SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 1.1 Introduction Matrix theory is more generally known as Linear Algebra which is originated in the study of the system of linear equations in several variables (or unknowns) and in the attempt to find general methods for their solutions. An equation in two or more variables (or unknowns) is linear if _ it contains no terms of second degree or greater, that is, if it contains no products or powers of the variables or roots of the variables. All variables occur only to the first degree. and do not appear as arguments for trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions. - A straight line in the cartesian xy-plane can be represented algebraically by an equation of the form ax + by = c where a, b and c are real constants (or real numbers) and x and y are variables. An equation of this kind is called a linear equation in two variables x andy. Similarly, ax + by + cz +d =0 isa linear equation in three variables x, y and z which represents a plane in three dimensional space. In general, an equation is called linear if it is of the form a,x, + ay % toe os +a, X= b (1) where aj, ag... «6 An and b are real numbers and x, X, .-. -.- . X, are n variables which are to be determined. If b= 0, then, (1) Is called a homogeneous linear equation and if b +’ o then (1) is called a non- homogeneous linear equation. Examples of linear equations, (i) x-ys ° which isa homogeneous linear equation | ‘ representing the (Strajght ‘line passing through the origin. Linear Algebra—12 COLLE IE LINEAR ALGEBRA, (ii) Sx + Qy = 6 which ts a non-homogencous linear equation representing a straight Ine not passing through the origin, (lit) 2x + 8y + 72 = 41 which Is a non-homogeneous Inear equation representing a plane. (iv) x + 2y + 824 dt = 30 (Non-hoinogencous) WW) XY tagtas a. +4, = 1 (Non-homogencous) Examples of non-lincar equations () 2+4ay=o0 (ii) Q2 + 4y? = 36 (ii) xy =e liv) Sty? +2Qgx + Ay +c=o, () ax? + Qhay + by? = (vi) 6x2 + 13ay + Gy? -5x-5y+1=0 Equation (i) _ represents a parabola, (ii) represents an ellipse, (ii) represents a hyperbola, {iv) represents a circle, (vy) represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin and - (vi) represents a pair of straight lines not passing through the origin. : Let IR be the set of real nutnbers. Then a solution of the linear equation a,x, + a,x, +... 2. #.a,X, = bis any n-tuple {a,.0, » 0,,) of elements of IR such that the equation is satisfied when we substitute x, = 0), Xp = Qyy see soy 5 My = Oye The set of all such solutions of this linear equation is called the solution set. ew we consider the following two linear equations : ay x+ by = c, AgX + bey F Cy, ‘ If we interpret x, y as coordinates In the ay-plane, then each of the aboye two linear equations represents a Stratght line and (a,) is a solut.on of the aboye two equations if and only if the point P with coordinates «8 Nes on’ both tines. Hence there are three possible cases :SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 3 Case 1 — No solution if the lines are parallel case II Precisely one solution if they Intersect case III Infinitely many solutions if they coincide. These cases are illustrated by the following examples : has no Example 1. The linear system aye 0. solution, since the straight lines ‘represented by these two linear equations are parallel.’ =4 Example 2. The linear system * x ede of has nly one solution, since the straight lines represented by these two equations intersect at (3, 1). { »4 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Example 3. The lincar system ra ee has infinitely many solutions, since the straight Vinny represented by these equations coincide. y The general linear equation a,x, + 2%) + ... .. + a,x, =bis also called non-degenérate linear equation. A linear equation is said to be degenerate if it has the form ef 0X, + O% 40.00% + 0x, = b. That iS, if every coefficient of the variable is equal to zero. The solution of such a degenerate linear equation ts as follows : (i) If the constant b # 0, then the above equation has no solution. (ii) If the constant b = 0, then every vector u = (01), 0, «+11 Oy) is a solution of the above equation, 13 Solution of “i mogeneous ‘eystem of: linear equations. A system of linear equations of the following form is called homogeneous .:SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 5 AVANT + DyaXy te Ay MnO AQIX, HggQhy +... + a, Xn #0 ty AmiX1 42d + a. ke 0 Every heuisgeneous system .of linear equations fs consistent, Sinc? 1; = 0, 4, = 0,...., % = 0 Is always a solution of the system. This solutiun {s called the trivial solution. If the other solutions exist, they are called the non-trivial solutions. Thus the above homogeneous ‘system can always be reduced to an equivalent homogeneous system in echelon form: (AX, + AyQX +. 