EXPLANATION

Thomas Hobbes

Theory of Social Contract

The law of nature is a general rule established by reason by which a person is forbidden to do that which
is destructive of his life, and to omit that by which he thinks it may be best preserved. Given our desire
to get out of the state of nature, and thereby preserve our lives, Hobbes concluded that we should "seek
peace", his first law of nature.

- Hobbes is famous for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as
“social contract theory”, ito ang paraan ng pagbibigay-katwiran sa mga prinsipyo o kaayusan sa
politika sa pamamagitan ng pag-apela sa kasunduan na gagawin sa mga angkop na kinalalagyan
na makatwiran, malaya, at pantay na mga tao .

- Also Hobbes first law of nature is to seek peace and we must follow it, and it is easily inferred as
“a precept, or general rule of reason”.

The mutual transferring of these rights is called a contract, the basis of the notion of moral obligation
and duty.

- Ibig sabihin kung pumayag ang isang tao na isuko ang kanyang karapatang saktan ka, ibibigay mo
ang iyong karapatan na saktan siya. You have then transferred these rights to each other and
thereby become obligated not to hurt each other. Both are driven to willingly surrender these,
so it will end the dreaded state of war.
- In addition, No contracts can be made with animals since animals cannot understand an
agreement.

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The laws of nature give the conditions for the establishment of society and government. The state itself
is the result of the interplay of forces, and the human reason, displayed in the conduct expressed by
these rules, is one of the determining forces.

- These are the rules that a reasonable being would follow in pursuing one's own advantage if he
was aware of humanity's situation in a state where impulse and passion alone rule.

-In Leviathan, Hobbes stated that, "The fundamental law of nature seeks peace and follows it, while at
the same time, by the sum of natural right, we should defend ourselves by all means that we can."

- Ibigsabihin ay tayo ay magpanatili ng kapayapaan ngunit kung tayo ay nasasaktan o sinisiraan

The third law of nature is that human beings perform the covenant they made. Without this law of
nature, covenants are nothing but empty words.

- With the right of all human beings to all things still intact, we are still at war. Moreover, this law
is the source of justice. There can be no wrong action, if there is no agreement. And breaking a
contract, on the other hand, is unfair.
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-The laws of nature are unable to achieve the desired end by themselves alone, that is, unless there is
coercive power able to enforce their observance by sanctions. These laws are rational but are contrary
to human nature.

- So coercive power is a type of power that employs the use of force, threats, and other forms of
coercion to stimulate an outcome.
- The plurality of individuals may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will.
Therefore, it is necessary that there should be a common power backed by force and able to
punish. This means that they must confer all their power and strength upon one human being.

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So Hobbes made a distinction between a commonwealth by institution and acquisition:

1. A commonwealth is said to exist by institution when it has been established through the covenant of
every member of a multitude with every other member. The multitude of human beings subjects
themselves to a chosen sovereign from fear of one another.

- When every member of a multitude has made a commitment with every other member, the
commonwealth is said to exist by institution. As a result of mutual fear, a vast number of people
submit to a chosen sovereign. This prevents them from feeling fear for one another

2. A commonwealth is said to exist by acquisition when the sovereign power has been acquired by force.
Here, human being fears death with that human being who holds the power over his life and liberty.

- When the sovereign power has been acquired by force, the commonwealth is said to exist by
acquisition. So Human beings fears death in the same way that individuals who holds the power
over his life and liberty.

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Neither of these commonwealths affect the sovereignty. The subjects of a sovereign cannot change the
form of government or repudiate the authority of the sovereign. Sovereignty is inalienable.

- Walang makapangyarihang tao ang hindi makatarungang papatayin o parusahan ng kanyang

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Rousseau was one of the most famous and influential philosophers of the French Enlightenment in the
eighteenth century. In his book The Social Contract, he elaborated his theory of human nature. In
Rousseau, a new era of sentimental piety found its beginning.

- While Rousseau defined the concept in terms of absolute democracy and individuality, Hobbes
interpreted it in terms of absolute monarch.

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Both Rousseau and Hobbes have one thing in common, that is, they believe that human beings have to
form a community to protect themselves from one another, because the nature of human beings is to
wage war against one another, and since by nature, humanity tends toward self-preservation, then it
follows that they have to come to a free mutual agreement to protect themselves.

- Hobbes believed that in order to overcome the endless and self-destructive state of battle,
humanity should establish the state with its sovereign power of control by common agreement.
- On the other hand, Rousseau believed that a human being is born free and good.

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To restore peace, his freedom should be brought back, and as he returned to his true self, he saw the
necessity and came to form the state through the social contract whereby everyone grants his individual
rights to the general will. The term "social contract" is not an actual historical event.

- It is a philosophical fiction, a metaphor, and a certain way of looking at a society of voluntary

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Situations That Demonstrate Freedom of Choice and the Consequences of Their Choices

According to Rand, individual freedom should be aligned with economic freedom

- Ang pagkakasundo ng mga Pilipino ay maaaring maging kapaki-pakinabang na halaga sa ganap

A leader or a manager with magandang kalooban is not passive but plays an active role in economic
development. Leaders should not only focus on the impact of job performance but also treat every
individual worker as a person and not as an object.

- Filipinos can achieve a healthy economy through an integrated structure in which there is
support and assistance among organizational units within a company.
- Ang isang mahusay na pinuno na Pilipino ay dapat magbigay ng inspirasyon sa kapwa Pilipino na
magtiwala sa kanilang sarili upang mabawi ng bansa ang posisyon nito bilang isang puwersang
pang-ekonomiya

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Individualism also prioritizes countryside development, a self-help concept among the country dwellers
which discourages dependence on government loans which would leave the locals to follow whatever
conditions the government sets in favor of the loan.

- Furthermore, self-help is the foundation of all real growth in rural development, which is a
source of national production and efficiency.
As a result, entrepreneurship and countryside development economically and politically emancipate
Filipinos from local and foreign intervention.

- Moreover, Filipinos learn to be self-sufficient which leads to self-respect and consequently,

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Education has its own part to fulfill in giving importance to individual students and in the promulgation
of the concept of individualism. Mounting a continuing education among Filipinos, education should not
shape the students' mind to be passive.

- Educators should be aware of the individual talents of students, the differences in their family
backgrounds.
- Kaya naman iminungkahi ni Rand na ang pangunahing gawain ng edukasyon ay turuan ang mga
mag-aaral kung paano sanayin sa mga teorya at konsepto.

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For Rand, advocating Aristotle, reason and will are part of being human. Specifically, the 1986 EDSA
Revolution is an evidence of the Filipinos' exercise of reason and political will. During this time, a song
became popular with verses:

May panahong magduda at magtanong

Ngayon ay panahon ng pagharap at pagsulong...