm

Smax Maximum actual tooth thickness mm

Smin Minimum actual tooth thickness mm

Sv Effective tooth thickness, circular mm

Sv max Maximum effective tooth thickness mm

Sv min Minimum effective tooth thickness mm

sDE Arc length between two points (e.g. point D and point E) mm

T Machining tolerance µm

Tv Effective clearance tolerance µm

W Measurement over k teeth, external spline mm

z Number of teeth (for external and internal splines, z has a positive sign) —

α Pressure angle °

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ISO 4156-1:2021(E)


αce Pressure angle at ball or pin diameter, external spline °

αci Pressure angle at ball or pin diameter, internal spline °

αD Standard pressure angle at pitch diameter °

αe Pressure angle at ball or pin centre, external spline °

αFe Pressure angle at form diameter, external spline °

αFi Pressure angle at form diameter, internal spline °

αi Pressure angle at ball or pin centre, internal spline °

λ Deviation allowance µm

ρFe Fillet radius of the basic rack, external spline mm

ρFi Fillet radius of the basic rack, internal spline mm

φf Tolerance factor —

k; js; h; f; e; d Fundamental deviation of the external spline µm

4.2 Subscripts
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The following subscripts are used as part of the above general symbols to designate relative conditions
or locations: (standards.iteh.ai)
b at the base ISO 4156-1:2021
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c at contact point
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D standard

d tolerance based on pitch diameter (D)

E tolerance based on basic circular space width (E) or basic circular tooth thickness (S)

e major or external (in the last case in the last position)

F pertaining to form diameter

f factor

i minor or internal (in the last case in the last position)

R pertaining to gauge

v effective
NOTE In electronic data processing (EDP), it is not always possible to present symbols in their theoretically
correct form because of limitations of connected printing equipment. For this reason, some alternative symbols
for EDP usage are given in Table 1 (for example, the symbol for Db for base diameter can be printed as DB).

4.3 Formulae for dimensions and tolerances for all fit classes
The formulae for dimensions and tolerances for all fit classes are given in Table 1.

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 ISO 4156-1:2021(E)


Table 1 — Formulae for dimensions and tolerances for all fit classes
EDP rep-
Term Symbol Formula resenta-
tion
Pitch diameter D m ⋅z D
Base diameter Db m ⋅ z ⋅ cos α D DB
Circular pitch p m⋅ π P
Base pitch pb m ⋅ π ⋅ cos α D PB
esv Resulting from fundamental deviation
Fundamental deviation, external ESV
k, js, h, f, e and d
Minimum major diameter, internal:      
      30°, flat root Dei min m ⋅ ( z + 1, 5 ) DEIMIN

      30°, fillet root Dei min m ⋅ ( z + 1, 8 ) DEIMIN

      37,5°, fillet root Dei min m ⋅ ( z + 1, 4 ) DEIMIN

      45°, fillet root Dei min m ⋅ ( z + 1, 2 ) DEIMIN

Maximum major diameter, internal Dei max Dei min + (T + λ )  tan α D a DEIMAX
Minimum form diameter, internal:      
iTeh STANDARD
      30° flat root and fillet root D PREVIEW
m ⋅ ( z + 1) + 2 ⋅ c
Fi min
F
DFIMIN

      37,5° fillet root (standards.iteh.ai)

D m ⋅ ( z + 0, 9 ) + 2 ⋅ c
Fi min
F
DFIMIN

      45° fillet root DFi min

ISO 4156-1:2021 m ⋅ ( z + 0, 8 ) + 2 ⋅ cF DFIMIN

Minimum minor diameter, internal Dii min

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D +2 ⋅ cF b DIIMIN
9d74-96bb0828940b/iso-4156-1-2021Fe max
Maximum minor diameter, internal:      
m ≤ 0 , 75 Dii max Dii min + IT 10 DIIMAX
0 , 75 < m < 2 Dii max Dii min + IT 11 DIIMAX
m ≥ 2 Dii max Dii min + IT 12 DIIMAX
Basic circular space width E 0,5 ⋅ π ⋅ m E
Minimum effective space width Ev min 0,5 ⋅ π ⋅ m EVMIN
Maximum actual space width:      
      class 4 to class 7 Emax Ev min + (T + λ ) c EMAX
      Minimum actual space width Emin Ev min + λ EMIN
      Maximum effective space width Ev max Ev min +Tv EVMAX
      Maximum major diameter, external:      
30°, flat root and fillet root Dee max m⋅( z + 1) + esv  tan αD d DEEMAX
a (T + λ ) for class 7 – see 9.1.
b For all classes of fit, always take the DFe max value corresponding to the H/h fit.
c See Clauses 8, 9 and ISO 4156-2.

d Take es
v = 0 for fundamental deviation js and k.
e For h
s, see Figure 15 and Table 2.
f See 9.1.

g See ISO 4156-3 concerning the choice of balls or pins.

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