449% +... + Aln% =O 82) %o FA o41%ge1 t+ + B20%n =0 = es ae (2). Ag He ty XY tet am X= 0)” A Hence we have the following two possibilities: (i) if r = ni: e. the number of equations is equal to the number of unknowns. then the system has only the zero solution. (i) if r 1, apply the operation L, > -a,L, + a,,l, That is: replace the linear equation L, by the equation obtained by multiplying the first equation L, by - aj, and the ith equation L, by-a,, and then adding. We then obtain the following system which is equivalent to the system 100) yy + Aaa toe taf by aa xt ag a1 Ayr tet Bony = be Q) a'ny my + a’ny ptt M+ +’ = B'mn where a;, # 0 and 4 denotes the first unknown with 2. in an equation except the first. Here i>'1 and so ci #X. It is to be noted that the system (2) of equations excluding the first equation, form a subsystem which has fewer equations and fewer unknowns than the original system (1).8 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Repeating the above process with each new smaller subsystem we obtain by induction that the system (1) Is elther inconsistent or is reducible to an equivalent system of the following form which is known as echelon form : AA + ApyAy $e + AW% b, DN. T Mager Ayer tee + As ‘any = b'y AX yyXo + aye Ayr tee t ak = bY where 1-and the theorem is true for a system of (1-1) equations. 225%, * Py, ae Fe ves # Aga = Dy BN Hea Po Fy 7B s as a system in the unknowns Agree Ave Now the system ts in echelon form. By induction we can arbitrarily assign values to the (n ~ Jot, 1) - (t-1) free variables in the reduced system to obtain. a solution (Say 44> Oy +--+» Xn = On):12 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGRDRA As in case r= 1, these valueg and arbitrary values for the additional noe free variables (say aye tg. ‘ye Hy aad. yleld a solution of the equation with NE x (y= Aye = 6. = AiO (Note that there are (n-Jy + W-( 1) + y-2) & ner free variables), Furthermore, these values for xy, Xy. eX, also satisfy the other equations, since In these equations, the co-efticients of xy. Not are ZerO, Now ifr =n then jg= 2. Thus by induction we obtain a unique solution of the subsystem and then a unique solution of the entire system. Hence the theorem is proved. WORKED OUT EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the non-trivial solution of the following system of homogeneous linear equations: x +y+2z=0 ytz= 0} () -2x+3y+z =0 Solution: Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary operations. Interchange second and third equations of the given system (1). Then we get the equivalent system. 7 x +y+2z=0 - 2x+3y+z =0 } Q) y +z=0 Let us represent the three linear equations of the system (2) by L,. L, and Lg respectively, Reduce the system to an echelon form by the elementary operations. Eliminate x from the second equation by the operation lL, Ly + 2L, Ly t-2x43y+z =0 2L,:2x + 2y+4z =0 ly+2lyt5y+5z =OSYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 18 ‘Thus we obtain the equivalent system xby +22 «0 by + B80 1s)) yr2n0 Dividing the second equation of the system (3) by 5. we get the equivalent system. xy +2z«0 ytz=0} yt z=0 Since the second and third equations are {dentical we can disregard one of them, Hence we have the equivalent system X+y +2i va 220 i" } which ts In echelon form. In this echelon form there are only two equations in three unknowns, hence the system has an infinite number of non- zero solutions. The system has 3 - 2 = 1 free variable which is z. Let z= a. Thus the general solution is x = - a, yao -a,z=aor (- a, - a, a), where a is any real number. For particular solution, let a = 1. then x=- 1l,y=-1, = 1,or(-1,-1, 1) isa particular solution of the system. Example 2. Find the solution of the following system of homogeneous linear equations: XX — Xy Ky FO X14 3x - Xyt XO 8x, - 7x,- Xy-6xy OF (N) 2x + Wxy ~ Wy #0 Gx, - 2xg= 4 xy - Bxy = 0. Solution: Let us represent the five linear equations of the system (1) by 1), La, Lg, 14, and Lg respectively. Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary ‘operations. Eliminate x, from the second, third, fourth and fifth equations by the operations14 i COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA ly Ply - Ly, Lg Lg Bly, Ly > Ly = 21, and Ls Ls = GL, respectively. Ig-Ly 4x +04 2x, =0 Lg: 3x, — 7X) xy -6X4 =0 = BL, : - 8x, + Bry + 3xy + 3X = 0- 1g-3L,: = 4x9 + 2x4 - 3x4 =0 Ly: 2x, + 2x_- 2x =0 =QLy: -2x, +. 2x +2x%y +2 =O Ly-2L, : 4x40 +2x4=0 Lg: 6x1 — 2x2 - 4x3- 5X =0 = Gly: - Gxt 6x + 6+ 6% =0 L,-6L;: Axy + 2x3 + G =0 Thus we obtain the equivalent system X17 4g xy - X= 0 4x2) +2% =0 i ~ 4xp +.2x3- 3x, =0 (2)° 4x, +$2x, =0 { 4x, + 2x3 + 24 = 0. In the system (2) the second and fourth equations are identical we can‘disregard’ one of them. So, the system (2) reduces to ‘ : Xj Xy Xx - My =O 4 4x5 #2x4 = 0 = Any + 2x5 73xq=0 [ 8) “Axy +2Xy + X= 0 Let us represent the four linear equations of the sy$tem (3) by L’;, L’z, Lz, and L4’ respectively. Eliminate x2 from the third and fourth equations by the:operations L's -»L’y+ L's, and L’4— L’4- L’g! “3 + L'g: Qxg- xy = 0 Lg — L’g 1 2x4 ~ 4 = 0 ‘Thus the system (3) reduces to i d X17 XQ Xm ON =0). 