Table of Contents

1. Need for a database and the concept of DBMS

2. OLTP vs OLAP
3. Basic introduction to RDBMS
4. Online retailer business: Toy replica case study
5. Perform OLAP on the online retailer business case study

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Need for database and DBMS

We live in a world in which information and data is a new fuel. There are many advancements
in the field of data science and machine learning wherein you need to have historical data to
build advanced machine learning algorithms for accurate predictions. Not only for machine
learning purposes but also for conducting business analysis and predictive analysis using the
data, is an important part of any industry to grow and align the business and marketing strategy
in the line of maximum growing business.

You can take a look at any industry, whether it is FMCG, e-commerce, stock exchange, banking,
edtech or any government schemes, that may involve collecting demographic data, issuing
subsidies and Aadhar cards, and listing people as per the poverty benchmark. In each of the
industries, you need to deal with data in terms of collection, processing or creating strategy.

So, in the world of highly advanced and data-driven analysis and technologies, it is extremely
important to store and manage the data, which is also called database management. A
database management system (DBMS) is a software that is designed to store, retrieve, define
and manage data in a database and works on the top of the database. The DBMS software
primarily functions as an interface between the end-user and the database, simultaneously
managing the data, the database engine and the database schema in order to facilitate the
organisation and manipulation of data.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

OLTP vs OLAP

You will encounter mainly two types of processes in any database management system, which
are online transactional processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP). Online
transaction processing systems are ones that support online transactions in databases on a
real-time basis. Its primary objective is to process data, not analyse it. On the other hand,
online analytical processing systems are those categories of software that provide analytical
platforms to derive useful insights for business purposes.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Basic introduction to RDBMS

What if data is interlinked? A relational database management system (RDBMS) refers to the
capabilities that are designed to enable the user to create, update and administer a relational
database, which is characterised by its structuring of data into logically independent tables in
which each table is related to the other tables in the database. A DBMS is capable of managing
small amounts of data, whereas RDBMS can manage unlimited data in a distributed fashion.

The basic element under an RDBMS is entity relationship diagrams (ERDs). You can understand
the concept of ERDs using a simple example. Suppose in an organisation, two databases
exist–one is the employee table and the second is the department table. It is understood that
there will be multiple employees in each department. So, there will be one-to-many
relationships from the department table to the employee table. In this way, there can be
one-to-one, many-to-one and one-to-many relationships between tables.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Online retailer business: toy replica case study

The online retailing business is quite famous currently. Here, you do not need to take orders by
going to each customer. In online retailing, a company launches its website to sell the items in
wholesale, and buyers can order the products that they require from that website only. In this
case study, you are introduced to a company that manufactures toy replicas or models.

Suppose the name of this company is ​Toylica​.

Suppose Toylica has captured a huge market globally and supplies toy replicas in almost all the
countries. Wholesale buyers order products in their required quantity from the website only. As
the company captured a large customer base and enhanced its workforce, it is essential for this
company to maintain the database to navigate and store the employee-, customer- and
product-related information.

The brand has a separate department for analysing its sales and building a machine learning
model to predict future sales. Each customer’s order is saved into the database using the OLTP
process when they place their order. A team of data analysts and machine learning engineers
perform OLAP tasks on the historic data for creating marketing strategies to enhance the
business.

Suppose you are a data analyst working at this company. Here, you are only focusing on the
SQL queries to get an idea of the company’s sales. Now, let’s understand the process and
structure of the database that the company is using. The three sections in the database of the
company are as follows:

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 ● Employee section
● Customer section
● Product section

You can download the details of the attributes for each table from the file attached on the
platform below.

1. Employee section:​ This section is divided into the following tables:

a. employees​: This table contains information about a company’s employees. Each
entry in this table is identified uniquely by the ‘employeeNumber’, which is the
primary key of this table.
b. offices​: This contains information about the company’s offices that are located
worldwide. Each office is uniquely identified by the ‘officeCode’, which is the
primary key of this table. Each employee must have only one office against their
ID, in which they have to work.

