DESIGN ASPECTS OF MINOR

BRIDGES AND CULVETS

Dr. Rajendra Kumar Srivastava

Retd. Engineer-in-Chief, U.P.P.W.D.
Retd. Managing Director, U.P. State Bridge Corp.
Retd. Member (Technical) U.P. State Highway Authority
Facility-Sri Ram Swaroop Memorial University, LKO
Ex. Facility of Architecture and IET Lucknow-U.P. Technical University
Ex. Director- Dr. M.C. Saxena University Group of Institutions
Ex. National Quality Monitor, National Rural Development Agency,
Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India
Veteran Designer of different types of Civil Engineering Structure
Structure constructed to cross water body like
rivers, drains, canals and infrastructures like
road and rail

• Type of bridges on basis of length

CULVERTS- UPTO 6.0 M LENGTH
• Hume pipe culverts proposed for balancing water one side of
road to other.
• Small drains having nominal discharge.
• Hume pipe 0.30 m dia to 1.8 m dia available in the market
with length of 2.5 m easily.
• Segments of Hume pipe length 2.5 m are joined with the
color with minimum cushion of 0.6 m.
SLAB CULVERT REST ON OPEN FOUNDATION
• Suitable and economical for small drains with minimum span
4.0 m and clear maximum height 4.0 m.
• Abutment and wing walls are constructed by locally available
material like brick/stone masonry, C.C. or R.C.C.
• Standard drawings are available in IRC:SP:13-2004 for 16.5
t/m2 bearing capacity and maximum span 6.0 m and clear height
4.0 m.
• Minimum depth of foundation is keep 2.0 m from floor and
floor 0.3 m below the bed level.
• For slab standards are also available but due to introduction of
IRC:112-2011 and withdrawal Of IRC:21 and IRC:18 code for
C.C./R.C.C. bridges and PSC girder bridge has been withdrawn.
The standards slab are designed on the basis of the above codes
need revision.
SLAB CULVERT RAFT SLAB
• Like slab culvert the deck slab is also rest on abutment of
masonry/cement concrete.
• Abutment rest on raft at floor level. Saving in brick work below floor.
Economical upto 35% in respect to to slab culvert on open foundation.
• Safe on lower bearing capacity.
• The floor is protected by cut-off walls.
• New chapter has introduced inIRC:SP-13-2004.

BOX CULVERT
• Deck slab, abutment and raft foundation are provided monolithic.
• Eccentricity effect on foundation is minimized.
• Suitable in more height and poor bearing capacity condition.
• The floor is protected by cut-off walls like slab culvert on raft slab.
• Economical up 55% with respect to slab culvert on open foundation.
• MOST made mandatory to this type culvert.
• Rigidity is more.
MINOR BRIDGES OF SINGLE SPAN
• Length more than 6.0 m and upto 60 m.
• Single span bridge-slab 7.0 to 10.0 m rest on abutments or box
of single barrel is suitable.
• IRC:112-2011, IRC:SP:13-2004, IRC:5-2015, IRC:6-2014,
IRC:78-2014 are the main code use in design.
• Standard from slab, beams are available but need revision as
they are designed on old codes.
• Design conditions and provisions are same as in culvert.

MINOR BRIDGES OF MULTI SPAN

• Rest on pier and abutments super structure as slab & T-beam.
• Upto 40.0 m length and 6.0 m length slab on open foundation
on raft slab and box is economical.
• Box type multi span bridges are economical even up to 8.0 t/m2,
economical.
• Box type multiple span bridges are economical height more
than 6.0 m.
MINOR BRIDGES ON WELL FOUNDATION
• The length of bridge more than 40 m may be constructed on
well foundation with abutment as piers and T-beam super
structure.
• Well foundation required modernize and heavy equipments in
sinking.
MAJOR BRIDGES
• More than 60.0 m length.
• Mostly constructed on well foundation. Pile foundation is also
be adopted but proved uneconomical.
• Super structure mainly constructed by pre stress girders.
• Road way is usually kept 7.5 m.
LFky p;u (Side Selection)
• fdlh Hkh LFky ij y?kq lsrq ;k iqfy;k ds fuekZ.k ds iwoZ dh
tkus okyh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa LFky p;u okafNr vfHkys[k ,oa
fofHkUu izdkj ds vkadM+s ,df=r djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
blds fy, IRC:5−1998 ds izLrj&102 ,oa
IRC:SP:13−2004 ds v/;k;&3 esa izko/kku fd;s x;s gSaA
loZizFke ftl LFkku ij fuekZ.k izLrkfor gks mlds vklikl ds
bykds esa ds Vksiks Iyku tks 1:250000 o 1:50000 ds
iSekus ij miyC/k gksrs gSa] dk Hkayh izdkj v/;;u fd;k tkuk
pkfg, rFkk 2 ;k 3 oSdfYid LFkyksa dks uD'ks ij vafdr dj
ysus ds ckn LFky dk fujh{k.k djuk pkfg,A
• LFky p;u ds le; fuEufyf[kr ckrsa /;ku nsus ;ksX; gksrh gS%&
• lsrq@iqfy;k ;Fkk lEHko ukys ds lh/ks Hkkx esa gks rFkk mlesa ikuh fcuk
fdlh Hkaoj vkSj yEco~r /kkjk (Cross Current) ds cgrk gksA