4x, + 2x, =0 2x3 - x, = 0 (a) Dixy 1X4 70,SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 15 In the system (4) the third and fourth equations. are identical we can disregard one of them, Thus we obtain the following equivalent system Xi Xa Xy - XO 4x, + 2x4 = 0 (5 2x, - x, =0 In this echelon form there are only three equations in four unknowns, hence the system has an infinite number of solutions and 4 ~ 3.= 1 free variable which Is x4. Let x,= a, ° where a is any real. number. Then x3 = 5 XQe = 5 and x; =a. Thus the general solution is x; = a, x = -3, X= = ya. aa Or, (= 3 > a). For particular solition, leta = 2. Then x= 2, x, = - 1, x3= 1, X42 2 or, (2-1, 1,]2). is a- particular solution of the given system. : Example 3. Find the, solution space of. the following homogeneous system of linear equations: xy # 2x9, +3x%% +%5 =0 2xy + BxQ 4 + Oxy + 5 f ° Xpt My tXy +2 +H [D. U. P. 1987] Bx, +5x2 | # 6xq +'2x5 = 0 2x, + Bry + 2xg + 5x + 2x5 =O Solutien : Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary operations, We multiply 1st equation by 2, 1, 3 and 2 and then subtract from 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th equations respectively. Then we have the following equivalent system : ‘ X42 + Ay 4X 20 : ut Ly TX NH =O 6 sly MR Ky Me OP ~ xy) -8X4~ XH 50 * Ng + Ny =016 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA We subtract 2nd equation from 3rd, 4th and 5th equations, Then we have the following equivalent system : X42 63K 6% 00 “My = 3X4 -%H #0 Hy +2 4% =O 0+0+0 «0 2x4 + 2X4 + X%y #0 . noe X,+ 2x, + 3x4 + %5 = 0) —% - 3x4 -x%5 =0 Xu + 2x, +%5 =0 2x, +2% +x =0 We multiply 3rd equation by 2 and then subtract from 4th equation. Then we have the following equivalent system : X+2x%, + 3x4 + X%5 = 0) —% -. 3x4 -% =0 Xy + 2xq +% =0 — 2x4.- % = 0 This system is in echelon form having four equations in five unknowns. So the system has 5 - 4 = 1 free. variable which is x5 and it has non-zero solution. Let x5 = 2a where a is any real number. Putting x, = 2ain the 4th equation we get ~ 2x,- 2a = 0, that is, x, =~-a. Putting X%4=~- a and % = 2a in the 2nd & 3rd equations we get x, = a and x3 = 0. Finally putting y= a, Xy=- a and X53 = 2a in the lst equation, we get ‘ %+2a=-3a+2a=0, Lex, =-a. Hence the solution space of the given system is W=(-a,a,0,~a, 2a): ae IR}. Example 4. Solve the following system of linear equations : XX -2%y43x,= 7 2X4 %- y= i} () M- @- % =-6)AVATIOM OF LINEAL I QUATIONS "7 Let We ropreaent the three Heat equations of the syptem (VOWEL aid hy renpectively, Redtice the system to ee elon fon Dy the elementary operttionn, Miiminate x, from the secon and Chtt equations by the following, operations ; Wye Maye dy and ty oe Lely ad bys a Wyo Aye Ny Dy tly i Bay Ny Wy ot vat Bins 8 7 Vy: Sy My 28 eLLit ly! My 4k = 1d ‘Mus we obtain the equivalent system (with the same molutione as (he systern (1))" 4 ONy Interchange second and third equations. ‘Then we have the equivalent system x Xr 2Xy + Pe #7 Sree Let us represent the three Inear equations of the new system (3) by 1), 14, and 1’, respectively. Eliminate x, from the third equation by the operation b/s L’y = 5L’y My i Bxy~ 7X) 813 ; SLiy t= Bay + 2004 @ BS me Vy = Sy 13x, = 62 ‘Thus we obtain another equivalent system (with the same solutions as the syetem/()) i ‘ Cou in XyrAay + OXY 7), may | cc} : : “ar 4%q 8718 1844 52 Linear Algebra-2 ii COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Multiplying the third equation of the system (4) by we we get the equivalent system Xj-2xy + 3x, = 7 : ~ 4x =~ 13 | (5) which 1s in echelon form: Me 4 Substituting x, = 4 in the second equation of (5) we get x, = 3. Again, substituting x, = 3, x4 = 4 in the first equation of the system (5), we get x= 1G Thus x, = 1, x = 3, x, = 4 or, in other words, the 3 ~ tuple (1, 3, 4) is the unique solution of the given system. Example 5. Solve the following system of linear equations: Xt 2x, - xy = 2 asin} Q Xf 5x) - 4=5 Let us represent the three linear equations of the system (1) by L,, L, and L, respectively, Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary operations. Eliminate x, from the second and the third-equations by the following operations : 1, -2L,+L, andl, >- 1.1; + Ly. 2 TPL t= 2x, + 4% + Dixy = - 4 . L,: 2% +%.423=1 “Oh+h: -3q+aq = -8 OF, Xp — X3 =1 i HILyt-x4-2y_+%y -F-2 * : 3X) + Bx) - 4x5 ~ LL, + Lg? 3x - 3xy _ 38 OF, X%~ Xy =l Thus we obtain the following equivalent system Of linear equations with the same sglutions as the system (1) : Xt 2% - xX, = 2 % —%y21 } Q) QTESYSTEM OF bINEAR EQUATIONS 19 Since the second and