2. Customer section: ​This section contains the following tables:

a. customers​: This table contains information about customers who buy the
models from the company in bulk. They are retailers or shopkeepers who own
firms or shops; they are not the final consumers. Each customer is uniquely
identified by the ‘customerNumber’, which is the primary key of this table. A
particular customer is either assigned an employee or not assigned any. The
assigned employee is identified by the ‘salesRepEmployeeNumber’ column in
this table. Multiple customers can be assigned to an employee.
b. orders​: This table contains information about the orders placed by the
customers. Each order is uniquely identified by its ‘orderNumber’, which is the
primary key of this table. Multiple orders can be placed by a particular customer,
but each order should have a unique ‘orderNumber’.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 c. orderdetails​: This table also contains details about the orders placed by the
customers. However, both the 'orderNumber’ and ‘productCode’ are part of the
composite primary key here.
d. payments​: This table contains information about the payments made by the
customers after placing their orders. Here, you will notice a column named
‘checkNumber’, which refers to the unique number of the check through which
the customer (‘customerNumber’) has made the payment. Under this table,
‘checkNumber’ is the primary key.

3. Product section: ​This section has the following tables:

a. products​: The ‘products’ table contains information about the different products
that are sold by the company. Each product is uniquely identified by the
'productCode’, which is the primary key of this table.
b. productlines​: This table is a broad categorisation of the type of toy models that
are sold by the company, including vintage cars, motorcycles, trains and ships.
Each product in the ‘products’ table must have a single product line.

Finally, you will have the following eight tables:

1. employees
2. offices
3. customers
4. orders
5. orderdetails
6. payments
7. products
8. productlines

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Perform OLAP on online retailer business case study

You need to prepare the entity relational diagram (ERD) for this case study after understanding
the descriptions of the above-mentioned tables.

You are provided with the data set. So, you do not need to create any table in the database.
You are mainly required to write SQL queries to answer the questions.

You will find a blank MySQL workbench with inline comments attached to perform analysis on
the data and to guide you to proceed in the case study.

You must code each step that has been mentioned in the commented workbench. The
questions are related to each other; so, if you do not follow the steps diligently, then you will
not be able to answer some of the questions that are given below.

You are provided with the MCQs that have ONLY one correct option and you need to follow all
the instructions that have been given in the commented MySQL workbench.

Note: You need to run each step either by yourself or using the answer feedback that is given in
the solution document, otherwise you will not be able to proceed in the further case study and
won’t be able to answer some of the questions.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Question 1
The first step of every RDBMS activity is to create a star schema for a particular data set. You
have a total of eight tables as described earlier, and it is essential for you to create an entity
relational diagram (ERD) in order to relate the various tables. Which of the following is the most
appropriate relation among ‘employees’, ‘customers’, ‘orders’ and ‘offices’ based on the
problem statement?

A. The ‘customers’ table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'orders' and
'employees' tables. Also, the 'offices' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with
the 'employees' table.
B. The 'customers' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'orders' table. The
'employees' table has one/zero to many/zero relation with the 'customers' table. Also,
the 'offices' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'employees' table.
C. The 'orders' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'customers' table. The
'employees' table has one/zero to many/zero relation with the 'customers' table. Also,
the 'employees' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'offices' table.
D. The 'orders' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'customers' table. The
'employees' table has one/zero to many/zero relation with the 'customers' table. Also,
the 'offices' table has only a one-to-many/zero relation with the 'employees' table.

Answer: B
Based on the problem statement the 'customers' table has only one to many/zero relation
with the 'orders' table. Multiple customers may be assigned to a particular employee; hence,
the 'employees' table has one/zero to many/zero relation with the 'customers' table. Only a
single office is assigned to a particular employee; hence, the 'offices' table has only one to
many/zero relation with the 'employees' table.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Question 2
Which of the following table names has a self-referential relationship based on the descriptions
of columns of each table given in the problem statement?
A. customers
B. orders
C. employees
D. Offices

Answer: C
Since the 'employees' table has the ‘reportsTo’ column in it, it has a self-referential
relationship.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Question 3
As you can see in the figure below, a one/zero-to-many/zero relation exists between the
'employees' and 'customers' tables. Identify the foreign key in the 'customers' table that relates
this table with the 'employees' table.

