Chapter3

HVAC System
 Chapter 3 [HVAC SYSTEM]

Index:
1) Introduction of HVAC system.
2) Major terms.
3) Over View of the HVAC system.
4) Introduction to chiller.
5) Introduction to Air Handling Unit and its Components.
6) Introduction to fan cooling Unit and its Components.
7) Sensors.
8) Calculation.
9) Design specification.

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3.1. Introduction
It is the abbreviation for Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning systems, used in
building design and construction.

The three HVAC functions, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning are closely
interrelated. All the required is to provide thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air
quality, reasonable installation, operation and maintenance costs. How air is delivered
to and removed from spaces is known as distribution. In modern buildings; the design,
installation and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more
HVAC systems.

For very small buildings; contractors normally size and select HVAC systems and
equipment. For larger buildings; designers and engineers, such as mechanical,
architectural, or building services engineers analyze, design and specify the HVAC
systems and specialty mechanical contractors build and commission them.

3.2. Major Terms

Ø Air handler, or air handling unit (AHU): It can mean a whole unit including the
blower, heating and cooling elements, filter racks or chamber, dampers,
humidifier, and other central equipment in direct contact with the airflow. This
does not include the ductwork through the building.

Ø Fan Coil Unit (FCU): A small terminal unit that is often composed of only a
blower and either a heating or a cooling coil. Often used in hotels, condos, or
apartments.

Ø Refrigeration Ton: It is the amount of cooling needed to waste an amount of

heat equal to almost 3.5 KW.

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3.3. Over View of the HVAC system

3.4. What is a Chiller?

The chiller is a cooling system that removes heat from one element (water) and
transfers it into another (ambient air or water). A chiller is a compressor based cooling
system that is similar to an air conditioner except it cools and controls the
temperature of a liquid instead of air.

Components of chiller:

Ø Condenser:
1) Air-cooled when cooling capacity is less than 100TR.
2) Water-cooled when cooling capacity is more than 100 TR.
Ø Induction motors are requires to be used for:
1) Refrigera on cycle compressor.
2) Chilled water circula ng pump.
3) Cooling tower fans and pump (for cooling water).
4) Cooling fans (for cooling air).

Optimize control of the system and its components:

Ø As Chiller choice and specification depend on the amount of TR needed,

significant energy savings can be achieved by modifying the operating
characteristics of chiller plant components during part load conditions.
Ø Microprocessor-based building automation systems can be programmed to
adjust operating parameters in near-real time to maximize overall chiller plant
efficiency.
Ø The most common chillers are of the following cooling capaci es: 20, 40,
50,100,200 and 300 TR.

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3.5. Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Ø AHU is responsible for indoor air circulation in the system, as well as mixing
with outdoor fresh air.
Ø AHU fan motor rating depends on the required rate of air circulation.
Ø The rate of air circulation depends –in turn –on the required amount of cooling.
Ø The most common AHUs are of the following circulation rates: 500, 1000, 2000,
5000 and 10000L/s.
Ø The air handling unit is an integrated piece of equipment consisting of fans,
heating and cooling coils, air-control dampers, filters and silencers.
Ø The purpose of this equipment is
· to collect and mix outdoor air with that returning from the building space
· The air mixture is then cooled or heated (as required) after which it is
discharged into the building space through a duct system.
The components of AHU:
Ø Dampers:
1) Inlet dampers:
Used to control the ratio of fresh/return air.
2) Outlet dampers:
Used to control exit air.
Ø Air filters:
1) Used to keep the motor clean and to keep dust and dirt off the heating and
cooling coils and the other AHU components.
2) To know whether the Air Filters are Clean or not we measure the Air
pressure Before and After them so if it Differs→ Air Filters are Filled with
Dust.
Ø Fans:
Used to create a pressure difference and causes airflow to make the air flows
through Cooling / Heating coil.
Ø Cooling coil:
AHU cooling coil can use chilled water or refrigerant as direct expansion system.
Ø Heating coil:
This coil heats the leaving the AHU.