the third equations of the new- system (2) are identical, we can disregard any one of them: Hence we can simply write. Xt 2X - Xy='2 } 44-%21 8) This system (3) is in-echelon form and has two.equations in three unknowns and so it has 3-2 = 1 free variable which is x, and hence it has an infinite number of solutions. Let x3 =a (where a is arbitrary real number), then x, = 149 and x, = - a, Thus the general solution is x, =- a, =1l+a, Xz = a, where a-is any real number. Now a particular solution can be obtained by giving any value for a. Let.a =1, then x,=- 1, X= 2, x3 = 1 or, in other words, the 3-tuple ee 2, l)isa particular solution of the given system. Example(. Solve the following system, of linear equations: ~ a+ % =-2 ct ® + 5x, + 2g } : 2x, + 3x).+ x, =0 Solution : Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary operations. Interchange first and ‘second equations. Then we obtain the equivalent system Xt 5%, +2x, = 6 3} 0 3x, - 2 + Xy 2x, + 3x += We multiply first equation by 3 and.2 and then subtract from the second and third equations respectively. Then we get the equivalent system ‘ “Xt 5x + 2x, = 6 } ? = 16%; - - 20 - 7x - 3x, = - 12 7 . W¢ multiply second equation by ~ 7g and then add with the third equation, Then we obtain equivalent system Xt 5X_ + 2Xy = - 16x, - Bs “= -20 13 -T6% ee20 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA This system {8 in echelon form and has three equations in three unknowns. So the system has a unique solution. From the third equation we have x, = 4. Pulling % = 4 In the second “equation, we get x, = 0,'Again pulling x, = 0 and X4 = 4 In the first equation, we get x, = -2. Thus x, = 2, X%y = 0, x; = 4 or, in other words, the 3-tuple {-2, 0, 4) Is the unique solution of the given system. Example 7. Prove that the following system of linear equations is inconsistent + Xt 2% - 3x, = - 1 2 } 5x, + 3x, - 4x4 = 2 3X, - y+ 2% = Proof ; Reduce the system to ee form by elementary operations. We multiply first equation by 5.and 3 and then subtract from the second and third equations respectively. Then we obtain the equivalent system Xt 2X) - 3x, =- 1 “7x, +1lxy, = 7 zt -7X_+ L1x3 = We subtract second equation nak the third equation. Then we get the equivalent system r Xt 2X, - 3x, =-1, -7x, + 1lxy= 7 } 0+0 =3 or, equivalently, Xy+ 2xX_- 3x, =- 1 -7%,+ 11x, = 7 | t O83 Thus the given system has been reduced to an’ echelon form and contains an equation of the form 0 = 3 (which is not true). Hence the given system {s inconsistent, 1, e the system has no sojutfon. ' Examples, Solve the following system of :linear equations: ” 2x, + 3x, 4+ 5x, 4x, 53)" 3x, + 4x4 + 2xy + 3x, = - 2 eae X, + 2x + Bxy-x -e 8 f (1) ie 7X, + OX + Xy + Bx, =OSYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS: a1 Solution + Reduce the ayatom to echelon form by the elementary operations, Interchange the first and third linear equations of the system (1). ‘Then we have the equivalent system wy, #4 G yt ONY ee 2, heed p02) + 8x, 0 Let us represent the four linear equations of the system (2) by Ly, by, Ly and L, respectively, Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary operations, Eliminate x, from the second, third and fourth Hnear equations by: the operations Ly 1g SL, Ly Ly -21L, and Ly > Ly = 7Ly. Ly 1 xt 4x + 2x) + 3X, 2 - 8L, : -3x, - Gx, ~ 24x, + 6 =~ 24 Ly - SL, : -2%) = 22xj+ 6x, = - 26 Ly : 2x, + Say + Sy + XY = 21, 1-2, - 4x, - 16%, + =~16 Ly = 21)? may - 11x + 8x, 'e-13 Ly: 7X + ONy +4 + BX =0 ~ 7L, 1-7, - 14%) - 56x + 7Xy_ = - 56 Ty ~ 7ley ! 5%, -\85x4 + 15x, = - 56 Thus we obtain the equivalent system X + 2X + BXy~ XY = B. ~ 2x, - 22Xy + 6x, = - 26 mys Lay + 8x, 2-13 @) ~ Bx, ~ 55xy +1 5x48 - 56 Divide the second near equation of the system, (3),by -2. Then we have the equivalent system Xt 2x + Bxy~ Aye B ‘ Xy + 1X4 3X, = 13, ay wXy~ 11d + 3X4 S13 ( -5x,~ 55Xy +15x,2- 56 , a22 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Let us respresent the four near equations of the system (4) by L’,, 1’, L’ and L’, respectively. Apply the operations L’, > L’y + L’, and L’, 9 Ly, + 6L, Lig: -ay- lg + 3x, = 13 Lint x + L1xy- ® 13 Ly +l,:0+04+0 | =0 ie. 0 =0 :-5x,- 55x, + 15x, =-56 BL’, : 5x, + 55% — 1 265 L,+5L,: 0+0+0 =9 LeO =9. Thus we obtain the equivalent system X+ 2x, + 8x%yA-X% = 8 + lleg- 3x, =13 % x 7 of @ . O= 9 : 7 Divide the fourth equation of the system (5) by 9 and interchange it with the third equation we get the new system. Xt 2x + 8xz-X%, = 8 X% + llxy- 3x, = 13 = o=- 1 © aan O= 0 The given system has been reduced to echelon form and contains an equation of the form 0 = 1 which ts not true; hence the given system is inconsistent i.e the system has no solution. . ‘ w Example 9. Express the following system of linear equations in echelon form and solve iti X- Bt xy ~ Ht % al 2x, - %_ + 3x5 + 4x, =2 ‘ Bx, -2xyt 2xq + X%y +X = 1f- Q) . x + Xe + 2x +%% = 0)SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 23 Solution : Let us represent the four linear equations of the given system (1) by L), Ly, Lg and L, respectively. Reduce the system to echelon form by the elementary operations. Eliminate x, from the second, third and fourth linear . equations by, the operations 1) Ly- 21}, Lg Lg— SL, and Ly + L4~ Ly respectively. Ll, : 2x%- Ht+B%6 + 4x5 : = 21): ~ 2xy"+ 2x9 -2x, + 2xy-2X5 = - 2 1p-2QLy: x2 +Xy +2%+2xq 50 © Lg : 3x, - 2x2 + 2xg +X + X5 = BL) : - 3x1 + Bx_ - 3x3 + 3x4 - 3x5 Lg- SLy : x2 xg + 4x4- 2x5, Lg-Ly 2x2 +0+3x4+0 Thus we obtain the following ol a system ‘(with the same solutions as the system (1) : ~ 2+ X- 4+ Xs = 1 Xp + Xy + WZyt-2xs = 0 Xp — X3 + 4Xq- 2X5 =-2 Q % + 3x4 =-1 Let us represent the four linear equations of the system (2) by Ly’, Ly’, La’, and L,’respectively. Eliminate x2 from the | third and the fourth linear equations by the operations Ly Ly’ Lp’ and Ly > Lye L4 L’s- L’g:- 2x4 2x4 > 4x5 = - 2 ~ Lg, - x ty - Oxy B-1 Thus the system (2) reduces to my ty XH] Xo + Xg + 2xq- 2x5 = 0 7 2xg + 2xq4- 4x5 5-2 8 Bicesit — Xe +Xq - 2X5 ==]24 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Dividing the third equation of the system (3) by 2 we get =X3 +X4-2x5 = - 1, which ts identical with the fourth equation, So we can disregard one of them. Hence the system (3) reduces to Xt xy xy + Xe = 1 Xy + Xg + QXy + 2xs5.= 0 } (4) -XytXy - 2x =-1 Multiplying the third equation of the system (4) by - 1 we get XI YzAXy%y + X% =1 Xy + Xgt 2X4 + 2X5 } 6 . Xg-Xy + 2x5 =1 Now the system is in echelon form and there are only three equations in the five unknowns; hence the system has an infinite number of solutions and 5 - 3 = 2 free variables. Since the three equations begin with the three unknowns x, X_ and x3 repectively, the other two unknowns x, and x, are free variables which may have any real values desired. To find the general solution let us say x,=a and Xs = b where a and b are any real numbers: Putting these values in the third _ equation of the system: (5) we get x3= 1'+/a- 2b. Putting'the values of xz, x; and x, in the second-equation we get %+14+a-2b+2a+2b=0 : oF, = —(1 + 3a) Again, putting the values of x2, x3, x4 and xs in the first “equation of the system (5) we get x+14+3a41+a-2b-atb=1 HS or, x;=-1-3a+b, ( Hence the general solution is x; = - 1 - 3a + b, x =- (1 + 3a), 4g= 1+a~-2b, x = a,x3= b where a and b are any real numbers.SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 25 Example 10. Determine the values of 4 so that the following linear system in three variables x, y and z has (i) a unique soloution (ii) more than one solution (ti!) no solution: =1 3 [D. U. H. 1987] x+ hy +32 =2 * Solution : Reduce the system to echelon form by elementary operations. We multiply first equation by 2 and 1 and then substract from the second and the third equations respectively. Then we obtain the equivalent system ~ “x+y -z=1 y+Q +2)2 = 1 (A-Dy +4z. 51 We multiply second equation by (A -1) and then substract from the third equation. Then we obtain the equivalent system x +y ~zZ. =l1 yt(A + 2)z =1 } {4-(A - 1A + 2))z-= 2-2, ‘ or, y+ + 2a=1 (6-A -A?) z =9-d DEA eo ech | : x+y ‘221 } ' ( or, ys('t )e =% (3 +4) (2-2-2 This system is in echelon "form, It has a unique solution if the coefficient of z in the thrid equation is non-zero 1. e. if A#2 and 2 * - 3, Incase A =2 third équation is 0 = 0 which is true and the system has more than one solution. Tn case A = - 3, the third equation is 0 = 5 which 6 not true and hence the system has no solution,26 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Example 11. For what values of A and yt the following system of linear equations has (i) no solution (ii) more than one solution (Ii) a unique solution : x+ yt2 =6 xX +2y +3z= i} [D. U. H 1980; D. U. H (Stat) 1982 | X +2ytzep Solution: Reduce the given system to echelon form by the elementary operations. We subtract Ist equation from 2nd and 3rd equations. Then we have the equivalent system =~ x+y +2 =6 y +22 =4 6 y+Q-1)z =p We subtract 2nd equation from 3rd equation. Then we have the equivalent system x+y +27=6 yt2: “) (A-3)z = p-10 Now from the last system (%).we have the following three cases; () If X=3and p+ 10 then the ard equation of (x) is of the form o = a where a= p- 10 + 0 which implies that o is equal to a non-zero real number which fs not true. Thus we conclude that ford =3and yu + 10, the given system has no solution. (i) If4 =3 and 1 = 10, then the 3rd equation of (s) vanishes & the system will be in echelon form having two equations in three unknows. so it has 3 - 2 = 1 free variable which is z and |SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 27 hence for A = 3 and p = 10, the given system will have more’ than one solution. ‘ (ili) For a unique solution the coefficient of z in the 3rd