• ukys ds fdukjs ;Fkk lEHko ladjs] l[r o Åaps gksus pkfg, rkfd ck<+
ds le; ty Lrj fdukjksa ls Åij u c<+ tk;sA
• ;Fkk lEHko ukys dh rygVh l[r gks rkfd lqxerk ls ikuh ds cgko
}kjk dkVh u tk ldsA
• nksuksa vksj ds igaqp ekxksZa dks ferO;;h j[kus gsrq mudh ÅapkbZ de rFkk
de ls de lqj{kkRed dk;Z gksuk pkfg,A ;Fkk lEHko igaqp ekxZ lh/kh
jhp o lM+d ds lajs[ku esa gh gksus pkfg,A vifjgk;Z fLFkfr;ksa dks
NksM+dj igaqap ekxksZa ij doZ ugha gksus pkfg,A ;g Hkh iz;kl gksuk pkfg,
fd lsrq dk fuekZ.k vR;kf/kd ikuh ds vUnj u gksA
ifjdYiu] vkdM+ksa dk ,d=hdj.k (Collection of Design Data)
• LFky p;u ds mijkUr ckjh fuEu izkjfEHkd vkadM+s ,d= djus dh vkrh gS D;ksafd
muds fcuk ifjdYiu dk;Z ugha gks ldrk gSA
;krk;kr ds vkdM+ksa dk ,d=hdj.k (Collection of Traffic Data)
• ;krk;kr ds vkdM+ksa dk ,d=hdj.k fuekZ.kk/khu iqy ,oa iqfy;ksa dh fLFfr ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA ;g vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ vkadM+k gS fd iqy ;k iqfy;k fdl Js.kh ds ekxZ
ij cu jgk gS ;fn dk;Z jk"Vªh; jktekxZ] jkT; ekxZ] izeq[k ftyk ekxZ ,oa vU;
ftyk ekxZ ij izLrkfor gS rks ;krk;kr ds ?kuRo dks mlh ekxZ ij Kkr fd;k tkrk
gS ;fn fdlh xzkeh.k ekxZ vFkok vU; ekxZ ij izLrkfor gS rks bl gsrq vkl&ikl
ds mlh izdkj ds ekxZ ds ;krk;kr ds vkdM+ksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA
LFky dk foLr`r Hkwfe losZ{k.k (Detailed Survey of Ground Area)
• izLrkfor fuekZ.k LFky dk foLr`r losZ{k.k tSls Iysu Vscy losZ] dUVwy loZs 'khV
rS;kj dj yh tkrh gS rFkk ml ij lajs[ku yxkdj lsrq fuekZ.k dk okLrfod
LFky ,oa ig¡p ekxZ dk okLrfod LFkku dks fu/kkZfjr dj fy;k tkrk gS] rkfd
Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k] ifjdYiu vkfn dk dk;Z izkjEHk gks ldsA
tyh; vkdM+ksa dk ,d=hdj.k (Collection of Hydraulic Data)
• lsrq fuekZ.k ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z tyh; vkdM+sa gSa] ftlds vk/kkj ij
lsrq dh cqfu;kn dk izdkj rFkk mldk ifjdYiu fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA tyh;
vkadM+s tSls mPpre o lkekU; ck<+ Lrj rFkk o"kkZ] U;wure ty Lrj] Flood
Frequency, Rainfall Intensity LFky ij ukys ds Catchment Area dk izdkj]
vkdkj] <+ky rFkk mlesa mxs ouLifr dh fLFkfrA ck<+ ds nkSjku m[kM+s isM+ksa
rFkk >kM+ cgus dh lEHkkouk vkfn Hkwpky vkus dh fLFkfr] ukys ij cus vU;
iqyksa dk fooj.k ,df=r fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA
ifjdfYir ty izokg dk vkdayu ,oa ifjdYih; ekudksa dk fu/kkZj.k
(Assesment of Design Discharge and Standards) %&
• mijksDr vkadM+s ,df=r djus ds i'pkr~ p;fur LFky ls de ls de 1-0
fd-eh- v)ZO;kl ds {ks= dk foLr`r losZ{k.k Iysu Vscqfyax rFkk ysfofyax djkuk
pkfg, rkfd ukys dk D;wusV ,oa mlds vklikl phtksa dks n'kkZrs gq, 1%1000
ds Ldsy ij uD'kk cuk;k tk ldsA daVwj eSi ds lkFk&lkFk ukys dk 100 eh0
nwjh Å/oZizokg o vuqizokg esa Longitudinal section rFkk mlh fcUnq ls 10
ehVj nwjh ij Cross section rS;kj djuk pkfg,A vuqnS/;Z dkV rFkk vuqizLFk
dkV gsrq 1%1000 Horizontal 1:100 Vertical Ldsy fu/kkZfjr dh tkuh pkfg,A
igqap ekxksZa dk vuqnS/;Z dkV rFkk vuqizLFk dkV Øe'k% 25 ehVj rFkk 10
ehVj dh nwjh ij cukuk pkfg,A mijksDr lHkh t:jh lwpuk,a tSls U;wure
ty Lrj] vf/kdre ck<+ Lrj] lkekU; ck<+ Lrj] ryh; lrg (Floor Level)]
Nrh; lrg Deck Level ekxZ ry Formation Level vkfn vo'; vafdr djuk
pkfg,A
• ifjdfYir ty izokg (Design Discharge) eq[;r% nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS
fd lsrq dh ifjdYiuk esa ifjdfYir ty izokg D;k j[kk tk;s igyh tyh;
(Hydraulic) rFkk nwljh ferO;;h (Economic) miZof.kZr fof/k;ksa ls ty cgko
Kkr djus ds ckn ;g Hkh ns[kuk pkfg, fd p;fur LFkku ij fiNys 50 o"kZ
esa vf/kdre fdruk ikuh cgk gSA izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd lEiw.kZ vkadM+s
miyC/k ugha gks ikrs gSa ,slh fLFkfr esa Øe ls nks fof/k;ksas ls Kkr izokg
(Discharge) dks ifjdfYir ty izokg fudkyus gsrq rkfydkuqlkj x.kuk fd,
x, izokg dks IRC:78−2014 ds vuqlkj fuEu rkfydk ds vuqlkj c<+k nsuk
pkfg,A
ty izokg dh ek=k (Water Discharge) Kkr djus dh fof/k;kW %&
• foLr`r losZ{k.k ds i'pkr~ p;fur LFky ij ukys ls cgus okys ikuh dh ek=k Kkr rFkk
mlds uhps dh feV~Vh dk losZ{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g nksuksa dk;Z cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS
blfy, bls vuqHkoh ,oa ;ksX; vfHk;Urkvksa }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ty xzg.k {ks= vk/kkfjr fof/k (Area Catchment Method)
• ;g fof/k Rational Formula ij vk/kkfjr gS blds Rainfall intensity, Catchment Area
dk vkdkj] izdkj] <+yku] ouLifr rFkk tehu dk ikuh lks[kus dh {kerk dks /;ku esa j[kk
tkrk gSA ;g lw= igys ls T;knk lgh ifj.kke nsrk gSA
Discharge m3/Sec (Q) = 0.028 P.A.Ic m3/Sec
A = Area of catchment in hectares
Ic = Intensity of rain fall Cm/hrs.