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3.6. Fan Cooling Unit (FCU)

Ø FCU is used to cool and circulate indoor air in small areas without mixing
without door fresh air.
Ø FCU is the elementary small scale version of AHU.
Ø The rate of circulation depends on the number of people present at the
moment.

3.7. Sensors

1) Temperature sensors:
In ducts, just before the diffuser and another one inside the room.
2) Pressure sensors:
Before and after the air filters to indicate clearance of them.
3) Smoke Detector:
To detect the smoke.

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3.8. Calculations

3.8.1 Rules used for calculation:

· RULE (1):
1 TR is enough to cool 10-16 square meter of indoor area, under maximum
diversified load conditions.
· RULE (2):
To generate 1TR, the chiller draws almost from 1.5-2KW from electrical supply.
· RULE (3):
To achieve 1TR, 195Liter/sec of condi oned air should be circulated using AHUs
and FCUs.
· RULE (4):
To circulate 1Liter/sec of condi oned air, AHU fan motor draws almost 3W from
electric supply.
· RULE (5):
Fresh air is supplied at the rate of 7L/s per person.
· RULE (6):
To circulate 1Liter/sec of condi oned air, FCU motor draws almost 0.8W from
electric supply.
· RULE (7):
Amount of air circulating by FCU=Total amount of circulating air-Amount of air
circulating by AHU.

3.8.2. Example for a room:

Area of conference room 1 = 63 square meter
TR = 63/16=3.937 TR
Power of chiller in KW = 3.937*2=7.874KW
Total L/S=3.973*195=767.8125L/S
If number of persons=20
Then amount of fresh air = 20*7=140 L/S
Circula on rate of AHU=0.2*767.8125=153.5625
Then AHU gives 20%
Power of AHU=153.5625*3=460.69W
Amount of air circula ng by FCU=767.8125-153.5625=614.25
Power of FCU=614.25*0.8=491.4W

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Calculation tables
Ø Ground floor:

Ground Amount Total No. of Fresh Amounting Amount Rating power

of air
of T.R Lit persons air circulating of air of FCU of FCU
circulating in
(lit/sec) amount by AHU by liter/sec watt
FCU
Transformer
room 3.5 682.5 4 28 136.5 546 600 480
Consumer
HV room 1.75 341.3 4 28 68.26 273 300 240
EDD intake
room 2.613 509.5 10 70 101.9 407.6 450 360
Pump room 1.846675 360.1 5 35 72.02 288.1 300 240
Corridor
(facing t.r) 2.057 401.1 15 105 105 296.1 300 240
Male toilet 1.57809 307.7 10 70 70 237.7 300 240
Female toilet 1.4555 283.8 10 70 70 213.8 300 240
Kitchen 1.84037 358.9 15 105 105 253.9 300 240
Front office 1.4022 273.4 10 70 70 203.4 250 200
Safe room 0.34125 66.5 5 35 66.5 0 0 0
Luggage
room 0.7386 144 6 42 42 102 150 120
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54.0078 100 80
Pantry 0.28125 54.8 3 21 54.8 0 0 0
Restaurant 15.7055 3062.6 60 420 612.5 2450 2500 2000
Waiting
room 0.72731 141.8 4 28 28 113.8 150 120
Ramp up 1.1064 215.7 2 14 43.14 172.6 200 160
Bar 4.5326 883.9 30 210 210 674 700 560
Entry hall 11.764 2294 25 175 459 1835 2000 1600
space
(facing fire
lift) 0.41 81 3 21 21 60 100 80
Stairs 0.9625 187.7 10 70 70 0 0 0
Total 55.2528 10774 241 1687 2475.62 8181.0078 9000 7200

ground Liter/sec Amount of air circulating by fresh air fans power of fans in watt
Entrance (cars) 1534.6 306.92 920.76
Car ramp 821.4 164.28 492.84

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Ø Mezzanine:

Mezzanine Total TR Total Number Fresh Amount ofAmount Rating power

liters/sec of air air of air of FCU of FCU
circulating in
persons amount circulating by liter/sec watt
by AHU FCU
Waste room 1.323 258 10 70 70 188 200 160
Canteen 2.32965 454 25 175 175 279 300 240
Male toilet 1.20192 234 10 70 70 164 200 160
Locker 0.978125 191 8 56 56 135 150 120
Locker 0.978125 191 8 56 56 135 150 120
Female toilet 1.241045 242 10 70 70 172 200 160
Corridor 3.4772 678 10 70 135.6 542 600 480
Kitchen 7.380875 1439 35 245 290 1150 1200 960
Space facing
fire lift 0.481875 94 4 28 28 66 100 80
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54.0078 100 80
Stairs 0.962475 188 10 70 70 0 0 0
Total 20.9347 4082 140 980 1090.6 2885.0078 3200 2560

Total Amount of air circulating by fresh air

Mezzanine liters/sec fans power of fans in watt
Drive way + ramp 9353.695 1870.739 5612.217

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Ø Car park:

Car park Total TR Total Number Fresh Amount of Amount of Rating power
of air Air air of FCU of FCU
liters/sec persons amount Circulating Circulating liter/sec in watt
by AHU by FCU
Switch
room 2.2106 431.067 10 70 86.2134 344.8536 400 320
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54.0078 100 80
Space
facing fire
lift 0.54 105.3 6 42 42 63.3 100 80
Total 3.331 649.545 25 175 129.909 458.3316 600 480

Total
Car park liters/sec Amount of air circulating by fresh air fans power of fans in watt

Drive way + ramp

+ stairs 11729.897 2345.979 7037.937

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Ø Service:

Service Total TR Total Number Fresh Amount of Amount of Rating power

liters/sec of air air air of FCU of FCU
in
persons amount circulating circulating liter/sec watt
by AHU by FCU
Mechanical
area 14.47585 2822.8 20 140 564.56 2258.2 2500 2000
General 0.75625 147.5 8 56 56 91.5 100 80
Male prayer 1.1999 234 20 140 140 94 100 80
Training 2.4674 481.1 15 105 105 376.1 400 320
Female prayer 0.639375 124.7 10 70 70 54.7 100 80
Maintenance 2.4236 472.6 8 56 94.52 378.08 400 320
Staff uniform
room 1.207 235.4 10 70 70 165.4 200 160
Clean linen 2.482 484 6 42 96.8 387.2 400 320
Dirty linen 2.482 484 6 42 96.8 387.2 400 320
PABX 0.1747625 34.1 1 7 34.1 0 0 0
Corridor 2.278125 444.2 12 84 84 360.2 400 320
Vending
machine 0.3483975 67.9 2 14 14 53.9 100 80
Space facing
fire lift 0.481875 94 4 28 28 66 100 80
Stairs 0.612138 119.4 10 70 70 49.4 0 0
Stairs 0.53698 104.7 9 63 63 41.7 0 0
Stairs 0.49459 96.4 8 56 56 40.4 0 0
Lift lobby 0.63825 124.5 10 70 70 54.5 100 80
Total 33.6766 6566.937 159 1113 1712.78 4858.48 5300 4240

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Ø Recreational floors:

Recreational Total
(1) Total TR liters/sec Number Fresh Amount of Amount of Rating power
Of air air air of FCU of FCU
in
persons amount circulating circulating liter/sec watt
by AHU by FCU
Conference
room 1 3.937 767.8125 20 140 153.5625 614.25 700 560
Conference
room 2 3.937 767.8125 20 140 153.5625 614.25 700 560
Administration 6.5625 1279.6875 30 210 280 1000 1000 800
Gymnasium 5.25 1023.75 35 245 245 778.75 800 640
Bath of gym 1.5 292.5 10 70 70 222.5 300 240
Rest area 5.395 1052.025 30 210 210 842 1000 800
Male bath 0.676228 131.86446 10 70 70 61.864 100 80
Female bath 0.70874 138.2043 10 70 70 68.204 100 80
Corridor 2 0.25875 50.25625 7 49 50 0 0 0
Corridor 1 0.9275 180.8625 4 28 36.1725 144.69 150 120
Corridor 3 1.105 215.475 9 63 63 152.47 200 160
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54.0078 100 80
Vending
machine 0.538875 105.0806 4 28 28 77.081 100 80
Space facing
fire lift 0.481875 94 4 28 28 66 100 80
Stairs 0.53698 104.71 8 56 56 0 0 0
Stairs 0.4945 96.4275 8 56 56 0 0 0
Stairs 0.612138 119.3669 8 56 56 0 0 0
Small stairs 0.42043 81.98 6 42 42 0 0 0
Total 33.9681 6625.82281 233 1631 1737.2975 4696.0668 5350 4280

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Recreational
(2) Amount of Total lit No. of Fresh Amounting Amount of Rating power
T.R (lit/sec) persons air of air air of FCU of FCU
amount circulating circulating liter/sec in watt
by AHU by FCU
Meeting room
(1) 2.4236 472.602 10 70 94.5204 378.0816 400 320
Meeting room
(2) 2.4674 481.143 10 70 96.2286 384.9144 400 320
Meeting room
(3) 2.4674 481.143 10 70 96.2286 384.9144 400 320
Meeting room
(4) 3.698 721.11 14 98 144.222 576.888 600 480
Meeting room
(5) 3.698 721.11 14 98 144.222 576.888 600 480
Storage 1.642625 320.3119 9 63 64.0624 256.2495 300 240
Pantry 1.196375 233.2931 12 84 84 149.2931 200 160
It terminal (up) 0.5866375 114.3943 6 42 42 72.3943 100 80
It terminal 0.5937375 115.7788 6 42 42 73.7788 100 80
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54.0078 100 80
male bath 0.676228 131.8645 10 70 70 61.8645 100 80
Female bath 0.70874 138.2043 10 70 70 68.2043 100 80
Coffee brake
(closed) 1.1999 233.9805 14 98 98 135.9805 200 160
Coffee
brake(stairs
face) 0.93925 183.1538 10 70 70 113.1538 150 120
Coffee
brake(stairs
side) 2.18696 426.4572 20 140 140 286.45 300 240
Corridor (1) 0.9275 180.8625 10 70 70 110.86 150 120
Corridor (2) 0.84 163.8 13 91 91 72.8 100 80
Corridor (3) 1.9687 383.8965 12 84 84 299.89 300 240
pantry 0.488125 95.1844 5 35 35 60.1844 100 80
Vending
machine 0.538875 105.0806 4 28 28 77.0806 100 80
Space facing
fire lift 0.481875 94 4 28 28 66 100 80
stairs 0.53698 104.7111 8 56 56 0 0 0
stairs 0.49459 96.445 8 56 56 0 0 0
stairs 0.612138 119.3669 8 56 56 0 0 0
Small stairs 0.42043 81.9839 6 42 42 0 0 0
Total 32.4197 6323.8851 243 1701 1871.484 4259.878 4900 3920

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Ø Bed rooms floors:

Total
8th to 14th Total TR liter/sec Number fresh Amount of Amount of Rating of Power
of air air air FCU of FCU
power amount circulating circulating liter/sec in watt
by AHU by FCU
7 double
room 7*1.2 7*234 7*2 7*14 7*47 7*187 7*200 1120
16 single
room 16*1.2 16*234 16*2 16*14 16*47 16*187 16*200 2560
small hall 0.632 123.27 2 14 24.5 98.6 100 80
linen room 1.2 234 2 14 47 187 200 160
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54 100 80
vertical
corridor 2.463 480.32 10 70 96 384.32 400 320
horizontal
corridor 2.25 438.75 10 70 87.75 351 400 320
Space
facing fire
lift 0.481875 94 4 28 28 66 100 80
Stairs 0.53698 104.7111 8 56 56 0 0 0
Stairs 0.49459 96.445 8 56 56 0 0 0
Stairs 0.612138 119.3669 8 56 56 0 0 0
Total 35.9844 7196 108 756 1602.25 5441.92 5900 4720

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Ø Apartment floors:

15th to Total
21th Total TR liter/sec Number fresh Amount of Amount of Rating of power
of air air air FCU of FCU
power amount circulating circulating liter/sec in watt
by AHU by FCU
9 double
room 9*1.2 9*234 9*2 9*14 9*47 9*187 9*200 1440
8 single
room 8*1.2 8*234 8*2 8*14 8*47 8*187 8*200 1280
Hall 6*1.2 6*234 6*4 6*28 6*47 6*187 6*200 960
small hall 0.632 123.27 2 14 24.5 98.6 100 80
linen room 1.2 234 2 14 47 187 200 160
Lift loopy 0.6359375 124.0078 10 70 70 54 100 80
vertical
corridor 2.463 480.32 10 70 96 384.32 400 320
horizontal
corridor 2.25 438.75 10 70 87.75 351 400 320
Space
facing fire
lift 0.481875 94 4 28 28 66 100 80
Stairs 0.53698 104.7111 8 56 56 0 0 0
Stairs 0.49459 96.445 8 56 56 0 0 0
Stairs 0.612138 119.3669 8 56 56 0 0 0
Total 35.9844 7196 120 840 1602.25 5441.92 5900 4720

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3.9. Design specification

3.9.1. Chillers loads:

Ø Chillers ra ng is 100 TR, 200 TR, 300 TR.

Ø To generate 1 TR, the chiller draws 2 KW.

Total TR used:

Floor total TR

Ground 55.2528

Mezzanine 20.9347

Car park floors(4) 13.324

Service 33.6766

recrea onal 1 33.9681

recrea onal 2 32.4197

Bed rooms floors(7) 251.891

apartment floors (7) 251.891

Total 693.3579

The electrical load:

Chiller used Floor to supply Electric

load

200 TR Chiller Ground , Mezzanine , Car park floors , Service ,Recreational 400 KW
1 , Recrea onal 2

300 TR Chiller Bed rooms floors 600 KW

300 TR Chiller Apartment floors 600 KW

Total Electric load 1600 KW

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3.9.2. AHU Loads

Ø AHU ra ng are 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000 liter/sec.

Ø To circulate 1 liter/sec of conditioned air, AHU draws 3 wa .

Total liter used:

air
Floor circulating

by AHU

Ground 2475.6

Mezzanine 1090.6

Car park floors(4) 519.64

Service 1712.8

recrea onal 1 1737.298

recrea onal 2 1871.5

bed rooms floors(7) 11215.75

apartment floors (7) 11215.75

Total 31838.94

The Electrical load

AHU used Floor to supply Electric load

5000 liter/sec AHU Ground , mezzanine , Car park floors 15 KW

10000 liter/sec AHU Service , Recrea onal 1, Recrea onal 2, 30 KW

2 bed rooms floor

10000 liter/sec AHU 5 bed room floor , 1 Apartment floor 30 KW

10000 liter/sec AHU 6 Apartment floor 30 KW

Total Electric load 105 KW

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3.9.3. FCU Loads:

Floor Power consumed by FCU

Ground 7.2 KW

Mezzanine 2.56 KW

Car park floors (4) 1.92 KW

Service 4.24 KW

Recrea onal 1 4.28 KW

Recrea onal 2 3.92 KW

Bed rooms floors (7) 33.04 KW

Apartment floors (7) 33.04 KW

Total 90.2 KW

3.9.4. Fans load:

Floor Power consumed by fans

Ground 3.426 KW

Mezzanine 13.624 KW

Car park floor 17.825 KW

Total 34.875 KW

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3.9.5. Design of ducts:

By using design tools DuctSizer program

Ø Inserting the flow rate and the head loss.

Ø By insert one dimension the program will calculate the other dimension.

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