equation must be non-zero le 4 #3. and p may have any value. Thus for A+3 and yp arbitrary the given system has a unique Solution. Example 12. For what values of A , the following linear equations have a solution and solve them completely in each case: x +2y+ 42 =r ex +4y+ 10z=A2 Solution: The given system of linear equations is x+y+z =1 x+ yt Zz =} x+2y+4z =i x + 4y +.10z = 22 Reduce the given system to echelon form by -the elementary operations. We subtract lst equation from 2nd & 3rd equations respectively. Then we have the equivalent system si . y+3z=)-1 8y +92 =A 1 We multiply 2nd equation by 3 and then subtract from the 3rd equation. Then we have the equivalent system x+y+z =1 x+y +221 y+3z=h-1 => y +38z=A-1 * 2, 2 x+yt zeal | o+0 =A2-3h4 o= 2-3h+ If A2- 3). +2 + o, the given system will be inconsistent and ifA2 - 31+ 2 = 0, the above system will be in echelon form28 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA having two equations in three unknowns. So the system has 3-2 = 1 free variable which {s z. So the system has non ~ zero solution for A?- 34+ 2=0 that fs, (A- 1) (2-2) =0 => d=1 of, 4=2 Thus the given system is consistent for A = 1 and 7. = 2. Case 1 whend=1 The system (*) will be x+y+ z=1 y+3z=0, which is in echelon form where z is a free variable. * Let z =a where a is arbitrary real number. © . 2y=-3a,x=1 +2a Hence the given system of linear equations has infinite number of solutions for 4 =1. In particular, let a = 1, then x= 3, y =-3,z= 1. isa particular solution of the given system. Case I] Wheni=2 The system (*) will be x+ y + z=1 y+3z=1 which {s in echelon form where z is a free variable.” Let z=b where bis any real number. .. y = 1 - 3b, x= 2b. Hence the system has infinite number of solutions: for 4 = 2. In particular, let b =~ 1, then x=4,y=-2,2=-lisa Particular solution of the given system. - :SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 2 EXERCISES - 1 1. Which of the following systems of linear equations are inconsistent : 3 X= 1 2x, "+ Sx } oe (® : (ii) x, + 2y=S 4x, + GY x 22] y+ Qt BWHl oot Sst 2s = 7) Un WtIQt2Q—=1b ivy ST ET 655 cat Sy, + SQ + 3d 1+ 4+ xy = | Gx, + Sx) + Llag = 20) Answers: : @ Inconsistent, (ii) Inconsistent, (iii) Inconsistent. Gx) Inconsistent 2. Which of the following systems of linear equations are consistent? Find all solutions of the consistent system, . Sxy,- at 7% =0 5x, + 3a_—- 3x3 =- 1 _ . () 3x; + 2x - 2xy =— | ay Si” et MS 2y- m+ 2s= § M- Mt = Gx, — 4 + 10xy Answers : 0) x; = 1.2% = 2.5 = 4 (ii) x; ==3a-4 ao =-2a-$.% ae where a is any real number, 3. Express the following systems of linear equations, in Seven form and solve them : Xj- +2 +xKy = 0 & + 2x + xy e-1 xX + 3x3+2x, = 2 6x, + +X a-4 8) ane my - m= 1 f M2 -3m-xy = 0 2x, + 2x + xt By = 14 ~xr I-Ie 7 Xy-Xy = 1 Answers : (i) x; = 1 =2, 3g =- T= 3, (ig =- 1,2 =-2.26=30 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA 4. Solve each of the following linear systems of equations : 2x, - 3x, = - 2 4x, - Bx, = 12 A) 24+ = i} (i) 8x-6x,= 9 3x + 2%) = 1 -2x, + 4x = -6 3x, + - =-15 She atewe as 0 x+2y-3z= 6 GHD gx xy + Bxy V1 (iv) 2x- y+4z= 2 lly + 7x =-30 4x + 3y-22=14 [D. U. S. 1980, 83] Answers : () Inconsistent (ii) 4, = 3'+ 2a, y= a, where a is any real number. (ii) 4 =- 4.9 =2, = 7. (iv) x= 2-a,y=242a,2=a where a is any real number. 5. Solve the following systems of linear equations 2x, + % + 3x, =0 s (i) 3x, — 2x + x3 = 0 — 3x2 - 2x, =0 ~ Xp + Xyt My mt a= XB (ii) Qx\— Wy + Xy— Hy - 3x, + Xo xX =] Answers : (4 =a, Xy =a, xXy=-a . where,a is any real number - 1 4 01 / (i) 4 =2a4+5% 55a gH - 8a, yaa where a is any real number. 6. Find the solution sets of the following systems of linear equations : X + QWxy+Xyr+X4 6 Xp- Xt Xy- y= -2) () Xy + BX +X +5xq = 22 2x, + 7X_t2xg +4x4= 20° + xy t 2x + 3xq + 4q = 0) 2x, + 3x_ + 4X3 =1SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 31, Answors ; Wxe i (24b-=3a), ay “3 (B= 2b), y= 0, 4b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers, / (Wy a Seay ae ype ir 7. Which of the following systems of linear equations are consistent? Find all solutions of the consistent system : = Sxy + 4xy + xy = 7’ 3X, + 2Xy - Xo + 4% = 6 Qk +m Oke =1 2x, + Xp + 5xy + 4 = 0 Bx, = 4X + X%y - 5X =O (1) X1 — 4X, + 2x5 + Bxy = 2 NP Me B+ yA MY © — 5x, + dy - 3xy-2y= 1 Answers ; 7 () 6 9, 8 O56: 485 °° 55 825 94° 685 79 Was ® 7g + 2=G7B =O By. 8. (i) Express the following system of linear ejuaiions in echelon form and solve it : x+y =- 2x-2y-z =-8|. 4x ” -z=-14 [D. U. P.1980] x-3y-z2 =-5 (ti) Reduce the following system of linear equations to an echelon form and find all solutions : ‘ X= X_ + 2Xy=5 Ox, + —-%y=2 |[D. U.P. 1981] 2x; - xy- x= 4 [[D. U. 8. 1981, 1987] X, + 3x, +2xy = 1 Answers : Wx=tta-iy=*zS ae where a is any real number, (i) 44 = 2, == Loge. 9. (i) Reduce the system of linear equations 5x, + 2xy_- 7xy = 1 7x ~ 273020} [D. U.S. 1982). 