A. contactLastName
B. contactFirstname
C. country
D. salesRepEmployeeNumber

Answer: D
'salesRepEmployeeNumber' is the foreign key in the 'customers' table, which acts as a unique
identification for a particular employee in the 'employees' table.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Question 4
Match the following actions with the appropriate SQL commands presented in the table given
below.

A. a-I, b-II, c-III, d-IV

B. a-IV, b-III, c-II, d-I
C. a-III, b-I, c-II, d-IV
D. a-III, b-IV, c-I, d-II

Answer: D

Question 5
Suppose you want to create a table named 'payments' in SQL with the two primary keys
'customerNumber' and 'checkNumber', as mentioned in the ERD. Which of the following
queries is the correct one to achieve this?
A. CREATE TABLE `payments` (
`customerNumber` int(11) NOT NULL,
`checkNumber` varchar(12) NOT NULL,
`paymentDate` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`amount` decimal(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`customerNumber`,`checkNumber`)
CONSTRAINT `Check` FOREIGN KEY (`customerNumber`) REFERENCES `customers`
(`customerNumber`)

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 )
B. CREATE TABLE `payments` (
`customerNumber` int(11) NOT NULL,
`checkNumber` varchar(12) NOT NULL,
`paymentDate` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`amount` decimal(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`customerNumber'),
PRIMARY KEY ('checkNumber`)
)
C. CREATE TABLE `payments` (
`customerNumber` int(11) NOT NULL,
`checkNumber` varchar(12) NOT NULL,
`paymentDate` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`amount` decimal(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`checkNumber),
CONSTRAINT `Check` FOREIGN KEY (`customerNumber`) REFERENCES `customers`
(`customerNumber`)
)
D. CREATE TABLE `payments` (
`customerNumber` int(11) NOT NULL,
`checkNumber` varchar(12) NOT NULL,
`paymentDate` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`amount` decimal(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`checkNumber),
)

Answer: A
This is the correct query to create a new table with two primary keys in a table. Also, the
'customerNumber' column is defined as the foreign key in this table.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Question 6
You need to enter the following entries in the 'customers' table to proceed in this assignment.

(495,'Diecast Collectables','Franco','Valarie','Boston','MA','51003','USA','1188',85100),
(496,'Kelly\'s Gift Shop','Snowden','Tony','Auckland','NULL','NULL','New Zealand','1612',110000)

Which of the following commands can be used to enter the two rows that are given above in
the 'customers' table?

A. INSERT
B. UPDATE
C. ALTER
D. CREATE

Answer: A
insert into customers
values
(495,'Diecast Collectables','Franco','Valarie','Boston','MA','51003','USA','1188',85100),
(496,'Kelly's Gift Shop','Snowden','Tony','Auckland ','NULL','NULL','New
Zealand','1612',110000)

Question 7
Suppose you need to change the 'employees' table by inserting the job title 'Sales Rep' in which
the office code is equal to 4. Which of the following queries will you use to perform this
operation?
A. modify employees
set jobTitle = 'Sales Rep'
where officeCode = 4;
B. update employees

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 set jobTitle = 'Sales Rep'
where officeCode = 4;
C. update employees
set jobTitle = 'Sales Rep'
where officeCode = ‘4’;
D. modify employees
set jobTitle = 'Sales Rep'
where officeCode = ‘4’;

Answer: B

Question 8
Delete the entries where the ‘productLine’ column has a value that equals to ‘Boats’ from the
'productlines' table. What is the number of rows in the 'productlines' table?
A. 8
B. 7
C. 6
D. 5

Answer: B
delete from productlines
where productLine = 'Boats';

Question 9
Suppose you want to convert the data type of the 'quantityOrdered' column of the
'orderdetails' table from varchar into an integer. Which of the following code will you use to
convert the varchar data type into an integer?
A. alter table orderdetails
change quantityOrdered int;