P = Run-off factor
{ks=Qy ,oa ty osx fof/k (Area Velocity Method)
• ;g vR;Ur oSKkfud fof/k gS] ftlesa LFky tgka ij iqy izLrkfor gS] mlds
Å/oZizokg RkFkk vuqizokg dh yxHkx 0-5 ls 1-0 fd-eh- ukys dh yEckbZ esa
Longitudinal section rFkk Cross section cukdj ck<+ Lrj rd vkSlr {ks=Qy]
Wetted Perimeter rFkk Longitudinal Slope fudky dj Manning's Formula
}kjk Velocity fudkyh tkrh gS ckn esa bl osx dk vkSlr {ks=Qy ls xq.kk dj
ty izokg Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
mPpre ck<+ Lrj ij okLrfod ty izokg dk ekiu
(Measurement of Actual Discharge during High Flood)
• ;g fof/k ogka mi;ksxh gS tgka ij iqjkuk iqy cuk gS vkSj u;k iqy izLrkfor
fd;k tkuk gSA ogka vf/kdre ck<+ ds le; djsUV ehVj ;k vU; fdlh fof/k
ls ikuh ds okLrfod osx dks uki dj {ks=Qy ls xq.kk dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g
izfØ;k izLrkfor iqy ds vklikl cus jsy vFkok ekxZ ds fdlh iqy ij Hkh
viukbZ tk ldrh gSA
• mijksDr fof/k ds vykok Uint Hydrograph fof/k ls ty izokg fudkyk ldrk
gS ijUrq NksVs iqyksa rFkk iqfy;ksa ds fy, iwoZ esa of.kZr fof/k;k¡ i;kZIr gS] ftudk
mi;ksx dj vuqHkoh ,oa ;ksX; vfHk;Urk okLrfod ty izokg Kkr dj ldrs
gSaA
ty ekxZ (Linear Water Way)
• ;fn y?kq lsrq o iqfy;k fdlh ugj tgka ty cgko iw.kZ fu;a=.k esa gksrk gS ;k fdlh
izkd`frd ukys tgka dxkj iwjh rjg fn[krs gSa] Defined gks ogka Water Way iwjh pkSM+kbZ ds
cjkcj gh j[kuk pkfg,A
• ukys dh Bed Soft gks vkSj iDdh ¶yksj ugha cukbZ tk jgh gS rks ogka Linear Water Way
Lacy's ds lw= }kjk Kkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
L = 4.8 Q1/2
L = Linear Water Way in m
Q = Design Discharge in m3/sec
• vxj fdUgha dkj.kksa ls ty ekxZ esa deh djuh iM+rh gS rks bl ckr dk fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk
pkfg, fd iqy ds uhps 30 ls-eh- T;knk Afflux ugha gksA ty ekxZ ds de djus ls iqy ds
uhps dk ikuh dk osx o Lrj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k rygVh dh Scouring dh
lEHkkokuk c<+ tkrh gSA bl dkj.k ;k rks cqfu;kn dks xgjk fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k fQj
Floor vkSj Cut-off Wall cukuh iM+ ldrh gSA iqy cuus ds igys vkSj ckn esa mPpre
ty Lrj ds vUrj dks vfHkokg dgrs gSa bldh x.kuk fuEu lw= }kjk dh tkrh gS%&
 Afflux in m (H) =
V = Velocity of river prior to obstruction in m/sec
A = Unobstructed sectional area of river in sq. m.
a = Sectional area of river at obstruction in m/sec
iqy ds uhps ikuh ds c<+s gq, osx dh vf/kdre lhek fuEuor~ gS %&
• Loss clay or fine sand Upto 0.5 m/sec
• Coarse sand 0.5 m/sec to 1.0 m./sec
• Fine gravel sandy, stiff clay 1.0 m/sec to 1.5 m./sec
• Coarse gravel, rocky soil 1.5 m/sec to 2.5 m./sec
• Boulder, rocks 2.5 m/sec to 5.0 m./sec
• vr% ;g Li"V gS fd tgka <+hyh Loose Clay, Fine Sand o Coarse Sand gSa
ogka iqy ds uhps unh esa iDdk ry cukus ls 2-5 m/sec osx rd ikuh iqy
ds chp ls cg ldrk gSA
ferO;;h nj dk fu/kkZj.k (Fixation of Economical Span)
• fdlh Hkh y?kq lsrq o iqfy;k dh nj (Span) fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd mu lHkh igyqvksa ij fopkj dj fy;k tk;s] ftlls ykxr esa
deh vk ldrh gSA iqfy;k 6 ehVj rd nj dh gksrh gS] bl dkj.k 3 ehVj
ls 6 ehVj rd ,d nj dh iqfy;k cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, 6
ehVj Water Way x.kuk ds ckn vkrk gS] rks ,d nj 6 ehVj vFkok nks nj
3 ehVj dh cu ldrh gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ,d nj 6 ehVj dh gh fu/kkZfjr
djuh pkfg,A
• nj fu/kkZj.k ds le; ;g Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd ;fn iqy fdlh ugj
ij cuk;k tkuk gS rks ogka njksa dh la[;k Odd gksuh pkfg, tSls ,d nj ;k
fQj 3] 5 vkfn Pier fdlh Hkh n'kk dh ugj ds e/; js[kk esa ugha j[kk tkrk
gSA vU; ukyksa ds ekeyksa esa y?kq lsrq 10 ehVj rd Water Way ds fy, ,d
nj j[kk tk ldrk gSA
• nj fu/kkZfjr djrs le; ,d ckr dk vo'; gh /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd ;Fkk lEHko
njsa 3 o 5 dh la[;k esa vifjgk;Z ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tSls fuEuxkeh lsrq (Sub Way) vkfn
ds ekeys esa nks njsa Hkh j[kh tk ldrh gSA dHkh&dHkh nks njsa Hkh ferO;;h gks ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 12 ehVj ds ty ekxZ ds fy, 2×6 ehVj o 3×4 ehVj dh njsa j[kh
tk ldrh gSaA nksuksa gh ykxr fo'ys"k.k esa ;fn 2×6 dk ty ekxZ ferO;;h vkrk gS] rks
mls viukus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksuh pkfg,A
mPpre ck<+ Lrj ls LySc@che dh ÅapkbZ
