Four Stroke Engines – Completes two rotations/ two revolution of crankshaft after completing one cycle.

The Four-stroke cycle includes:

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at the top dead
center (T.D.C.) and ends at the bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke, the intake valve must be in
the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum
pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is being
sucked in by the downward motion against the piston.

2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at
T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the
power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.

3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the
four-stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360-degree revolution. While the
piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a
spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully
returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the
crankshaft.

4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the
exhaust valve.
AUTO ENGINE REBUILDING

Auto Engine Rebuilding is a course used to study the various engine types, its components, parts
of engine and the related accessories. In this course students will train in restoring defective or worn-out
engine parts get back to their original condition and for having knowledge in assembly and disassembly
of engine parts. A strong emphasis on professionalism and craftmanship will be stressed in this course.

BASIC PARTS OF THE ENGINE

Although an engine is made up of many components, I compiled a list of fundamental parts and its
function or what they perform to power a vehicle. The basic parts of a car engine are as follows:

• Intake Valve – inlet of air-fuel mixture

• Doorway - Doorway that lets the gases in and out of the engine (Pdf)

• Valve Cover - Protect the valves and the valve springs. Keeps dirt out and lubricating oil in. (pdf)

• Cylinder Head - Cylinder head contains a combustion chamber above each cylinder. It also
contains many items including the valve springs, valves, lifters, pushrods, rockers, and camshafts to
control passageways that allow the flow of intake air into the cylinders during the intake stroke.

• Coolant - Circulating water and antifreeze to keep the temperature regulated (pdf)

• Engine Block – is a metal casting that serves as a basic structure on which other engine parts are
installed.

• Oil Pan - used to collect the return oil draining

• Oil Sump - the collected oil primarily for lubricating the crankshaft and rod bearing. (pdf)

• Cam Shaft – is to control the opening and closing of valves at proper timing.

• Exhaust Valve – exhaust of combustion gases

• Spark Plug – used in petrol engine only and ignite the change of fuel for combustion

• Piston - is a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in the cylinder converting the gasoline into
motion . (pdf)

• Connecting Rod – it connects piston to the crankshaft and transmit the motion and thrust of
piston to crankshaft

• Rod Bearing - Used to reduce friction to the rod and crankshaft. *pdf

• Crankshaft – is a device, which converts the up and down movement of the piston in rotatory
motion.

• Flywheel - serves to smooth out the pulses of energy provided by the combustion in the
cylinders and to provide energy for the compression stroke of the pistons.

• Gasket – used to provide a tight-fitting joint between two surfaces.

THERMODYNAMICS OF PRIME MOVERS

Four Stroke Engines – Completes two rotations/ two revolution of crankshaft after completing one cycle.
The Four-stroke cycle includes:

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at the top dead
center (T.D.C.) and ends at the bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke, the intake valve must be in
the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum
pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is being
sucked in by the downward motion against the piston.

2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at
T.D.C. In this stroke both valves are now closed and the piston compresses the air fuel into a much
smaller volume, preparing the mixture for ignition.

3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the
four-stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360-degree revolution. With both
valves closed, the spark plug—located in the picture between the intake and exhaust valve will fire,
igniting the air/fuel mixture. The resulting explosion forces the piston downward and rotates the
crankshaft, which in turn propels the vehicle.

4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. The exhaust valve is now open, allowing the piston to push the
spent exhaust gasses out of the engine as it rises. The 4-strokes are now complete, and the process
repeats.

Two Stroke Engines - Completes one rotations/ one revolution of crankshaft after completing one cycle.
The two-step process includes:

1. The Compression Stroke: as the piston moves up it uncovers the inlet port and the natural
vacuum draws the mixture in. The rising piston compresses the mixture ready for ignition.

2. The Power Stroke: The explosion drives the piston downward, providing energy, and pushes the
new mixture in the direction of the transfer port. The exhaust port is now open, allowing the burned
gases to leave, and the piston will rise once more to compress the mixture and restart the cycle.

ADVANTAGES OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE

More torque - The torque generated in the engine is higher than other traditional engines with the same
amount of fuel injected. The higher torque is beneficial in making a vehicle run smoother and with a
higher power. The high torque is capable of providing faster vehicles with less vibration and noise.