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 B. alter table orderdetails modify column quantityOrdered int;
C. alter table orderdetails
change quantityOrdered from varchar to int;
D. alter table orderdetails modify column quantityOrdered from varchar to int;

Answer: B

Question 10
You have tables named 'employees' and 'customers'. Code in the MySQL workbench that you
have been provided and answer the following questions:
- Suppose you print the names of employees with the job title 'Sales Rep'. What is the
first name of the employee that appears first in this query?
- What is the total number of employees from the ‘employees’ table? Alias it as
'Total_Employees'.
- How many customers are based in Australia? Alias it as 'Australia_Customers'.
A. Leslie, 5, 23
B. Jennings, 23, 5
C. Leslie, 23, 5
D. Jennings, 23, 5

Answer: C
Just code in the workbench using the ‘select’, ‘from’, ‘where’ and ‘count’ commands and you
will get the required answers.
- Print the names of employees with the job title 'Sales Rep'. What is the first name that
appears in this query?
select firstName, jobTitle
from employees
where jobTitle = 'Sales Rep';

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 - Find the total number of employees from the ‘employees’ table. Also, you need to
alias it as 'Total_Employees'.
select count(*) as Total_Employees
from employees;

- How many customers are based in Australia? Also, you need to alias it as
'Australia_Customers'.
select count(*) as Australia_Customers
from customers
where country = 'Australia';

Question 11
You have tables named 'products' and 'orders'. Code in the MySQL workbench that you have
been provided and answer the following questions:
- Using the 'products' table, calculate the sum of quantity that is in stock for the product
vendor 'Red Start Diecast' and the product line 'Vintage Cars'.
- What is the total number of orders that have not been shipped yet from the 'orders'
table?

A. 22381, 303
B. 8073, 23
C. 22381, 23
D. 8073,303

Answer: B
- Using the 'products' table, the sum of quantity in stock for product vendor 'Red Start
Diecast' and product line 'Vintage Cars' will be:
select quantityInStock, productVendor, productLine from products
where productVendor = 'Red Start Diecast' and productLine = 'Vintage Cars';

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 - Count the total number of orders that have not been shipped yet, from the 'orders'
table.
select count(*) from orders
where status != 'Shipped';

Question 12
How many entries does the 'orderdetails' table contain for which the ‘productCode’ starts with
S18 and the ‘priceEach’ is greater than 150?
A. 23
B. 24
C. 25
D. 26

Answer: D
Use the ‘like’ command to get the required result.

select count(*) productCode from orderdetails

where productCode like 'S18%' and priceEach > 150;

Question 13
Which of the following are the top three countries (in order) that have the maximum number of
customers?
A. Spain, Germany, France
B. USA, Germany, France
C. Germany, France, USA
D. Germany, France, Spain

Answer: B

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Code in the MySQL workbench using the ‘groupby’ and ‘orderby’ commands.

select country, count(customerNumber) as Country_Wise_Customers from customers

group by country
order by Country_Wise_Customers desc
limit 3;

Question 14
What is the average credit limit for Singapore from the 'customers' table?
A. 67233
B. 58600
C. 58500
D. 51700

Answer: A
Use the ‘avg()’, ‘groupby’ command to get the correct answer.

select country, avg(creditLimit) as credit_limit from customers

where country= 'Singapore';

Question 15
What is the total amount to be paid by the customer named 'Euro+ Shopping Channel'? You
need to refer to the 'customers' and 'payments' tables to answer this question.
A. 715738
B. 715749
C. 725750
D. 725738

Answer: A

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

You need to query the 'customer' table to find the customer number corresponding to the
'Euro+ Shopping Channel' and then find the sum of the amount using the 'payment' table.
- Find the customer number using the 'customers' table.

select customerName, customerNumber from customers

where customerName= 'Euro+ Shopping Channel';

- Find the total amount for a particular customer using the 'payments' table.

select customerNumber, sum(amount) as total_amount from payments

where customerNumber= '141';

Question 16
Which month received the maximum aggregate payments from the customers along with the
aggregated value of the payment of that month?
A. November, 1551479
B. December, 1645923
C. January, 397887
D. February, 503357

Answer: B
You need to use the 'payment' table and apply the ‘sum’ function on the amount, and the
‘month’ function to get the required month.

select month(paymentDate) as payment_month, sum(amount) as amount_sum

from payments
group by payment_month
order by amount_sum desc

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Question 17
What is the shipped date of the maximum quantity that was ordered for the product name
'1968 Ford Mustang'?