• mPpre ck<+ Lrj vkSj LySc ds fupys Hkkx ds chp dqN txg gksuh vko';d gS D;ksafd
dHkh&dHkh ikuh ds vf/kdre cgko dh ek=k x.kuk esa xyrh gksus ;k ck<+ ds le; ikuh
ds lkFk fofHkUu izdkj ds >kM+&>a[kkM+ cgus ds dkj.k ty ekxZ esa :dkoV Hkh vk ldrh
gS vkSj ty Lrj c<+ ldrk gS vkSj ikuh iqy rFkk igqWp ekxZ ds Åij ls cgus yxrk
gS] ftlds dkj.k iqy vFkok igWp ekxZ ds {kfrxzLr gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA bl
dkj.k ;g vUrj cgqr vko';d gSA
fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ (Scour Depth)
• unh ;k ukys esa iqy ;k iqfy;k cuk nsus ls mlds LokHkkfod cgko ds LoHkko
esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k Hydraulic Disturbance gks tkrk gS
rFkk fuekZ.k ds LFkku ij ikuh dk osx c<+ tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k ukys@unh
dh rygVh esa dVku gksus yxrk gSA bl dVku dks fu?kZ"kZ.k dgrs gSaA vf/kdre
izokg ij lEHkkfor dVku dh xgjkbZ dks fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ dgrs gSaA ;g iqy ,oa
iqfy;ksa ds vkdkj] rygVh dh Softness rFkk cgus okys ikuh dh ek=k] Silt
Factor vkfn ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
v/kZ tyks<+ /kkjk esa lkekU; fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ dh x.kuk
(Calculation of Normal Scour Depth in Quasi Alluvial Stream)
• bl izdkj ukyksa esa tgka rygVh u rks eqyk;e vkSj u gh l[r gksrh gS vFkkZr
rygVh Clay vFkok dadM dh gksrh gS] rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa
IRC:SP:13−2004 ds izLrj&9-3 ds vuqlkj x.kuk dh tkrh gS tks fuEuor~
gS%&
• tgka ij unh ,oa ukykas ds dxkj etcwwr (Firm) gksa rFkk Bed Erodible gksa]
ogka ij iqy dh yEckbZ Natural Unobstructed pkSM+kbZ ls de ugha gksuk
pkfg, rFkk lkekU; fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ dh x.kuk IRC:SP:13−2008 ds
v/;k;&9 ds vuqlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fpduh feV~Vh rFkk iRFkjhyh rygVh esa fu?kZ"kZ.k dh xgjkbZ
(Scour depth in Bouldary and clayey bed)
• bl izdkj dh rygVh dh dVku ds fy, Rational fof/k ugha gS fQj Hkh
IRC:78−2014 ds ifjf'k"V&1 ds vuqlkj fuEu O;oLFkk izLrkfor dh tk
ldrh gSA
fpduh feV~Vh esa fu?kZ"kZ.k dh xgjkbZ (Scour depth in clay):−
• bl izdkj dh rygVh esa izk;% jsrhyh rygVh ls de gksrh gS vkSj {ks= esa izk;%
fpduh feV~Vh ,aoa jsr ds feJ.k okyh feV~Vh dh rygVh ik;h tkrh gSA
iRFkjhyh rygVh (Bouldary strata) :−
• tSlk fd Åij of.kZr fd;k tk pqdk gS] fd bl izdkj dh rygVh ds fy, Ksf
dh x.kuk gsrq dksbZ leqfpr fof/k ugha gS]
cqfu;kn dh ifjdYiuk gsrq vf/kdre fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ dk fu/kkZj.k
(Fixing of maximum Scour Depth for Design of Foundation)
• izLrj&2-6 ds vuqlkj lkekU; fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ dh x.kuk ds i'pkr IRC:78−2014 ds
izLrj&703 ds vuqlkj Floors jSQ~V] Shallow Foundation rFkk Wells ds fy, mPpre
ck<+ Lrj (H.F.L.) ls fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ fuEukuqlkj gksuh pkfg,%&
1- lh/ks Hkkx 1.27 dsm
2- lk/kkj.k ?kqeko esa 1.50 dsm
3- izLrEHk dh uksd ij 2.00 dsm
4- vaR;k/kkj ij
(a) uksd ij (On Nose)1.27 dsm
(b) pkjksa vksj (All around) 2.00 dsm
• tyks<+ /kkjk (Alluvial stream) esa ty ekxZ dh yEckbZ (Water way) regime width ls
de ugha gksuh pkfg,
T;kferh; ekud (Geomatric Standards)
• iqfy;ksa ,oa y?kq lsrqvksa ds fy, lEHkkfor njksa ,oa ÅapkbZ ds fy,
IRC:5−1998 es O;oLFkk,a nh x;h gS
ifjdfYir Hkkj (Design Load)
fLFkj Hkkj (Dead Load):
• bl Jas.kh esa Lo;a ,oa LFkkbZ izdkj ds vO;oksa ds Hkkj dks fy;k tkrk gSA
py Hkkj (Live Load)
• bl Js.kh esa iqy vkSj iqfy;ksa IRC:6−2014 esa fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkkjksa
(Loadings) dh O;oLFkk nh x;h gS] bl O;oLFkk esa Hkkj dks jksd nhokj
(Parapet) ls fdruh nwj rFkk nks Hkkjksa ds chp fdruh nwjh gksuh pkfg,] dks
Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
la?kkr cy (Impact Load):
• bl izdkj ds Hkkj ;krk;kr ds pyus ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk bldh
x.kuk ykbo Hkkj ds vuqikr esa fLFkj Hkkj (Static Load) ds :i esa x.kuk
izfr'kr ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA
• IRC:6−2014 esa mijksDr Hkkj gsrq nh x;h O;oLFkk ds dqN mi;ksxh va'k
fuEuor~ gS%&
• Provision for impact or dynamic action shall be made by an increment of the
live load by of the load by an impact allowance expressed as a fraction or a
percentage of the applied live load.
• The members of any bridge designed for Class A loading, this impact
percentage shall be determined from the curves indicate fraction shall be
determined from the following equations which are applicable for span
between 3 m and 45 m.
• Where L is length in metres of the span as specified as above.
• For Class AA Loading and Class 70R Loading. The value of the impact percentage
shall be taken as follows:
a) For spans less than 9 m
1) for tracked vehicles : 25 percent for spans upto 5 m linearly reducing to
10 percent for spans upto 9 m
2) for wheeled vehicles :25 percent
b) For spans of 9 m or more:
i) Reinforced concrete bridges
1) Tracked vehicles : 10 percent upto a span of 40 m and in accordance with
the curve for spans excess of 40 m.
2) Wheeled vehicles : 25 percent for spans upto 12 m and in accordance with
the curve for spans in excess of 12 m.
ii) Steel bridges
3) Tracked vehicles : 10 percent for all spans
4) Wheeled vehicles : 25 percent for spans upto 23 m and in accordance with
the curve indicated for spans in excess of 23 m.
• No Impact allowance shall be added to the footway loading specified.
• The span length to be considered for arriving at the impact percentages
specified shall be as follows:
• For spans simply supported or continuous or for arches the effective span on
which the load is places.
• For bridges having cantilever arms without suspended spans the effective
overhang of the cantilever arms reduced by 25 percent for loads on the
cantilever arms and the effective span between supports for loads on the
main span.
• For bridges having cantilever arms with suspended span the effective
overhang of the cantilever arm plus half the length of the suspended span
for loads on the cantilever arm, the effective length of the suspended span
for loads on the suspended span and the effective span between supports for
load on the main span.
• For individual members of a bridge, such as, a cross girder or deck slab, etc. the
value of L mentioned shall be the effective span of the member under
consideration.
• In any bridge structure where there is a filling of not less than 0.6 m including
the road crust, the impact percentage to be allowed in the design shall be
assumed to the one-half of what is specified.
• In the design of members subjected to among other stresses, direct tension, such
as hangers in a bowstring girder bridge and in the design of member subjected
to direct compression, such as, spandrel columns or walls in an open spandrel
arch, the impact percentage shall be taken the same as that applicable to the
design of the corresponding member or members of the floor system which
transfer loads to the tensile or compressive member in question.
• Clauses on impact do not apply to the design of suspension bridges and floor
and foot over bridges. In cable suspended bridges and in other bridges where
live load to dead load ratio is high, the dynamic effects such as vibration and
fatigue shall be considered. For long span foot over bridges (with frequency less
than 5 Hz and 1.5 Hz in vertical and horizontal direction) the dynamic effects
shall be considered, if necessary, for which specialist literature may be referred.
iou Hkkj (Wind Load)
• bl izdkj dk Hkkj lkekU; lsrq dh nj tgka ij ,d Liku dh yEckbZ 150 ehVj rFkk
izLrEHk (Pier) dh ÅpkabZ 100 ehVj rd gksrh gS ogka ij x.kuk dh tkrh gS rFkk blds
izHkko dks laKku esa fy;k tkrk gSA y?kq lsrq ,oa iqfy;ksa esa bldk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrk gSA
ty osx ds dkj.k {kSfrt Hkkj (Horizontal Forces Due To Water Currents)
• bl izdkj ds cy izk;% izLRkEHk ij T;knk izHkkoh gksrs gSa] ijUrq y?kq lsrqvksa ,oa iqfy;ksa
ftuds vaR;k/kkj dh ÅapkbZ 7 ehVj ls vf/kd gksrh gS ml ij bldk dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugha
iM+rk gSA
vuqnS/;Z cy (Longitudinal Forces)
• bl izdkj ds cy izk;% iqy ij okguksa ds osx dks c<+kus rFkk czsd yxkus ds dkj.k mRiUu
gksrs gSa dHkh&dHkh ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k Hkh budk izHkko mYys[kuh; gksrk gSA IRC: 6−2014 esa
bl izdkj ds cy dh O;oLFkk ds dqN mi;ksxh va'k fuEuor~ gSaA
Iyou'khy cy (Buoyancy)
• bl izdkj ds cy izk;% fi;j vaR;k/kkj esa yxrs gSa] tc ikuh ukysa esa vius mPpre Lrj ls
cgrk gSA fo'ks"kdj Submersible bridgeesa budk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA
e`nk nkc (Earth Pressure)
• bl izdkj ds cy vaR;k/kkj vkSj i{kfHkfRr nhokj ds ihNs feV~Vh ds Hkjko ds dkj.k mRiUu
gksrs gSaA IRC:6−2014 esa nh x;h O;oLFkk ds mi;ksxh va'k fuEuor~ gaSA
• Structures designed to retain earth fills shall be proportioned to withstand
pressure calculated in accordance with any rational theory. Coulomb's theory
shall be acceptable, subject to the modification that the centre of pressure
exerted by the backfill, when considered subject to the modification that the
centre of pressure exerted by the backfill, when considered dry, is located at an
elevation of 0.42 of the height of the wall above the base instead of 0.33 of that
height. No structures shall, however, be designed to withstand a horizontal
pressure less than that exerted by a fluid weighing 480 kg/m3. All abutments
and return walls shall be designed for a live load surcharge equivalent 1.2 m
earth fill.