More fuel efficiency – Due to the presence of valves, the intake and exhaust is facilitated with greater
efficiency and the fuel losses are controlled. Unlike 2-stroke, there is no scavenging in these engines, and
there is only time intake of fuel during the four-cycle operation.
Less pollution – As the exhaust is better controlled, the fresh charge is only available for combustion.
This makes this engine a better option with regard to environmental impacts. The other traditional
vehicles like a steam engine and 2-stroke create more pollutants than the 4-stroke engine.

More durability –

No extra addition of oil - For lubrication and cooling, there is no need of adding lubricant oil to the fuel.
It decreases the cost of oil, making it more economical, and the other lubrication techniques are more
efficient to safeguard the internal parts from frictional damages.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE

Complicated design - The number of parts and various inputs like cooling, lubrication, valves, design
makes it very complicated to design and even more challenging to construct. Even a slight variation or
defect can cause complete failure of a four stroke engine or reduce its efficiency and working life.

Less powerful - The power generated in 4-stroke is half of the power produced in a 2-stroke engine. It is
due to the number of strokes required to complete one rotation are more in this type of engine. This
makes them a less powerful engine as compared to its less complicated version.

Expensive - The more number of parts included makes it costly compared to simpler designs. So they
often require repairs which leads to greater expense.

ADVANTAGES OF TWO STROKE ENGINE

Simple design & construction - It doesn’t have valves only ports which makes it simpler.

More powerful - The same engine capacity and dimension produces more power, and the power is
uniform in nature. Also, the power-to-weight ratio is more, which means lighter vehicles can generate
more energy, and engine placement is also easy in the vehicles.

Position doesn’t matter - Since there is no problem with fuel transfer, it can be placed in any position,
either vertically or horizontally. The placement of the engine doesn't affect the efficiency and working of
the vehicle, which makes it a better choice for modified vehicles where different structural changes can
be done.

DISADVANTAGES OF TWO STROKE ENGINE

Less fuel efficiency - It is the process of removal of fresh charge or oil during the exhaust cycle. The
absence of valves makes the mechanism simpler, but since the charge enters through the transfer port
when the exhaust port is open, it leads to the exclusion of some fresh charge with the exhaust gases.
This decreases the fuel efficiency of the engine.

Oil addition could be expensive - The coolant and lubrication oil are required separately, increasing the
cost of oil needed to keep the engine cool and avoid failure. Any machine generates heat while working,
and its parts need to be cooled and lubricated to prevent wear due to friction. It is also required to
increase the efficiency and power losses in excessive heating. The lubricant, which is mixed with oil, is
quite costly.

More pollution - During the exhaust of burnt fuel and gases, some of it remains inside and burns during
the next combustion cycle. Therefore, it creates more pollution and is not suitable for the environment.
The lack of a proper inlet and exhaust mechanism is the reason behind this, and this is why it has been
banned in some developed countries.

Wastage of fuel - Sometimes the fresh charge which is going to undergo combustion gets out along with
the exhaust gases. This leads to wastage of fuel & also power delivery of the engine gets effected.

Improper combustion - The exhaust gases often get trapped inside the combustion chamber. This makes
the fresh charge impure. Therefore maximum power doesn’t get delivered because of improper
incomplete combustion.

REFERENCES

https://www.theengineerspost.com/basic-engine-components-engine-parts/?
fbclid=IwAR1eXTYDtNBcpSXmctY-IcbxP2OLFPMJXihAD145ThnnBKcmZ_AYfmQ4_W8

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Two_stroke_engine?
fbclid=IwAR1UmnkfAEuFoYIOp7Cr9IRKF4Vz-2oHb2eFA50IHCwZybsYzNgKjSxIPXA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four stroke_engine?fbclid=IwAR1T_QAPJ6cIVE3CkaRxG1JieDDeFjEfGa-
7FnMYwxHPDRNcEGfx3tP5xNE:~:text=The%20four%20separate%20strokes%20are,bottom%20dead
%20center%20(B.D.C.)