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SURFACE J987 AUG2012

VEHICLE
Issued 1967-05
STANDARD Revised 2012-08

Superseding J987 JUN2003

Lattice Boom Cranes - Method of Test

RATIONALE

This revision will provide editorial corrections to the latest published version and an added test requirement to strain gage
test maximum rated load for fixed jibs with longest boom.

1. SCOPE

This SAE Standard applies to mobile construction-type lifting cranes utilizing rope-supported, conventional and luffing type
lattice boom crane structures.

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of this test method is to provide a systematic nondestructive procedure for determining the stresses induced
in crane structures under specified conditions of static loading through use of resistance-type electric strain gages, and to
specify appropriate acceptance criteria for specified loading conditions.

2. REFERENCES

2.1 Applicable Documents

The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the
latest revision of SAE publications shall apply.

2.1.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA
and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

SAE J1028 Mobile Crane Working Area Definitions

SAE J1093 Latticed Crane Boom Systems - Analytical Procedure

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is
entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and
suggestions.
Copyright © 2012 SAE International
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.
TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) SAE values your input. To provide feedback
Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) on this Technical Report, please visit
Fax: 724-776-0790
Email: CustomerService@sae.org
http://www.sae.org/technical/standards/J987_201208
SAE WEB ADDRESS: http://www.sae.org
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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 2 of 30

2.1.2 ASTM Publication

Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel:
610-832-9585, www.astm.org

ASTM E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

2.1.3 Column Research Council Publication

Available from Column Research Council, Cushing-Malloy, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, 1960.

Guide to Design Criteria for Metal Compression Members

2.1.4 Joseph Marin Publication

Available from Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood, NJ, 1962.

Mechanical Behavior of Engineering Materials

3. DEFINITIONS

See Appendix A.

3.1 STRAIN (ε)

Deformation of material at any given point with respect to a specific plane passing through that point, expressed as
change in length per unit length.

3.2 STRESS (S)

The intensity of internal force accompanying strain, expressed in force per unit area. For purposes of this test method,
stress is related to measured strain by the uniaxial stress equation (see Equation 1):

S = E ⋅ ε (within proportional limits) (Eq.1)

where:

S = stress
E = modulus of elasticity, for the material involved
ε = strain

NOTE: The simple uniaxial stress formula may not be sufficiently accurate for some areas of crane structures under
biaxial stress, and special consideration should be given in such cases (see Appendix B).

3.3 YIELD POINT (Sy)

The stress at which a disproportionate increase in strain occurs without corresponding increase in stress. For purposes of
this code, yield point is to be considered as the minimum 0.2% offset tensile yield point or yield (ASTM A 370) strength
specified by the appropriate standard for the material used.

3.4 CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS (Scr)

The average stress which produces an incipient buckling condition in column-type members (see Appendix C).

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 3 of 30

3.5 INITIAL REFERENCE TEST CONDITION

The defined no-stress or zero-stress condition of the crane structure after the “break-in” (see 7.3) as established by (a)
supporting the structure on blocking to minimize the effects of gravity, or (b) the crane structure components in an
unassembled state or any alternate method that will establish the zero-stress condition. Under this condition, the initial
reference reading for each gage is obtained, N1.

3.6 DEAD LOAD STRESS CONDITION (DL)

The completely assembled crane structure on the test site and in the position or attitude, ready to apply the specified live
load at the specified radius. Under this condition, the second reading for each gage is obtained, N2.

NOTE: Although the hook, block, slings, etc., are considered part of the suspended load, for purposes of safety and
practicality they may be supported by the crane when this reading is taken.

3.7 DEAD LOAD STRESS (S1)

The stress computed as defined in 3.2 by using the difference in the readings obtained in 3.6 and 3.5 for each gage (N2 –
N1).

3.8 WORKING LOAD STRESS CONDITION

The completely assembled crane structure on the test site and in the specified position, supporting the specified rated
load. Under this condition, the third reading for each gage is obtained, N3.

3.9 WORKING LOAD STRESS (S2)

The stress computed as defined in 3.2 by using the difference in the readings obtained in 3.8 and 3.5 for each gage (N3 –
N1).

3.10 RESULTANT STRESS (Sr)

The maximum stress induced in the structure as a result of dead load stress (S1) or the working load stress (S2),
whichever is greater in absolute magnitude.

3.10.1 COLUMN AVERAGE STRESS (Sra)

The direct compression stress in a column or the average stress computed from the several gages located at the section
(see Appendix C).

3.10.2 COLUMN MAXIMUM STRESS (Srm)

The maximum compression stress in a column computed from the plane of buckling as established from the several
gages located at the section (see Appendix C).

3.11 LOADINGS

The application of weights and/or forces of the magnitude specified under the condition specified.

3.12 SPECIFIED

The stated requirements of the manufacturer, the user, the testing agency, or any agreement between these parties.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 4 of 30

4. APPLICATIONS

4.1 This test method is intended to describe the approximate maximum loading conditions to which any component of
the entire load-supporting structure of a crane is subjected. In some cases, a more severe loading condition(s) may
be indicated by analysis. In these cases, the more severe condition(s) may be added to or substituted for the
specified test loading condition(s). It also classifies stress area Types I, II, III, and IV (see 9.1), and defines limits
for each class. Results may be used to correlate boom calculation results for Class III stress areas as given, e.g.,
by SAE J1093 boom calculation method. Test results for Class I stress areas throughout the structure may be used
to check any available calculations. This test method evaluates Class II stress areas for which calculations are
seldom available. Class IV stress areas, where disproportionately high stress readings can occur, may be reviewed
for better insight by calculation methods.

4.2 This method applies to load-supporting structures as differentiated from power transmitting mechanisms. It is
restricted to measuring strains under static conditions.

4.3 The procedures outlined are intended to supplement basic design analysis. One such method of analysis for crane
boom systems is presented in SAE J1093. The relationship of this test method to calculations as presented in SAE
J1093 is as follows:

4.3.1 A production boom system (serially produced) can be rated by the methods outlined in SAE J1093, but a
prototype of this system should be subjected to the following test procedures as documentation of its capability.

4.3.2 A production boom system that has been rated by the methods of 4.3.1 may be used on another machine without
retesting by the methods specified herein. This can be done only if the same analytical procedure shows its
stress levels will be less than in the original application and provided the supporting structure is as rigid as the
original mounting. Rigidity of the supporting structure is determined by the change in the slope of the boom foot
axis (see 8.5) as test loads are applied.

4.3.3 A specially designed boom system (not serially produced) similar to a known and tested design may be rated by
the methods of SAE J1093. The applicable overload test conditions specified (see Tables 1 and 2) should also
be applied as proof of competence.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 5 of 30

TABLE 1 - LUFFING ATTACHMENT TYPE CRANE - TEST CONDITIONS

Tested Tested Tested Tested

Components Components Components Components
Test Test and Strength and Strength and Strength and Strength
Test Conditions Conditions Margins** Margins** Margins** Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Upper Boom and Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to test: carriage Structure Jib(s) (Except Ropes)
A Max numerical rated 2 (Y) RL with (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity luffing — Y, Z Y,Z —
load at its longest 9 upper structure tipping load, boom, luffing
rated radius. Use 16 in any position whichever is jib, and upper
longest luffing boom 17 less. structure
rated with this load
B Max (RR x RL) with 3 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Upper — Y,Z — Y,Z
largest rated load 6 (0.02 x RL) tipping load, structure and
allowed at this load 8 both left and whichever is suspension for
moment. 12 right. Orient less. Orient maximum load
17 upper structure upper moment
to any position. structure to
any position.
C Max (RR x RL) over 1 (Y) RL and (Z) 1.25 RL or Undercarriage Y,Z — — —
side, with largest 3 position upper tipping load, for maximum
rated load allowed at 5 structure in whichever is load moment.
this load moment. 6 allowed less. Orient
7 rotation range upper
8 to obtain structure to
17 maximum any position.
strain in
member tested.
D Max (RR x RL) over 1 (Y) RL and (Z) 1.25 RL or Undercarriage Y,Z — — —
end, with largest 3 position upper tipping load, for maximum
rated load allowed at 5 structure in whichever is load moment.
this load moment. 6 allowed less. Orient
7 rotation range upper
8 to obtain structure to
17 maximum any position.
strain in
member tested.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 6 of 30

TABLE 1 - LUFFING ATTACHMENT TYPE CRANE - TEST CONDITIONS (CONTINUED)

Tested Tested Tested Tested

Components Components Components Components
Test Test and Strength and Strength and Strength and Strength
Test Conditions Conditions Margins** Margins** Margins** Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Upper Boom and Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to test: carriage Structure Jib(s) (Except Ropes)
E Rated radius which 13 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z Y,Z
produces max (RR x 14 (0.02 x RL) tipping load, luffing boom,
RL). Use Luffing 15 both left and whichever is luffing jib, and
boom with longest 16 right, upper less. Orient suspension.
luffing jib, which has 17 structure over a upper
a rating at this corner. structure over
radius. a corner.
F Longest combination 4 (X) Suspend None Integrity of — X X X
of luffing boom + 16 luffing boom, luffing boom,
luffing jib offered for 18 luffing jib, just luffing jib, and
each specified clear of suspension
suspension. ground.
G Longest combination 13 (Y) RL at (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z Y,Z
of luffing boom + 14 minimum RR tipping load, luffing boom,
luffing jib offered for 15 and SL (0.02 x whichever is luffing jib, and
each specified 16 RL) both left less. Orient suspension.
suspension. and right, upper
upper structure structure over
over a corner a corner.
H Max (luffing jib RL x 11 (Y) RL at max (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z —
LJL x sinβ). Use 13 RR and SL tipping load, luffing boom
longest luffing jib 14 (0.02 x RL) whichever is under
where this condition 15 Both left and less. Orient condition of
exists. Then select 16 right, upper upper max torsion.
longest luffing boom structure over a structure over
for the above corner. a corner.
conditions.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 7 of 30

TABLE 1 - LUFFING ATTACHMENT TYPE CRANE - TEST CONDITIONS (CONTINUED)

Tested Tested Tested Tested

Components Components Components Components
Test Test and Strength and Strength and Strength and Strength
Test Conditions Conditions Margins** Margins** Margins** Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Upper Boom and Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to test: carriage Structure Jib(s) (Except Ropes)
I Fixed Jib Test 4 (X) Suspend None Integrity of — X X X
Longest combination 10 boom and jib(s) luffing boom,
of luffing boom, 11 just clear of luffing jib, fixed
luffing jib, and fixed 16 ground. jib, upper
jib(s) for each 18 structure, and
specified suspension.
suspension with
min. fixed jib offset.
J Fixed Jib Test 10 (Y) RL at min (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z —
Longest combination 11 RR and SL tipping load, luffing boom,
of luffing boom, 13 (0.02 x RL) whichever is luffing jib and
luffing jib, and fixed 14 both left and less. Orient fixed jib.
jib(s) for each 15 right, upper upper
specified 16 structure over structure over
suspension with a corner. a corner.
min. fixed jib offset.
K Fixed Jib Test 11 (Y) RL at max (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z —
Max (fixed jib RL x 13 RR and SL tipping load, luffing jib and
FJL x sinβ). Use 14 (0.02 x RL) whichever is fixed jib.
longest fixed jib 15 both left and less. Orient
where this condition 16 right, upper upper
exists. Then select structure over a structure over
longest luffing jib for corner. a corner.
the above
conditions.
L Midfall Test 13 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y, Z Y, Z
Max numerical rated 15 (0.02 x RL) tipping load, luffing jib,
load at its longest 16 both left and whichever is suspension,
rated radius. Use right. Orient less. Orient and midfall
longest luffing jib upper structure upper
rated with this load. to any position. structure to
any position.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 8 of 30

TABLE 1 - LUFFING ATTACHMENT TYPE CRANE - TEST CONDITIONS (CONTINUED)

Tested Tested Tested Tested

Components Components Components Components
Test Test and Strength and Strength and Strength and Strength
Test Conditions Conditions Margins** Margins** Margins** Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Upper Boom and Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to test: carriage Structure Jib(s) (Except Ropes)
M Midfall Test 2 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y, Z Y, Z
Longest combination 9 (0.02 x RL) tipping load, luffing jib,
of luffing boom + 12 both left and whichever is suspension,
luffing jib offered for 13 right at both less. Orient and midfall.
each specified 15 max and min upper
suspension. 16 radius. Orient structure to
upper structure any position.
to any position.
N Midfall Test 13 (Y) RL at max (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y, Z Y, Z
Max (midfall RL x 15 RR and SL tipping load, luffing jib,
MFL x sinβ). Use 16 (0.02 x RL) whichever is suspension,
longest fixed jib Orient upper less. Orient and midfall
where this condition structure to upper
exists. Then select any position. structure to
longest luffing jib for any position.
the above
conditions.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 9 of 30

1. Position of the upper as defined by SAE J1028 or manufacturer’s specification.

2. Where this rated load is offered with the upperstructure counterweight in variable positions, testing shall be performed with this counterweight at the maximum
specified distance to the centerline of rotation.
3. Where this rated load is offered with the upperstructure counterweight in variable positions, testing shall be performed with this counterweight at the minimum
specified distance to the centerline of rotation.
4. Hook block, overhaul ball, or load line attachments resting on the ground.
5. For carriers utilizing various boom configurations, only the configuration that produces the maximum moment conditions should be tested.
6. For upperstructure utilizing various boom configurations, only the configuration that produces the maximum moment conditions should be tested.
7. Use heaviest specified carrier auxiliary counterweight.
8. If a choice of counterweights exists for the maximum moment condition, use the lightest specified counterweight for this condition.
9. Use the heaviest specified upperstructure counterweight.
10.Where more than one allowable boom and jib combination result in the same longest numerical value (i.e., 100 ft boom + 60 ft jib = 160 ft, also 120 ft boom +
40 ft jib = 160 ft), use the combination that includes the longest boom (i.e., 120 ft boom + 40 ft jib in this example).
11.When two or more jibs are attached simultaneously to extend the length of the boom, each system should be tested as a separate rigging. (Apply SAE J987 to
luffing boom + jib(A) and then apply SAE J987 to luffing boom + jib(A) + jib(B).
12.For upperstructures utilizing various boom configurations, only the configuration that produces the maximum load condition should be tested.
13.In no instance shall the wind be utilized to favorably influence the outcome of the test.
14.Note the direction of tip deflection due to suspending the load directly over an end. Swing the upperstructure in the same direction to the nearest corner for
testing.
15.Use manufacturer’s specified reeving with minimum specified parts of load hoist line and with hoist line leaving the drum from an arbitrary position.
16.Where several booms with significant structural or geometrical differences are utilized on the same upperstructure, each boom shall be tested.
17.Tests C and D can be eliminated if machine has been tested to a greater RR x RL with another attachment and has also been tested to a greater thrust with
another attachment.
18.When the luffing jib point cannot be lifted from the ground with the luffing boom point just clear of the ground, two positions are required for testing.
(a) Luffing boom just clear of the ground - luffing jib point on the ground.
(b) Luffing boom point at the minimum boom angle that will allow erection of the luffing jib - luffing jib point just clear of the ground.

** X = Erection Loads, Y = Rated Loads, Z = Over Loads

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 10 of 30

TABLE 2 - CONVENTIONAL TYPE CRANE-TEST CONDITIONS

Tested Tested
Components Tested Tested Components and
and Strength Components Components Strength
Test Test Conditions Test Conditions Margins** and Strength and Strength Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Margins** Margins** Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to Test Carriage Upper-Structure Boom and Jib (Except Ropes)
A Max numerical rated 2 (Y) RL with (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — Y,Z Y,Z —
load at its longest 9 upperstructure tipping load, boom and
rated 16 in any position. whichever is upperstructure
radius. Use longest 17 less.
boom rated with this
load.
B Max (RR x RL) with 3 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Upperstructure — Y,Z — Y,Z
largest rated load 6 (0.02 x RL) both tipping load, and
allowed at this load 8 left and right. whichever is suspension for
moment. 12 Orient less. Orient maximum load
17 upperstructure upperstructure moment.
to any position. to any position.
C Max (RR x RL) over 1 (Y) RL and (Z) 1.25 RL or Undercarriage Y,Z — — —
side, with largest 3 position tipping load, for maximum
rated load allowed at 5 upperstructure whichever is load moment.
this load moment. 6 in allowed less. Orient
7 rotation range to upperstructure
8 obtain maximum to any position.
17 strain in
member tested.
D Max (RR x RL) over 1 (Y) RL and (Z) 1.25 RL or Undercarriage Y,Z — — —
end, with largest rated 3 position tipping load, for maximum
load allowed at this 5 upperstructure whichever is load moment.
load moment. 6 in allowed less. Orient
7 rotation range to upperstructure
8 obtain maximum to any position.
17 strain in
member tested.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 11 of 30

TABLE 2 - CONVENTIONAL TYPE CRANE-TEST CONDITIONS (CONTINUED)

Tested Tested
Components Tested Tested Components and
and Strength Components Components Strength
Test Test Conditions Test Conditions Margins** and Strength and Strength Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Margins** Margins** Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to Test Carriage Upper-Structure Boom and Jib (Except Ropes)
E Rated radius which 13 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z Y,Z
produces max (RR x 14 (0.02 x RL) both tipping load, boom and
RL). Use longest 15 left and right, whichever is suspension.
boom which has a 16 upperstructure less. Orient
rating at this radius. 17 over a corner. upperstructure
over a corner.
F Longest boom offered 4 (X) Suspend None Integrity of — X X X
for each specified 16 boom just clear boom and
suspension. of ground. suspension.
G Longest boom offered 13 (Y) RL at (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z Y,Z
for each specified 14 minimum RR tipping load, boom and
suspension. 15 and SL (0.02 x whichever is suspension.
16 RL) both left less. Orient
and right, upperstructure
upperstructure over a corner.
over a corner.
H Longest allowable 4 (X) Suspend None Integrity of — X X X
combination of boom 10 boom and jib(s) boom, jib,
and jib(s) for each 11 just clear of upperstructure,
specified suspension 16 ground. and
with min. jib offset. suspension.
I Longest allowable 10 (Y) RL at min (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z —
combination of boom 11 RR and SL tipping load, boom and jib.
and jib(s) for each 13 (0.02 x RL) both whichever is
specified suspension 14 left and right, less. Orient
with min. jib offset. 15 upperstructure upperstructure
16 over a corner. over a corner.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 12 of 30

TABLE 2 - CONVENTIONAL TYPE CRANE-TEST CONDITIONS (CONTINUED)

Tested Tested
Components Tested Tested Components and
and Strength Components Components Strength
Test Test Conditions Test Conditions Margins** and Strength and Strength Margins**
Test Conditions Conditions Then Apply Then Apply Purpose Under- Margins** Margins** Suspension
Test First Select Notes Working Load Overload is to Test Carriage Upper-Structure Boom and Jib (Except Ropes)

J Max (jib RL x JL x 11 (Y) RL at max (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y,Z —

sinß). Use longest jib 13 RR and SL tipping load, boom and jib.
where this condition 14 (0.02 x RL) both whichever is
exists. Then select 15 left and right, less. Orient
longest boom for the 16 upperstructure upperstructure
above conditions. over a corner. over a corner.
K Max jib numerical 2 (Y) RL and SL (Z) 1.25 RL or Integrity of — — Y, Z —
rated load at its 7 (0.02 x RL) with tipping load, boom and jib.
longest rated radius. 9 upperstructure whichever is
Use longest boom 13 in any position. less.
and longest jib rated 16
with this load.

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 13 of 30

1. Position of the upper as defined by SAE J1028 or manufacturer’s specification.

2. Where this rated load is offered with the upperstructure counterweight in variable positions, testing shall be performed with this counterweight at the maximum
specified distance to the centerline of rotation.
3. Where this rated load is offered with the upperstructure counterweight in variable positions, testing shall be performed with this counterweight at the minimum
specified distance to the centerline of rotation.
4. Hook block, overhaul ball, or load line attachments resting on the ground.
5. For carriers utilizing various boom and/or upperstructure configurations, only the configuration that produces the maximum moment condition should be tested.
6. For upperstructure utilizing various boom configurations, only the configuration that produces the maximum moment conditions should be tested.
7. Use heaviest specified carrier auxiliary counterweight.
8. If a choice of counterweights exists for the maximum moment condition, use the lightest specified counterweight for this condition.
9. Use the heaviest specified upperstructure counterweight.
10. Where more than one allowable boom and jib combination result in the same longest numerical value (i.e., 100 ft boom + 60 ft jib = 160 ft, and also 120 ft boom
+ 40 ft jib = 160 ft), use the combination that includes the longest boom (i.e., 120 ft boom + 40 ft jib in this example.)
11. When two or more jibs are attached simultaneously to extend the length of the boom, each system should be tested as a separate rigging. (Apply SAE J987 to
boom + jib(A) and then apply SAE J987 to boom + jib(A) + jib(B).
12. For upper structures utilizing various boom configurations, only the configuration that produces the maximum load condition should be tested.
13. In no instance shall the wind be utilized to favorably influence the outcome of the test.
14. Note the direction of tip deflection due to suspending the load directly over an end. Swing the upper structure in the same direction to the nearest corner for
testing.
15. Use manufacturer’s specified reeving the minimum specified parts of load hoist line and with hoist line leaving the drum from an arbitrary position.
16. Where several booms with significant structural or geometrical differences are utilized on the same upperstructure, each boom shall be tested.
17. Tests C and D can be eliminated if machine has been tested to a greater RR x RL with another attachment and has also been tested to a greater thrust with
another attachment.

** X = Erection Loads, Y = Rated Loads, Z = Over Loads

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 14 of 30

4.4 Personnel competent in the analysis of structures and the use of strain-measuring instruments are required to
perform the tests:

5. METHOD OF TESTING

5.1 Suspended Load

The specified load suspended at the specified radius and held stationary a short distance off the ground.

NOTE: The weight of the hook, block, slings, etc., shall be included as part of the specified suspended load.

5.1.1 Rated Load (RL)

The rated load is any load rating as specified by the manufacturer's applicable capacity chart.

5.1.2 Rated Radius (RR)

The rated radius is any radius as specified by the manufacturer's applicable capacity chart.

5.2 Side Load (SL)

When the test specification requires side loading, the force displacing the suspended load should be horizontal and
perpendicular to the plane containing the axis of upperstructure rotation and the centerline of the undeflected boom. The
side load shall be 2% of the rated load in each direction.

NOTE: Side loading is applied to simulate the various effects associated with machine operation including a 20 mph wind
loading that may be encountered.

5.3 Deadman Load

Deadman loading may be used, but caution must be exercised to assure accurate simulation of live load testing. Because
positioning with this system is difficult, deadman loading is not acceptable for Tests from Tables 1 and 2 which require
side load.

6. FACILITIES, APPARATUS, AND MATERIAL

6.1 A concrete or other firm supporting surface, sufficiently large to provide for unobstructed accomplishment of the
tests required.

6.2 Means to measure levelness of the axis of the boom foot; accuracy 0.1% of grade.

6.3 Means for determining the load radius to an accuracy of ±1%, not to exceed 0.15 m (6 in).

6.4 Means for producing transverse displacement of the suspended load and means for measuring the magnitude of
the displacing force; accuracy ±3% of measured force.

6.5 Temperature compensated strain gages, cement, waterproofing compounds, and other necessary gage installment
equipment. Gages must conform with ASTM E 251-67.

6.6 Strain recording system. It is the intent that commercially available, high quality, reliable instruments be used in the
performance of this test. Accuracy of the recording system shall be determined to be ±2% of the reading over the
range of 500 to 3000 μm/m strain (determined in suitable increments). Calibration may be accomplished by
electrical shunts or by precalibrated strain bar.

6.7 Test weights and lifting apparatus of known weights accurate to within ±1%.

6.8 Means for measuring side deflection of the boom and jib within 0.05 m (2 in).

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7. PREPARATIONS FOR TEST

7.1 An analysis of each structure sufficient to locate highly stressed areas shall be made. The strain gage location and
direction shall be determined from this analysis as well as from the use of other experimental techniques where
necessary.

7.2 Perform a detailed inspection of crane to insure that all mechanical adjustments and condition of load supporting
components conform to manufacturers' published recommendations. Check that the crane is equipped in
compliance with the test specifications.

7.3 A previously unworked crane should be given a “break-in” run at or near each anticipated test loading to
mechanically relieve residual stresses that may have developed during manufacture and to minimize the possibility
of “gage zero shift” during the test.

7.4 Perform a thorough inspection after the “break-in” to reveal areas of high stress as evidenced by paint checking,
scale flaking, or other indications of deformation.

7.5 Bond strain gages at the points determined by prior analysis (see 7.1) and any areas selected as a result of the
inspection conducted in 7.4. Only competent personnel using proven materials and practices may be employed to
insure that all gages are of the correct type, properly oriented, and securely bonded to measure strains correctly.

7.6 Determine minimum yield strength and the modulus of elasticity for the material at each gage location by referring to
the material certifications, if available, applicable standards, or Appendix B. Determine critical buckling stress when
applicable (see Appendix C).

8. TEST PROCEDURE AND RECORDS

8.1 Service and adjust the crane to assure specified conditions of lubrication; fuel supply, coolant supply, tire inflation;
track tension; bolts, pins, rope fittings, and other load-bearing components; clutches, brakes, and other power-
transmission components. At all times during testing, the crane shall be set up and operated in conformance with
the manufacturers' specifications.

8.2 Locate the machine on the test course.

8.3 Connect strain measuring system and calibrate gages and instruments (see 6.6). Correct any malfunctions.

8.4 If the assembled crane is to be used as the initial reference test condition (see 3.5, item a), obtain these readings.
If the unassembled components are to be used as the initial reference test condition (see 3.5, item b), obtain these
readings. Reassemble the crane and make all mechanical adjustments.

8.5 Level the crane so that the boom foot axis is within 0.25% of grade in the unloaded condition. This shall be done
directly over an end and over a side of the lower structure. Do not relevel during any specific test condition.

8.6 Set the revolving upperstructure to the specified position relative to the lower structure. Lock swing brake or latch.

8.7 Prepare a test load that together with the hook, block, slings, etc., weighs within ±1% of the specified load.

8.8 Lift the specified load and set boom angle to develop specified radius. As the test load is lifted from the ground, the
overall operation should be observed for any indications of problems before proceeding.

8.9 Set the load on the ground. Do not change the boom angle. Read required strain gages for dead load stress
condition (see 3.6). Compute the dead load stress (S1) for each required gage (see 3.7) and record data. At this
time, zero the means for measuring side deflection of the boom and/or jib(s) tip(s).

NOTE: A new dead load stress condition is established each time the position, attitude, or configuration is changed to suit
specified tests and operations; therefore, 8.5 through 8.9 must be repeated for each new condition.

8.10 Suspend the test load (see 5.1) and apply side load (see 5.2) as required by specifications.

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8.11 Read required strain gages for working load stress condition (see 3.8). Compute the working load stresses (S2) for
each required gage (see 3.9) and record the test data. Measure and record tip side deflection due to suspended
load and side load.

8.12 Release side load and lower suspended load, returning crane to dead load condition (see 8.9). Read required
strain gages and compare with reading taken under 8.9. If the deviation for any gage exceeds ±0.03 Sy/E.
determine cause, correct and repeat all procedures until consistent readings are obtained.

8.13 Compute resultant stress (Sr) per 3.10, for combined dead load (see 3.6) and working load stresses (see 3.9) and
record.

8.14 Thoroughly examine the crane for any evidence which suggests a possibility of plastic deformation or other damage
having occurred during the test.

8.15 Record all pertinent data regarding the test equipment, crane being tested, results, and observations. Suggested
forms are presented in Appendix E.

9. STRESS AND DEFLECTION CRITERIA

9.1 Stress Criteria

Stresses in different parts of crane structures are evaluated for acceptability on the basis of criteria appropriate to the area
in question. These stress areas may be classed as follows (see Table 3 or 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3 for minimum strength
margins).

TABLE 3 - MINIMUM STRENGTH MARGINS

Class I Class II Class III Class IV

X (erection 1.30 1.00 1.40 Refer to
loading) 9.1.4
Y (rated 1.50 1.10 1.60 Refer to
loads) 9.1.4
Z (overloads) Observation Observation Observation Refer to
Only Only Only 9.1.4

9.1.1 Class I - Uniform Stress Areas

Large areas of nearly uniform stress where exceeding the yield strength or yield point values will produce permanent
deformation of the member as a whole. Strength margin:

n1 = S y ⁄ S r or S y ⁄ S′ (refer to Appendix B for S′)

n 1 ≥ 1.50 ( for rated loads)
n 1 ≥ 1.30 for erection loadings
(Eq. 2)

9.1.2 Class II - Stress Concentration Areas

Small areas of high stress surrounded by larger areas of considerably lower stress where exceeding the yield strength or
yield point values will not produce permanent deformation of the member as a whole. Examples are points of rapid
section change such as sharp corners, holes, or weld fillets. Strength margins:

n2 = Sy/Sr or Sy/S’ (refer to Appendix B for S’)

n2 ≥ 1.10 for rated loads
n2 ≥ 1.00 for erection loads (Eq. 3)

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 17 of 30

9.1.3 Class III - Column Buckling Stress Areas

Areas in which failure may be considered to occur at some average stress value less than yield strength or yield point.
Examples are individual unsupported compression elements such as, but not limited to, masts, struts, boom chords, or
lattice, which require consideration as columns. Strength margin:

1
--------- ( Re fe r to Appendix C)
n 3 = ------------------------------
S ra S rm – S ra
-------- + ------------------------
Scr Sy
(Eq. 4)

n3 ≥ 1.60 for rated loads

n3 ≥ 1.40 for erection loadings

For lattice structures, this criteria is intended to apply to lacing elements or chord elements between lacing points. It is not
intended for evaluation of the overall latticed compression member.

9.1.4 Class IV - Local Plate Buckling Areas

Plates, when subjected to direct compression, bending, and/or shear in their plane, may buckle locally before the member
as a whole becomes unstable. Local buckling is associated with wrinkling (initial buckling), which permits the member to
redistribute loadings to stiffer edges. As loading is further increased, the stress in Class IV areas (see Figure 1) does not
necessarily increase in proportion to the load; however, considerable post buckling strength may remain. Requirements
are that Class IV gages return to the dead load readings (see 8.12) for all test conditions, including overload.

FIGURE 1 - LOCAL PLATE BUCKLING AREAS

9.2 Side Load and Deflection Criteria

The usability of a latticed column (i.e., crane boom or boom and jib(s) combination) is sometimes affected by the elastic
stability of the overall column as well as the individual members. Incipient out of plane elastic instability is indicated by
excessive boom and/or jib point deflection (sideways) as the boom or jib(s) is side loaded when suspending rated load.
The following lateral deflection limits are therefore imposed.

9.2.1 For conventional boom and jib combinations, the side load percentage that is to be applied in each direction at the
load attachment point is to be a minimum of 2% of the rated load.

9.2.2 For conventional boom and jib combinations, the lateral deflection criteria for rated load and side load of Table 1
are as follows:

First, the deflection of the total boom and jib combination shall be less than or equal to 2% of the total combination length.

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Furthermore, the deflection of each individual boom or jib member shall be less than or equal to 2% of the length of that
member. To satisfy these criteria, it should be noted that the deflection of an individual member does not include the
deflection, rotation, or slope of the member to which it is mounted.

For a single jib mounted on a boom, the following relationship is given (see Figure 2):

Zj ≤ 0.02 Lj + Z b + Z′ ( Lj cos β ) + θ ( Lj sin β )

(Eq. 5)

The following values are measured.

Zj = Jib Point Deflection

Zb = Boom Point Deflection

Z1 = Boom Deflection at a Distance L1 Down

From the Boom Point

Z2 = Jib Strut Deflection at the Tip

The following values are calculated:

a. Slope:

Z′ = ( Z b – Z 1 ) ⁄ ( L1 )
(Eq. 6)

b. Rotation:

Th e ta = ( Z b – Z 2 ) ⁄ ( L2 )
(Eq. 7)

If slope (Z') and torsion (θ) are not measured, the last two terms of Equation 7 may be deleted. Both of the previous
criteria correspond to those set forth in the boom calculation practice SAE J1093.

9.2.3 For luffing attachment combinations, the side load percentage that is to be applied in each direction at the load
attachment point is to be a minimum of 2% of the rated load.

9.2.4 For luffing attachment combinations, no deflection limitations have been established.

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FIGURE 2 - DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT RELATED TERMS LATTICE BOOM WITH JIB

10. NOTES

10.1 Marginal Indicia

The change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where revisions have
been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete
revision of the report.

PREPARED BY THE SAE CRANES AND LIFTING DEVICES COMMITTEE

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APPENDIX A - NOMENCLATURE

E =Modulus of elasticity (3.2)

G =Modulus of rigidity (Appendix B)

K =End restraint factor for effective length (Appendix C)

L =Un-braced length of column (Appendix C)

Lb =Length of boom (9.2; Figure 2)

Lj =Length of jib (9.2; Figure 2)

l1 =Small arbitrary projected length of boom along x-axis

l2 =Projected length of jib strut along y-axis

n =Strength margin (9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3)

N1 =Strain reading at initial reference test condition (3.5)

N2 =Strain reading at dead load stress condition (3.6)

N3 =Strain reading at working load stress condition (3.8)

r =Radius of gyration (Appendix C)

RL =Rated load as specified by manufacturer (5.1.1)

“R” =Plane perpendicular to boom foot pin CL (9.2; Figure 2 )

RR =Rated radius as specified by manufacturer (5.1.2)

S =Stress (3.2)

S1 =Dead load stress (3.7)

S2 =Working load stress (3.9)

Sra =Average stress at a cross section (3.10.1 )

Scr =Critical buckling stress for axially loaded columns (3.4; Appendix C, Figure C1)

SL =Side load, i.e., 0.02 x RL (5.2 and 8.10)

Srm =Maximum compression stress in a column (3.10.2)

Sp =Stress at the proportional limit (Appendix C)

Sr =Resultant Stress (3.10)

SRC =Maximum compressive residual stress (Appendix C)

Sy =Stress at the yield point (3.3)

S’ =Equivalent uniaxial stress (9.1.1 and 9.1.2; Appendix B)

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Z’ =Boom tip slope (out of plane) (9.2; Figure 2)

Zb =Boom point deflection from plane “R” (9.2; Figure 2)

Zj =Jib point deflection from plane “R” (9.2; Figure 2)

Z1 =Boom deflection at a point l1 back from the boom tip

Z2 =Jib strut deflection at its tip

β =Jib offset angle from CL boom (9.2; Figure 2 )

ε =Strain (3.2 )

ε =Maximum principal strain (Appendix B)

ε =Minimum principal strain (Appendix B)

σ0 =Tensile yield stress (Appendix B)

σx =Maximum principal stress (Appendix B)

σy =Minimum principal stress (Appendix B)

θ =Boom point rotation about x axis (radians) (9.2; Figure 2)

π =Pi = 3.1416 (Appendix C)

τ0 =Shear yield stress (Appendix B)

ν =Poisson’s ratio (Appendix B)

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APPENDIX B - STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

B.1 In biaxial stress fields, there may be some error if the uniaxial stress given by S = E ε (see 3.2) is compared to tensile
yield point to determine the strength margin. The question arises when consideration is given to the theory of failure
applicable to the material being tested.

Triaxial stresses are not considered here because the third direction cannot be measured with a strain gage.

B.2 Brittle Materials

The use of S = E · εx (when εx is measured in the direction of maximum principal strain) presumes the applicability of the
maximum strain theory of failure. This is the commonly accepted theory of failure for brittle materials, and results given
are valid for materials of this type.

B.3 Ductile Materials

The distortion energy theory of failure (see 2.1.4) generally is accepted as the performance criterion of ductile materials
subjected to biaxial stresses. This assumes that yield failure occurs when the distortion energy under biaxial stress is
equal to the distortion energy at yield stress in pure tension. An equivalent uniaxial stress (S') developing the same
distortion energy as the actual biaxial stress is determined for comparison to the yield point (Sy, see 3.3) to establish the
strength margin against failure. The equivalent stress is shown in Equation B1:

2 2
S′ = σx – σxσy + σy
(Eq. B1)
where:

σx = maximum principal stress

σy = minimum principal stress

Principal stresses are obtained from strain gage readings by Equations B2 and B3:

σx = E(εx + νεy)/(1 - ν2) (Eq. B2)

σy = E(εy + νεx)/(1 - ν2) (Eq. B3)

where:

E = modulus of elasticity
εx = maximum principal strain
εy = minimum principal strain
ν = Poisson's ratio

Principal strains are obtained by interpreting rosette gage readings on Mohr's circle or other convenient means.
Equivalent stress S' may also be calculated from principal strains shown in Equation B4:

′
= (1 − )2 ( − )2 + ( + )( + )/(1 − 2)

(Eq. B4)

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B.4 Ductile Material Approximate Method

In most ductile material biaxial fields, the assumption that the equivalent stress S' equals Eεx will be accurate within 10%.
The main factors affecting the accuracy are:

a. The ratio of minimum to maximum principal stress, σy/σx

b. The ratio of shear yield to tensile yield, τo/σo

Figure B1 shows the magnitude of accuracy variance with respect to these two ratios, using Poisson's ratio v = 0.285.
The plot shows that as the condition approaches biaxial tension or compression error can be 25 to 30%, as the condition
approaches pure shear error may be 0 to 30% depending on the ratio τo/σo.

FIGURE B1 - RATIO OF APPARENT STRESS TO ACTUAL STRESS VERSUS BIAXIAL STRESS RATIO

The solid curve line in Figure B1 is based on the distortion energy theory of failure as compared to S = E · εx. Distortion
energy theory, while most generally correct, will check with the torsion yield test (pure shear) only if τo/σo = 0.577. For
materials in which τo/σo does not equal 0.577, the dashed curve lines (which do not correspond to any theory of failure,
but only the tensile and torsion yield tests) give some idea of the probable error. If a single gage and S = E · εx is to be
applied instead of rosettes and more complicated formulation, principal direction must be determined by some other
means, such as paint checking or (better) brittle lacquer.

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Recommended values to be used in calculating stress from measured strain are listed in Table B1.

TABLE B1 - ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

Modulus
of Modulus
Elasticity of Rigidity
(E) (G)
(Young's)1 (Shear)(1) Poisson's
(106 psi) (106 psi) Ratio
Steel
Carbon and alloy 30 11.5 0.285
structural
Cast 30 11.2 0.265
Stainless 20/28 0.305
Gray Iron
Class 20 9.6/14.0
Class 60 20.4/23.5
Malleable Iron 25 11 0.271
Nodular Iron 24 10
Aluminum, structural 10.5 4 0.333
Magnesium, structural 6.5
Titanium, structural 13/16

1
The modulus of elasticity generally is quoted as a range; the figures listed are towards the high end of the range for conservatism. The modulus of
elasticity of some materials varies widely chemistry, heat treatment, or stress level. In such cases a range is listed, and the proper value must be
selected for the particular conditions in each case.

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APPENDIX C - COLUMN BUCKLING STRESS

C.1 At stress levels below the proportional limit, axially loaded columns buckle elastically. (See Equation C1):

2
π E
S p ≥ S c r = --------------------2-
( KL ⁄ r )
(Eq. C1)

At stress levels above the proportional limit, axially loaded columns buckle inelastically (See Equation C2):

2
S p ( S y – S p ) ( KL ⁄ r )
S p < S c r = S y – ----------------------------------------------------
2
π E (Eq. C2)

The proportional limit is defined by Equation C3:

S p = S y – S RC
(Eq. C3)
where:

SRC = maximum residual stress in compression

A value of SRC = 15,000 psi may be assumed in lieu of specific residual stress information on the following steel materials:

a. Hot finished shapes in the as-rolled condition

b. Quenched and tempered shapes with stress relief heat treatment

c. Cold-drawn shapes with stress relief heat treatment

d. Fabricated welded shapes with stress relief heat treatment

On other steel materials a value of SRC = 0.5 Sy may be assumed in lieu of specific residual stress information. Equations
C1 and C2 are plotted in Figure C1 for four grades of steel with SRC = 15 000 psi and also with SRC = 0.5 Sy. The end
restraint factor, K, can be calculated by methods outlined in another report, article 2.6 (see 2.1.3).

The following values may be used in lieu of calculation:

a. For chord members - K = 1.00

b. For lacing members with full section connection to tubular chords - K = 0.75

c. For lacing members with full section connection to angle or tee chords - K = 0.90

d. For lacing members with reduced section connection to chord - K = 1.00

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FIGURE C1 - CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS, SCR (TO BE USED WITH EQUATION 4)

In testing compression members, strain gages should be located at the midspan or expected buckling point. When gages
are placed at the logical points of highest buckling stress, the highest observed reading may be used for Srm in lieu of
computation of the stress plane. When gage locations are asymmetrical with respect to the centroid, the average of the
test values cannot be used for Sra. In this case, the test values must be weighted so that Sra represents the value of the
stress plane at the centroid. Figure C2 demonstrates a method of weighting test values for an angle section with equal
legs. Compression members which are asymmetrical with respect to the centroid, such as structural angles, have different
values of radius of gyration (r) in different planes. For evaluation of data obtained from gages in these areas, the
determination of Scr must be based on the largest value of KL/r occurring at the chosen area. For boom chord members
the largest value of KL/r must be utilized, whether lacings are staggered or concentric.

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FIGURE C2 - WEIGHTING TEST DATA FOR AVERAGE AXIAL STRESS

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APPENDIX D - TEST CONDITIONS AND STRENGTH MARGINS

D.1 The test conditions are intended for testing cranes as defined in the scope of this document. The method of test
may be applicable to other types, but the test conditions and strength margins suggested here should be
reviewed and perhaps modified to suit the application.

The standard test loading conditions for the principle structural components of conventional type cranes are listed in Table
2 and for luffing attachment type cranes are listed in Table 1.

Suggested minimum allowable strength margins for these loadings are shown in Table 3. These tables cover lifting crane
hook work for which the number of stress cycles during the expected life of the crane does not require consideration of
fatigue endurance limits. This is as opposed to cyclic type services such as bucket, magnet, or grapple work. With the
exception of overloads, the conditions listed closely approximate the typical maximum loadings imposed on cranes when
operating within the range of manufacturers' published ratings.

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APPENDIX E

SUGGESTED REPORT FORMAT

E.1 The following minimum data shall be included in report:

1. Title page, to include:

a. Date of Report

b. Dates of test and personnel involved

c. Description of crane tested

d. Brief description of test instruments used

e. Signed statement that machine was tested and met the minimum requirements of SAE J987

f. Method of test

2. Table of Contents

3. Written Summary of Results

4. Strain Gage Location Sheet

5. Load Rating Chart as published

6. Tabular Summary of Test Conditions (Figure E1)

7. Column Stress Summary Sheets (Figure E2)

8. Stress Summary Sheets (Figure E3)

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SAE J987 Revised AUG2012 Page 30 of 30

FIGURE E1 - TYPICAL SUMMARY FORM

FIGURE E2 - TYPICAL COLUMN STRESS SUMMARY FORM

FIGURE E3 - TYPICAL STRESS SUMMARY FORM

2017-08-29, (주)호룡에 라이센스를 부여하며 불법 복사 및 무단 배포를 금합니다.