• Reinforcement concrete approach slab with 12 mm dia 150 mm c/c in each
direction both at top and bottom as reinforcement in M 30 grade concrete
covering the entire width of the roadway, with one end resting on the structure
designed to retain earth and extending for a length of not less than 3.5 m into the
approach shall be provided.
• All designs shall provided for the through drainage of backfilling materials by
means of weep holes and crushed rock or gravel drains or pipe drains, or
perforated drains.
• The pressure of submerged soils (not provided with drainage arrangements)
shall be considered as made up of two components.
• Pressure due to the earth calculated in accordance with the method laid down,
the unit weight of earth being reduced for buoyancy and
• Full hydrostatic pressure of water
• HkwdEih; cy (Seismic Force)
• bl izdkj ds cy HkwdEi ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSaA IRC:6−2014 ds
vuqlkj NksVs iqyksa esa bl izdkj ds cyksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gSA
• The following types of bridges need not be checked for seismic
effects.
• Culverts and minor bridges up to 10 m span in all seismic
zones.
• Bridges in seismic zones II and III satisfying both limits of
total length not exceeding 60 m and spans not exceeding 15 m.
• uohure dksM dh O;oLFkkvksa ds vuqlkj vc lsrqvksa dh ifjdYiuk
esa Limit State fl)kUr dk ikyu fd;k tkuk vko';d gS]
River Training & Protective Work
• unh /kkjk fu;a=.k dk eq[; mn~ns'; cgko rFkk /kkjk dks Regulate djuk gksrk gSA
• /kkjk dks ifjofrZr gksus ls jksdus rFkk rygVh dks dVko rFkk teko u gksus nsukA
• vkl&ikl ds bykdksa dks ck<+ ls jksdukA
• mPpre ck<+ izokg dks lqjf{kr ,oa nqzrxfr ls ikj djk nsukA
• ty ds lkFk Sediment dks izHkkodkjh rjhds ls cgk ys tkukA
• ty cgko dh fn'kk dks ,d fu/kkZfjr lajs[ku esa ys tkukA
• /kkjk dh U;wure xgjkbZ cuk;s j[kuk rkfd ukSdk ;krk;kr lqxerkiwoZd pyk;k tk ldsA
• unh dks ikj djus gsrq y?kq lsrq ;k iqfy;k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA Hydraulic changes
gksrs gSaA mRiUu fo"ke fLFkr ls fuiVus ds fy, fjoj Vªsfuax o lqj{kkRed dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA
• iqy rFkk igaqp ekxZ dks cpkus ds fy, lqj{kkRed dk;Z dh fMtkbu unh] ukys ds ty izokg
blds LoHkko] Topography ukys dh rygVh dh laosnu'khyrk rFkk Span Arrangement
vkfn ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
• y?kq lsrq ,oa iqfy;ksa esa izk;% xkbMcU/k ugha cuk;s tkrs gSa D;ksafd budh ÅapkbZ
vis{kkd`r de gksrh gS ekxZ ij Wing wall cuk dj iqy ds ikl igaqp ekxZ
dh feV~Vh dks dVku ,oa feV~Vh dks ikuh ds jkLrs dks jksdus ls jksdk tk
ldrk gSA vxj dgha ÅapkbZ vf/kd gqbZ rks ogka i{kfHkfRr nhokj cuk dj igaqp
ekxZ ds <+ky dks jksdus ds fy, Boulder Pitching dj nh tkrh gSA
• tgka dgha y?kq lsrq dk ikV ukys ls de gks rFkk igqap ekxZ ukys ds csM es
izHkkfor {ks= esa iM+rk gS rks igqqap ekxZ Hkh ij cksYMj fifpax dh tkuh pkfg,A
fifpax ds uhps ifjdfYir fQYVj Launching Apron vo'; cuk;k tkuk
pkfg,A
• fifpax dh ifjdYiuk (Design of Pitching)
• Thickness of pitching in m (T) = 0.06 Q1/3, Q = Designed discharge in m3/sec.
• fifpax dh eksVkbZ vf/kdre 1-0 ehVj rFkk U;wure 0-3 ehVj gksuh pkfg,A iRFkj dk
vkdkj 300&400 ,e-,e- rFkk Hkkj 40&70 fd-xzk- ds chp gksuk pkfg,A mijksDr o;oLFkk
esa ikuh dk osx 3-5 eh- izfr lsds.M ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A tgka osx 2-0 eh-
@lsds.M rd gks ogka fczd vku ,t Hkh yxk;h tk ldrh gSA
• cksYMj dh fifpax ds uhps iRFkj ;k bZaV dh jkMs eksVh ckyw vkfn dh lrg ls de ls de
15 ls-eh- eksVkbZ esa Mkyuk pkfg, rkfd rVcU/k dh feV~Vh ikuh p<+us o mrjus ds lkFk
cg u ik;sA blds fy, fuEu lw= yxk;s tk ldrs gSa %&
• D15 −Nyuh dk lkbt ftlls Hkkj dk 15 izfr'kr fQYVj inkFkZ (Filter material) ikl
gks tk;sA
• D50, D85 − dks Hkh mijksDrkuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr le>k tk;sA
• y?kq lsrqvksa rFkk iqfy;ksa ds izdj.k esa fQYVj dh eksVkbZ 15-0 ls 20-0 ls-eh- rd dh lhek
eas gksuk pkfg,A
• iz{ksfir rgcUn (Launching Apron)
• rVcU/k dk Lyksi rFkk dV vkQ oky dks Scour gksus ls cpkus gsrq Launching Apron
cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd <+ky dh fu?kZ"kZ.k xgjkbZ rd Flexible cover fey ldsA bl gsrq iRFkj
dk Hkkj fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa 40 fd-xzk- ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A vkbZ-vkj-lh- dksM ds
vuqlkj iRFkj dk Hkkj fuEu lw= ls fudkyk tkuk pkfg,%&
• V = 4.893(d)1/2 , V = ikuh dk cgko dk vkSlr osx eh-@lsds.M] d = iRFkj dk O;kl
ehVj esaA
• iRFkj ds Hkkj dks fudkyus ds fy, mijksDr lw= ls fudkys x;s O;kl ls LQs;j ds vk;ru
dks 2.65t/m3 ?kuRo ls xq.kk dj nsuk pkfg,A
• Dmax = U;wure ty Lrj (L.W.L.) ls vf/kdre Ldkoj ysfcy dh xgjkbZ] T = Lyksi
fifpax dh eksVkbZ
• tc dHkh iRFkj miyC/k u gks ;k mudh ykxr dadzhV Cykd ls vf/kd vk jgh gks rks ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa lhes.V dadzhV Block dk Hkh izko/kku fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlds fy, fuEu
fof'kf"V;ka j[kh tk ldrh gS%&
¼d½ M−10 dadzhV esa Cykd cuk;s tk;saA
¼[k½ rVcU/k ds Lyksi fifpax ds Cykd dk vkdkj 2×1.5×0.45 eh- rFkk
vizsu ds fy, 1.50×1.50×0.90 eh- gksuk pkfg,A
¼x½ 25 ,e-,e- pkSM+h txj gj Cykd ds lkFk NksM+ dj fQYVj eSVhfj;y
Hkj fn;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd Flexibility cuk jgsA
• ferO;rk dh n`f"V ls iRFkj o dadzhV Cykd ds LFkku ij LFkkuh; rkSj ij
miyC/k dadM+ Cykd dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• rVcU/k ds <+kyku dk vuqj{k.k ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA bl dkj.k ;g Hkh
iz;kl gksus pkfg, fd o"kkZ _rq ls iwoZ de ls de 10 izfr'kr iRFkj ds
cksYMj ;k dkadzhV Cykd dk;Z LFky ij lqjf{kr :i esa j[ks tk;saA
ukys@unh dh rygVh dk cpko dk;Z
• y?kq lsrqvksa ,oa iqfy;ksa esa vf/kdka'kr% Shallow Foundation nh tkrh gS blfy, mudks ikuh
ds dVko ls cpkus gsrq rygVh dks cpkuk vko';d gksrk gSA bl gsrq iDdh ¶yksj cuk;h
tkuh pkfg, iDdh ¶yksj dVku ls cpkus ds fy, dV vkQ oky rFkk iz{ksfir rgcUn Hkh
cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ikbfiax vkfn dks Hkh jksdk tk ldsA blds fy, fuEu ckrksa dks Hkh
/;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,%&
¼1½ ¶yksj dh yEckbZ Up stream lkbM esa de ls de 3-0 eh- rFkk Down stream lkbM esa
5-0 Hkh gksuh pkfg,A vxj LizsM Vkbi foax oky gS rks ;g nksuksa LVªhe foax esa oky tksM+us
oky ykbu rd cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A ¶yksfjax dh eksVkbZ de ls de 40 ls-eh- rd gksuh
pkfg,A ¶yksj dk ysfcy ukys ds uspqjy csM ls 0-3 eh- uhps j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
¼2½ ¶yksj dks cpkus ds fy, cuk;h x;h dV vkQ oky 1%3 lhes.V dkslZ lS.M fczd odZ esa
cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A
¼3½ dV&vkQ oky ds ckn Å/oZizokg esa 1-0 eh- eksVk rFkk 3-0 eh- yEck rFkk vuqizokg esa
6-0 eh- yEckbZ esa iz{ksfir rgcUn Hkh cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A tgka ij cSd okVj vkus dh
lEHkkouk gks ogka yEckbZ nksuksa LVªhe esa 6-0 eh- gh gksuh pkfg,A Qkm.Ms'ku dk dk;Z iw.kZ
gksrs gh cpko dk;Z iw.kZ iwoZ esa dj fy;s tkus pkfg,A
igWqp ekxZ ds lqj{kkRed dk;Z (Protection of Approach road)
• cM+h ufn;ksa esa lsrq rFkk igWqp ekxZ dk fuekZ.k ,d fof'k"V izfØ;k gSA lsrq dh
yEckbZ ySlh ds lw= (Lecy's Formula) ls fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA ;FkklEHko lsrq
dh yEckbZ mlls vf/kd j[kh tkrh gSA tgka ij [kkfnj dh pkSM+kbZ cgqr vf/kd
gksrh gS ogka ij xkbM cU/k ds fuekZ.k lkFk igqWp ekxZ ij Hkh lqj{kkRed dk;Z
vko';d gks tkrs gSaA mRrj izns'k esa of.kZr ifjLFkfr;ksa esa lsrq dh yEckbZ ySlh
ds lw= (Lecy's Formula) ls x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij yEckbZ de u j[kdj
vaR;k/kkj rFkk dqN nwjh esa igqWp ekxksZa dks ifjdYiuk ds vuqlkj iRFkj dh
fifpax dk vkoj.k nsdj cpko dk;Z djk;k tkrk gSA
iqy ds fofHkUu izdkj ds igWqp ekxksZa ds lqj{kkRed dk;Z (Protection of
Approach roads for different catageries of bridges)
• igWqp ekxkZsa ds lqj{kkRed dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa IRC:89−1997 }kjk fuEu ifjfLFkfr;kW of.kZr
dh x;h gSa%&
• igWqp ekxZ ds rVcU/k tks ck<+xzLr {ks= esa izLrkfor gkssa vkSj mlds lehi ty izokg dk osx
1.0 m/sec ls vf/kd ugh gksA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr;kW tgka ij vis{kkd`r lery Hkw&Hkkx
(Flate terrain) tgka ij pkSM+h /kkjk;sa (Large Spills) cgrh gksa] ogkW ij leqfpr
(Addiquate) ty ekxZ dk izko/kku fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd ikuh tYnh cg tk;s vkSj
vuko';d vfHkokg (Afflux) ,oa ty Hkjko dh fLFkfr u mRiUu gksA tgka ij rygVh dk
Hkkx dVku okyk gks ogka ij xgjh cqfu;kn vFkok iDds ry dV&vkWWQ&okWy lfgr
(Flooring curtain wall) dk izko/kku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vaR;k/kkj ds pkjksa vksj leqfpr
<+ky esa feV~Vh dk dk;Z dj fifpax dj nsuh pkfg,A igWqp ekxZ ds <+yku dk lqj{kkRed dk;Z
tSls <+yku fifpax] iRFkj dk lkbZt] fQYVj dh fMtkbu xkbM cU/k dh ifjdYiuk dh Hkkafr
dj nsuh pkfg,A bl lEcU/k esa fp= fuEuor~ gSA
• igWqp ekxZ ds rVcU/k tks ck<+xzLr gkssa vkSj mlds lehi 1.0 m/sec ls vf/kd gks vkSj
rVcU/k ij /kkjk dk lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gksA bl izdkj ds rVcU/k izk;% ogka curs gSa tgka
/kkjk lkekU; ck<+ dh fLFkfr esa dxkjksa ds e/; rFkk mPpre ck<+ vkus ij dxkj ls Åij
fcuk ?kqeko (Meandering) ds cgrh gSA bl izdkj ds lsrqvksa esa tyekxZ dh yEckbZ dxkjksa
ds e/; dh nwjh ls de gksrh gSA
• igWqp ekxksZa ds lqj{kkRed dk;Z fuEu ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA
1. Intensity of discharge
2. Angle of corssing
3. Vilocity of flow
4. Scour Pattern arround the approaches
5. rVcU/k dh feV~Vh
• mijksDr ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh IRC:89−1997 ds izLrj&8.3 esa nh x;h gSA
• igWqp ekxZ ds rVcU/k tks ?kqekonkj unh ds rygVh esa cM+s [kkfnj pkSM+kbZ ds e/; esa izLrkfor
gksA
• bl izdkj dh fLFkfr tyks<+ {ks= esa ogka ij mRiUu gksrh gS ogka ij [kkfnj dh pkSM+kbZ vf/kd gksrh gS
vkSj mlds e/; ?kqekonkj ty /kkjk lkekU; ck<+ dh fLFkfr esa cgrh gSA ferO;rk dh n`f"V ls bl izdkj
dh fLFkfr esa tyekxZ dh yEckbZ [kkfnj dh pkSM+kbZ ls vis{kkd`r cgqr de izLrkfor dh tkrh gSA
?kqekonkj /kkjk dks lsrq ds uhps ls cgus ds fy, xkbM cU/k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA lsrq ds igqWp ekxZ
ds rVcU/k dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx [kkfnj {ks= esa izLrkfor djuk gksrk gS tgka ij ty /kkjk dk osx vR;Ur
de gksrk gS vkSj fu?kZ"kZ.k dh lEHkkouk jgrh gS] ,slh fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, igqWp ekxZ ds rVcU/kksa ds cpko
ds fy, dqN Hkkx esa fifpax dh tkrh gSA
• tgka ij rVcU/k dh ÅapkbZ 7.5 eh0 ls de gS ogka ij uke ek= (Nominal) eksVkbZ 0-3 ehVj ds
iRFkj dh fifpax dh tkrh gSA tgka ij ÅWpkbZ 7.5 eh0 ls vf/kd ogka ij ;g eksVkbZ 0-5 eh0 dh
izLrkfor dh tkuh pkfg,] ijUrq iRFkj dk Hkkj 40 fdxzk0 ls de ugha gkasuk pkfg,A iRFkj dh fifpax ds
uhps 150 ,e,e0 eksVh fQYVj dh ys;j i;kZIr gksrh gSA <+yku ij mPpre ty Lrj rd fifpax dh
tkuh pkfg, rkfd oso ,D'ku (Wave action) rFkk vlk/kkj.k ck<+ dh fLFkfr esa vR;f/kd {kfr ls
cpko gks ldsA ijUrq ;g fdlh Hkh n'kk esa 1.2 eh0 ls de u gksA <+yku ij fifpax ds lgkjs
(Support) gsrq de ls de 2.5 eh0 pkSM+kbZ rFkk 0.5 eh0 xgjkbZ esa uke ek= dk rgcUn
(Nominal appron) dk izko/kku vuqizokg esa fifpax dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS vkSj ogka ij
fpduh feV~Vh ij ?kkl mxkus dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gSA
• tgka rd lEHko gks [kkfnj {ks= ds igWqp ekxZ ij fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ iqy
vkSj iqfy;k ugha cukuk pkfg,A ijUrq ;fn ;g lEHko u gks rks i;kZIr
lqj{kkRed dk;Z ds lkFk iDds ry (Floored) okys iqy@iqfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu iqy@iqfy;ksa eas Lywl xsV (Sluice gate) cukuk
vko';d gksrk gS rkfd ck<+ ds le; xsV dks cUn dj ty ds vkokxeu dks
jksdk tk ldsA tgka ij lsrq ds igWqp ekxZ dk rVcU/k [kkfnj dh lhek ij
lekIr gksrk gS ogka ij ;fn ekftZuy cU/k ;k lqj{kkRed rVcU/k ;k vfHkokg
cU/k flapkbZ vFkok ck<+ fu;a=.k foHkkx }kjk cuk;s x;s gSa ogka ij [kkM+huqek
izHkko ds ckjs essa v/;;u dj ysuk pkfg, vkSj ogka ij rVcU/k dks
vko';drkuqlkj lqn`<+ dj ysuk pkfg,A
• 6 eh0 ls vf/kd ÅapkbZ ds rVcU/k dh ifjdYiuk IRC:75−1979 ds vk/kkj
ij dh tkuh pkfg,A rVcU/k ds fy, ifjdYiuk dk fuEu mnkgj.k fn;k x;k
gSA
THANKS