Hint: Apply a nested query on the 'products', 'orderdetails' and 'orders' tables.
A. 07-12-2003
B. 12-07-2003
C. 09-09-2003
D. 16-10-2003

Answer: C
You need to apply a nested query in the 'products', 'orderdetails' and 'orders' tables.

select shippedDate from orders

where orderNumber = (
select orderNumber
from(
select quantityOrdered, orderNumber from orderdetails
where productCode = (
select productCode
from products
where productName = '1968 Ford Mustang'
)
) max_order_no
where quantityOrdered = (
select max(quantityOrdered)
from orderdetails
where productCode = (
select productCode

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 from products
where productName = '1968 Ford Mustang'
)
)
);

Question 18
Multiple customers can be contacted by a single employee, as you can see in the schema given
below. You need to use the ‘inner join’ clause on the 'employees' and 'customers' tables.

What is the average value of the credit limit that corresponds to the customers who have been
contacted by the employees from the 'Tokyo' office after using the ‘inner join’ clause on these
two tables? Hint: You need to apply the nested query as well.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 A. 80900
B. 81900
C. 82900
D. 83900

Answer: D
You need to use the ‘inner join’ clause on the 'customers' and 'employees' tables and apply
the nested query to get the office code from the 'offices' table.

select avg(creditLimit) from customers c inner join employees e

on c.salesRepEmployeeNumber = e.employeeNumber
where officeCode = (
select officeCode
from offices
where office_city = 'Tokyo'
)

Question 19
How will you find the name of the customer who paid the lowest amount for the product? You
need to use the ‘outer join’ clause on the 'customers' and 'payments' tables and the ‘sum’
clause on the attribute ‘amount’ to answer this question.
A. Boards & Toy Co.
B. Auto-Moto Classics Inc.
C. Euro + Shopping Channel
D. Mini Gift Distributors Ltd.

Answer: A
You need to apply the ‘left outer join’ clause on the 'payments' and 'customers' tables and
the 'sum' function to get the sum of the amount.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

select customerName, customerNumber, sum(amount) as sum_amount from payments p left
join customers c
using(customerNumber)
group by customerNumber
order by sum_amount asc
limit 5;

Question 20
In which office does the employee with the job title 'VP Marketing' work?
A. Boston
B. Tokyo
C. San Francisco
D. Sydney

Answer: C
You need to apply the ‘outer join’ clause on the 'offices' and 'employees' tables.

select office_city
from employees left join offices
using(officeCode)
where jobTitle = 'VP Marketing'

Question 21
What is the name of the customer who belongs to ‘France’ and has the maximum creditLimit
among the customers in France?
A. Muscle Machine Inc
B. Handji Gifts & Co
C. Mini Wheels Co.

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

 D. Mini Gifts Distributors Ltd.

Answer: D
select customerName from customers
where creditLimit = (
select max(creditLimit)
from customers
where country = 'USA'
group by country
)

Question 22
What will be the remaining stock of the product code that equals ‘S18_1589’ if it is sent to all
the customers who have demanded it?
A. 8692
B. 9042
C. 350
D. None of the above

Answer: A
Query- 1
select quantityInStock
from products
where productCode="S18_1589";

Query- 2
select SUM(quantityOrdered)
from orderdetails
where productCode="S18_1589";

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

And then take the difference.

Question 23
What is the average amount paid by the customer 'Mini Gifts Distributors Ltd.'?
A. 63212
B. 64910
C. 65000
D. 65910

Answer: B
SELECT customerName, AVG(amount)
from payments p left join customers c
using(customerNumber)
WHERE customerName = 'Mini Gifts Distributors Ltd.'
GROUP BY customerName

© Copyright 2020. upGrad Education Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved