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L9 Tool Material

Cutting tool materials must have properties like toughness, hot hardness, and wear resistance to effectively cut metal workpieces. The main categories of cutting tool materials are high-carbon tool steel, high-speed steel, cast cobalt alloys, carbides, ceramics, and synthetic diamond and CBN. High-speed steels, such as tungsten-type and molybdenum-type, are alloys that maintain hardness at high temperatures, making them suitable for cutting at higher speeds.

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56 views14 pages

L9 Tool Material

Cutting tool materials must have properties like toughness, hot hardness, and wear resistance to effectively cut metal workpieces. The main categories of cutting tool materials are high-carbon tool steel, high-speed steel, cast cobalt alloys, carbides, ceramics, and synthetic diamond and CBN. High-speed steels, such as tungsten-type and molybdenum-type, are alloys that maintain hardness at high temperatures, making them suitable for cutting at higher speeds.

Uploaded by

Aditya Aditya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala

Manufacturing Processes
UTA026
CUTTING TOOL MATERIAL
• Success in metal cutting depends on the
selection of the proper cutting tool (material and
geometry) for a given work material.
• A cutting tool must have the following
characteristics in order to produce good quality
and economical parts:

HOT WEAR
TOUGHNESS
HARDNESS RESISTANCE

2
TOUGHNESS
• To avoid fracture failure, the tool material must
possess high toughness.
• Toughness is the capacity of a material to absorb
energy without failing.
• It is usually characterized by a combination of
strength and ductility in the material.

3
HOT HARDNESS
• Hot hardness is the ability of a material to retain
its hardness at high temperatures.
• This is required because of the high-temperature
environment in which the tool operates.

4
WEAR RESISTANCE
• Wear is the erosion of material from a solid
surface by the action of another surface.

• The ability of a metal to resist the gradual


wearing away caused by abrasion and friction is
called wear resistance.
• All cutting-tool materials must be hard.

5
Desirable characteristics of a cutting tool
material
1. High hardness

2. High hardness temperature, hot hardness

3. Resistance to abrasion, wear due to severe


sliding friction

4. Resistance to Chipping of the cutting edges

5. High toughness (impact strength)


6
Desirable characteristics of a cutting tool
material
6. Strength to resist bulk deformation

7. Good chemical stability

8. Adequate thermal properties

9. High elastic modulus (stiffness)

10. Correct geometry and surface finish

7
TOOL MATERIALS CATEGORIES

1. High carbon tool steel

2. High-speed Steels

3. Cast Cobalt Alloys (Stellite)

4. Carbides

5. Ceramics

6. Synthetic Diamond & CBN


8
Source: Kalpakjian 9
1. HIGH-SPEED STEEL(HSS)
• High-speed steel(HSS) is a highly alloyed tool
steel capable of maintaining hardness at
elevated temperatures better than high carbon
and low alloy tool steels.
• Its good hot hardness permits tools made of HSS
to be used at higher cutting speeds.
• HSS is especially suited to applications involving
complicated tool geometries, such as drills, taps,
milling cutters, and broaches.
10
1. HIGH-SPEED STEEL(HSS)
• A wide variety of high-speed steels are available,
but they can be divided into two basic types:

Tungsten Molybdenum
Type Type

11
1. HIGH-SPEED STEEL(HSS)
(a) TUNGSTEN-TYPE
• Tungsten-type HSS contains tungsten (W) as its
principal alloying ingredient.
• Additional alloying elements are chromium (Cr),
and vanadium (V).
• One of the original and best known HSS grades is
T1, or 18-4-1 high-speed steel, containing 18% W,
4% Cr, and 1% V.
Grade C Cr Mo W V
T1 0.7 4.0 - 18.0 1.0
12
1. HIGH-SPEED STEEL(HSS)
(b) MOLYBDENUM - TYPE
• Molybdenum HSS grades contain combinations of
tungsten and molybdenum (Mo), plus the same
additional alloying elements as in the T-grades.
• Cobalt (Co) is sometimes added to HSS to enhance
hot hardness.
• Of course, high-speed steel contains carbon, the
element common to all steels.
Grade C Cr Mo W V
M2 0.8 4.0 5.0 6.0 2.0
13
References:
• M. P. Groover, Fundamentals Of Modern Manufacturing:
Materials, Processes, and Systems, Wiley (2010), 4th
edition.
• Degarmo, E. P., Kohser, Ronald A. and Black, J. T., Materials
and Processes in Manufacturing, Prentice Hall of India
(2008) 8th ed.
• Kalpakjian, S. and Schmid, S. R., Manufacturing Processes
for Engineering Materials, Dorling Kingsley (2006) 4th ed.

14

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