2x, + 5x xy = 5 - ‘into echelon form and. hence solve it.32 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA {ii) Use echelon method to solve the following system of linear equations : Xt +320 2x, - 2x2 -%5+8=0 4x, -%3+14=0 x = 3x2- X% +5 =0. 228 2698 29 Answers : (1) x1 = 9679: *2 “2679' = 141" i D. U. 8. 1984} Gi) x 225) p= 93 xy =a where a is any real number. 10. (i) Solve the following linear equations : X ++ 2x%ye +m = 3x, + 292 ~- x3 + 3x, = 6 4X, + 3x + y+ 4%, =11 2x, + - 3x, +2x,= 1 (i) Find all rational solutions of the following system of inear equations : X+%y -%y - Ky = _ 3x, + 4m - X3- Ixy xX + 2y+x%y = Answers : (i) x= 5a-b-4, .2=-7a+9,x%=a,%=b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. (if) x) = 3a + 2b-7, 22 =- 2a-b+6, xy =a, xy =b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. 11. Determine whether each system has a non-zero -olution. If exists, find the non-zero solutions. X + %y+xy=0) | 3x, +2x%+ x, =0 (i) ninie=o} (MM) 7x, - x + 21x =o} X+%%—%ys0 X+12x)- 37x%5.=,0,) Answers : (i) x, = 0, x = 0, %3 = 0. - 43 “ : £ (i) x Fry a% -2 X= a where a is any real number.SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 33 12. Find the non-zero solutions of the following systems of linear hompgencous equations : “+ 3X) 42% = 0 my aim re 28 ty. tame 4 oe0 3x, “5x + 4x = 0 art Pare a ~ 24% =0 [ D. U. P. 1986 | 2x, + Xz + Ny - 5x, = 0 2x, - %y- Xt =0 (iil) XQ + XQ— 4x4 = OF (iv). x1 + 2X - 3x34 3x, = 0 XM — XQ- Xy + 2x, = 0 HX) — Xy + 2X%y- 2x, =O Answers : (i) x, e-Yam=-3.2a where a is‘any real number. (ii) 24, 1 X= Ay X= where a isan arbitrary real number. (iii) 4, = b, 2% =-a+ 3b, @ =a, y=b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. (iv) x, =a—b, »=a-b, =a, 4=b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. In particular, let a = 2, b = 1 then 4 = 1,@=1,%3=2,%4=1 is a particular‘solution of the system. 13. Find the ‘non-trivial’ solutions of the following © systems of linear homogeneous equations : 2x, + 3x - ead X- y+ X%y- Gy =0 (i) Xi Xt X= OF (iit) 2x + ae xy + 2x, Xist Ixy - 5x3 = 0 2x +3x3+ xX =0 — 2x + 3x3 + X% =0 PHF X_- 3xX3- X =0 (sit) 2x;- xXy+ Xy- X% =O 2x, +'2x% ~ 5xg - 3x, = 0 2a 3a | Answers ;: (i) x, = -B es 5 ea where a {is any real number, 1 (ii) x; =-ga, MFA, MHAQA Ms where a is any real number. 4a Ba (ili) xy = Be ge wea yaa where a fs any real number, Linear Algebra-3aE LINEAR ALGEBRA 34 14, Solve the following homogeneous systems of linea, equations : Xp = Wry + Qxy = oh (it) Qype A= Qa Bx; + 4Xy = Bxy = 0 3x, + 4x2 +Xy + 2X4 + 3x5 =O rm Bx, + 7xy + Ny + 3K, + 4x5 =O 4x, + 5x + 2X + xX, + 5x5 = 0 7x, + 10Xy + X%y + 6x + xs =O Ny + Qxy + Wxy - 2% + 3x_ =O (iii) Xp + QQ + 3x +t =O;/[D. U. H. 1986] Bx, + BX + 8Xz+X%y + 5xs =O Xy +.2x_-2xg + 2+ xX =O X +2xX_— X%y + 3X,- 2x5 =O /[D. U. H. 1988] 2x, +.4x_ -7X3 + Xt Xx =O 2a fa: Answers : (i) x = Ber Be X%=a- (iv) where a is any real number. (i) x) =~ 3a - 5b, x = 2a + 3b, %y Fa, y= 0, =D _ where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. (iii) x, =- 2a + 5b - 7c, % =a, 4 =- 2b + 2c, Y=b, w=C where a,b and care arbitrary real numbers. (iv) 4 =- 2a- 4b, 2X) =a, 3 =-b, 44 =b, % =0 where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. 15. (i) Find a general solution and a particular solution of the following system of homogeneous linear equations : X- 3x) +x =0 2x, +X +3Bxg- X%y=0 3x, - 17x - 6x3 + 7X4 = 0 . " Answers : General solution : x, = 0, %2 = z % 2 yaa where a is any real number. Particular solution’: x, = 0, x2 = 3, x3 = 2, %4 = 9,SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 35 (i) Solve the following homogencous system of near equations : : Ny - 3N + 4x xy 2 O Bx, + xy + Any t day = O 2x) - 4x + Oxy + x 2 O 2x, + 2xy +2x, =0 4x, - 4x2 + Bx; =0 Answer : x) =~ a, x) = x3 =a, %4=0 where a is an arbitrary real number. (iil) Solve the following system of linear equations : Xt M+ Qxgt+ KES 2x, + 3x24 xy- x= 16 X1 +2 -4x+ x= 2 Xt y+ 3xy- 2x, = 12 Answer : x; = 2,» =3,%3=1,.4=-2. 16. (i) Reduce the following system of linear equations to an echelon form and solve it : x+2y-3z= 4 x+3y+ z=11 2x + 5y - 4z = 13 | ID. U. S. 1980} 2x + Gy + 2z = 22 - (ii) Solve the following system of linear equations : x+2y-Sz= 61 Ip u.s. 1980] os xy Mi oe i (Improvement ) using echelon form or otherwise. (ili) Solve the following lnear equations-by using echelon form : x+2y+22 5 2 38x-2y- 25 5 2x- Sy +32 =-4 x+4y+6z = 0 { D. U. S. 1983 ]M6 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA Answers : Wxehysdeel (ii) v © Q=a,y =a +2, 2= 0 where a fs any real number. (iy sQyehee-l 17. Find the general solution and also a particular solution of the following system of linear equations : Gi -3y- - xezg | D- U.S. 1989] 2x, > Xy + 2xg -12x, =10 1 A Megat b+2 Answers : General solution : maa Xg=5b+3 X= db where a and b are any two real numbers. Particular solution : x1 = 2, x = 2,243 =-2, 4 =-1. 18. Solve the following system of linear equations : Xp tX +I +3x= 5 2x, + 4-4 + 5+ 4 1 X + 3x + 5x4 2x5 =-3 . 3X, + 7X) -3xy + 9X, + 2x5 =-14 ‘ 2x, + 8x2. - 4xy + 2K + 7x5 =-10 Answer: x, = 2, =- 3,435 1,4 =0,.5=2. f 19, Solve the following system of linear. equations : notsy x+ 2y +32 \ 2x-y-2z 3x4 3y +z 4x + 3y +42 \7 4x4 2y4+4z-== 10 Answer: x=2,y=-3,z=1.SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 37 . 20, Solve the following systems of linear equations : 2x + By - 22 (ll) x= 2y + Ax-y+4% [D.U.P. 1991] + Bxy = <2 xy= 4 Answers : (i) Inconsistent (il) Inconsistent (i!) Inconsistent. 21. Find all solutions of the following system of linear equations : K+ X_- W2xgy+ x4 + 3x5 = 1 2x; - xq + 2xg + 2x, +6xs=2$. [D. U. H. 1989] 3x, + 2x — 4x3 - 3x4 - 9x5 = 3 Answer : x = 1, %2 = 2a, x =a, 4 =- 3b, x =b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. 22. Solve the following linear equations : ; X, + 2x2 - 3xy + 4x4 = 1 2x, + 5x - 5xg+ 6x, =3 x1 + 4x - =3 . | D. U. BH. 1987 ] 2x, + 3x2 - 7x3 +10X4= 1 Answer : x, =- 1 + 5a- 8b,» = 1-at2b, xy =4, 4 =b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. 23. Find all solutions ofthe following homogeneous systems of linear equations; , x+2y- 38250] Woe ‘4 (1) 2x + 5y +2250 [ D. U. H. 1986 ] 3x- y-4z=0 X1 + 4x, + 5Xy + 3X, = 0 2x, + Bx + 5X44 Xy =O (i) Bx, + 2x, + Bxy- X%y =O [D. U. P. 1985 ] Ax, + Xy + 5x37 3x = 0 elson COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA xX- x +33 * (ili) 3x, - 7) [ D. U. P. 1988] 2x, + 2x: Gx, - 2xy - 4X3 - Bxy= O 2x, + Wy - XG +X = 0 =X - Xp + QWNy - BN, + Xj =O (w) Ny +X - 2x3 - X= 0 Xgt Xy+%y=0 Answers : (i) x = y = z = 0, No non-zero solution. (i) x, = b-a, y=-(a+b),% =aandxy= b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. (ii) x) = 2a, xy =-a,y =a. =2a where a is arbitrary real number. (iv) 4 =-a-b,%£a,.g=-b,4=0,%=b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. 24; Reduce the following system of linear equations to j 4 echelon form and solve it: Xt Mt Xq + 2x4 + BX =13 = 2x. - 2x + X_- 8xy- 4x55 5 3x, +2 +X4 +,5x5 =10 Xy + Xy+.2xz,- xy + 9x5 = 18 Answer : x, = 5'- a, x) =a, x= 1'1,.4 20,4541. where a is any real number. a Solve the following system of linear equations : X1 + 2x + Bxy + 4, = 5 . 2x, + Myt4xy+ X% =2 3x, + 4%2+ %3 + 5x, =6 : 2x; + xy 5xy + 2x4 = 3 15 fll 10 ‘ 83 PPT ET OF TMSYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 39 26. Find a general solution and also a paruicular solution of the following system of linear equations : 2x, + 3X; iy + BXy- WN xy + Qxy + Nyt Ny NX 2x, + Ny - Gxy + 7X + = Sx, t+ TLxy +7Xy +12x,-10x, = 4 = ~ 64-21a - 24b, x% = 39 + 11a + 15b, dy =- 15-4a-5b, 4 =b. where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. In particular x, = — 85, x = 50,44 =- 19, xp= 1, x5 =0 27. Reduce the following system of linear equations Into echelon form and solve it : Xt 2x + 3xy + 4y + Sry 1 2x, + 3x+ 4x3+ SYy+ 6x5 =-1 3x, + 5x% + 6xy+ 7H + 4%, = 2 4x) + 7x + 10x3 +134 + 16x, = 1 5x, + 8x + 9X3+ 10%Hy+ 3xZ= 3 | Answer: x; =- 7- 4b, %2=7+,a+ LOb, x3=-2-2a~-7b, % =a, x = b where a and b are arbitrary real numbers. 28. Reduce the following system of-linear sfuauons into echelon form and solve it : 4x, + 2x) + Bx, + 7X4 + Xs 2 Xt Xt Xt? xy +5Xg = 1 2x, + 3xq + 4x3 + 5xy + 6X5 = 1 Bx, + 9x + 7xy + X, + BXZ=9 Bxy + .X% + Xo + 6x + X5 =O. Answers Answer: X; =1,% =.0,.43-4 Wy 5-145 20. 29. Determine the values; of )such that the following system in unknowns x, y and z has {i) a unique solution,’ (ii) no solution, (Ill) more than one solution : hea yt z= 7 xt+hy+ 2217 IR, U. H 1985 ] Xt ytazes lh Answers : (i) 4 #1 and).A4-.2, (uy) Asm Q(t) Asides /40 COLLEGE LINEAR ALGEBRA 30. Determine the values of ) such that the following system in unknowns x.y and z has (i) a unique solution, (1) ne solution (il) more than one solution : x ~B29e-3 Qxtdy- 22-2 x4+2y¢dz= 1 Answers: (i) 442 and A#-5, (ll) 4=~-5, (iil) A= 2. 31. Determine the values of such that the following system of linear equations in unknowns x, y and z has (i) 4 unique solution (ti) no solution (if!) more than one solution xt ytdzel xtdy+ Axty+ z=? Answers : (i) 44-2, A#1 (li) A=-2 (ili) A= 1. 32. Find out the conditions on a, B and y so that the following systems of rion-homogeneous linear equations has x+ 2y- 32= a@ (i) 3x- y+ 2z= By (ti) 2x+6y-llz= B 2x - 10y + 162 = 2y 2x-4y+l4z=2y Answer ; (I) 2a= B-y (i) Sa = 2B+ y. 33. Find out the conditions on a, b and c so. that the following system of non-homogeneous linear equations ts consistent and also solve the system for a = 1, b= l ande =-2: ~Ax+¥r 22a x-2y+ zab xt y-Qz5sc a solution : | x+2y- 322 | Answer : Condition for consistent Is a + b + ¢ = 0 and the general solution ts x= a- 1, y =~ 1zaa@ where @ {s arbitrary real number. A particular solution is * = 1,y = 12's 2, \ |: