VA R I O U S E L E M E N T S , T E C H N I Q U E S , A N D L I T E R A RY D E V I C E S I N S P E C I F I C

F O R M S O F P O E T RY
 IDENTIFY THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS,
TECHNIQUES, AND LITERARY DEVICES IN
SPECIFIC FORMS OF POETRY.
(HUMSS_CW/MP11/12C-F-6)
What is Poetry?
• Poetry is a form of literature which allows the writers
who called to be “poets” to express their thoughts,
feelings, emotions, ideas about a particular theme or topic.
• Remember that poet is the author of the poem or
literary piece while persona is the SPEAKER or narrator of
the poem.
• Poetry is cast in lines. It uses forms and elements and
does not use ordinary syntax. We do not use ordinary
sentence formation since there are elements and
techniques used by the poets.
What is Poetry?

• Poetry has significant elements that can be used by the

poets to strengthen their techniques and sustain it for
recognition of poetic styles. Elements will help the poets
to address the message of the literary pieces to the
audience or readers.
• Here are some of the elements of poetry as categorized
into six sub-elements namely, structure, sound, imagery,
figurative language, fictional elements, and poetic forms.
THEME
• Theme is the lesson about life or statement about human
nature that the poem expresses.
– Though related to the concept of a moral, or lesson,
themes are usually more complicated and ambiguous.
– To describe the theme of a poem is to discuss the
overarching abstract idea or ideas being examined in the
poem.
– A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his
work, making it the most significant idea in a literary
work.
– A minor theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that
appears in a work briefly and gives way to another
minor theme.
THEME
• So, for example, in the Edgar Allan Poe poem “The
Raven”, the subject is the raven, who continually
repeats a single word in response to the speaker’s
questions.
• The theme of the poem, however, is the
irreversibility of death—the speaker asks the raven,
in a variety of ways, whether or not he will see his
dead beloved again, to which the raven always replies
“nevermore.”
TONE
• It suggests two attitudes: one concerning the people
you’re addressing (your audience) and the other
concerning the thing you’re talking about (your
subject).
• That’s what the term tone means when it’s applied to
poetry as well. Tone can also mean the general
emotional weather of the poem.
- the attitude expressed in a poem that a reader
sees and feels
- the writer’s attitude toward the subject or
audience
A. STRUCTURE

FORM is the appearance of the words on the page

of the reference. It may be different nowadays since
layout artist may simply adjust and create the desired
form of poem.
A. STRUCTURE
• POETIC LINE or LINE is a group of words that
form a single line of poetry.
A. STRUCTURE
• POETIC LINE or LINE
• Kinds of Metrical Lines/Numbers of Feet
• monometer = one foot on a line
• dimeter = two feet on a line
• trimeter = three feet on a line
• tetrameter = four feet on a line
• pentameter = five feet on a line
• hexameter = six feet on a line
• heptameter = seven feet on a line
• octometer = eight feet on a line
A. STRUCTURE
• STANZA is a section of a poem named for the
number of lines it contains.
A. STRUCTURE
• STANZA
• Kinds of Stanza
Couplet = a two line stanza
Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza
Quatrain = a four line stanza
Quintet = a five line stanza
Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza
Septet = a seven line stanza
Octave = an eight line stanza
A. STRUCTURE
•ENJAMBMENT is when there is no written or
natural pause at the end of a poetic line, so that the
word-flow carries over to the next line. It affects
the forms of the poem on a page. It can create
certain form relevant to a poem’s content.
A. STRUCTURE
•ENJAMBMENT
John Keats, Endymion (1818)
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.
A. STRUCTURE
•VERSE is a line in traditional poetry that is written
in meter.
A. STRUCTURE
• VERSE
• Traditional Form
• Poems with rhyme and with meter.
• Free Verse:
• Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating
patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme.
• Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with
you.A more modern type of poetry.
• Blank Verse:
• Written in lines of iambic pentameter but does NOT use end rhyme.
• With METER without end RHYME
A. STRUCTURE
• VERSE
• Traditional Form
• Poems with rhyme and with meter.
A. STRUCTURE
• VERSE
• Free Verse:
• Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating
patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme.
• Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with
you. A more modern type of poetry.

• Whirl up, sea—

Whirl your pointed pines,
Splash your great pines
On our rocks,
Hurl your green over us,
Cover us with your pools of fir. —H.D.
A. STRUCTURE
• VERSE
• Blank Verse:
• Written in lines of iambic pentameter but does NOT use end rhyme.
• With METER without end RHYME

• Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, 'till one greater Man
....
—John Milton (from Paradise Lost)
 QUESTIONS TO PONDER:
Can you recall some of your favorite poem
way back in elementary and junior high
school? Can you identify its structures? Which
of the structural examples do you think
common?
B. SOUND

•RHYTHM is the basic beat in a line of a poem. It can

be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration, and refrain.
B. SOUND
•METER is a pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables. Meter happens when the stressed and
unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are
arranged in a repeating pattern. In meter, when poets
write, they need to count out the number of stressed
(strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for
each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the
poem.
B. SOUND
•METER
• FOOT is a unit of meter.
• A foot can have two or three syllables.
• Usually consists of one stressed and one or more
unstressed syllables.
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• The types of feet are determined by the
arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.
B. SOUND
•METER
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• 1. trochee (adjective form, trochaic) stressed-
unstressed
•a. Never/ never/ never/ never/ never
•b. In the/ spring a/ young man's/ fancy/ lightly/ turns to/
thoughts of/ love.
B. SOUND
•METER
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• 2. anapest (anapestic) unstressed-unstressed-
stressed
•a. It was man/y and man/y a year/ ago
•b The Assyr/ian came down/ like a wolf/ on the fold,
• And his co/horts were gleam/ing in purp/le and gold.
B. SOUND
•METER
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• 3. dactyl (dactylic) stressed-unstressed-
unstressed
•a. This is the/ forest pri/meval, the/ murmuring/
pines and the/ hemlocks
•b. What if a/ much of a/ which of a/ wind
B. SOUND
•METER
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• 4. spondee (spondaic) stressed-stressed
•a. All whom/ war, death,/ age, ag/ues, tyr/annies,
• Despair,/ law, chance,/ hath slain,/ and you/ whose
eyes
•Shall be/hold God
•b. Crushed. Why/ do men/ then now/ not reck/ his
rod?
B. SOUND
•METER
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• 5. pyrrhic (pyrrhic) unstressed-unstressed.

•At the/ round earth's/ ima/gined cor/ners blow.

B. SOUND
•METER
•

• TYPES OF FEET
• 6. iamb (iambic) unstressed-stressed
•a. Five years/ have passed,/ five sum/mers with/ the
length
• Of five/long wint/ers! . . .
B. SOUND

• END RHYME has same or similar sounds at the end

of words that finish different
• lines.
B. SOUND
• END RHYME
• Example: “The King of Cats Sends a Postcard to His Wife”
by Nancy Willard:
Keep your whiskers crisp and clean,
Do not let the mice grow lean,
•

Hector the Collector

Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads
And rusty bells that would not ring.
B. SOUND

• INTERNAL RHYME has same or similar sounds at

the end of words within a line.
B. SOUND
•INTERNAL RHYME
•Example:
•
•When they said the time to hide was mine,
- “The Rabbit” by Elizabeth Maddox Roberts

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered

weak and weary.
- “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe
•B. SOUND

RHYME SCHEME is a pattern of rhyme in a poem.

A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end
rhyme, but not always).
• B. SOUND
RHYME SCHEME
•The Germ by Ogden Nash
A mighty creature is the germ, a
Though smaller than the pachyderm. a
His customary dwelling place b
Is deep within the human race. b
His childish pride he often pleases c
By giving people strange diseases. c
Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? a
You probably contain a germ. a
•B. SOUND

ASSONANCE is the repetition of vowel sounds

within words in a line.
• B. SOUND
ASSONANCE
William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”
(1804):
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
•B. SOUND

• CONSONANCE is the repetition of consonant

sounds within words in a line.
• B. SOUND
•CONSONANCE

Robert Frost’s “Out-Out” (1916):

The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard

And made dust and dropped stove-length sticks of
wood,
Sweet-scented stuff when the breeze drew across it.
•B. SOUND

• ALLITERATION is the repetition of consonant

sounds at the beginning of words.
•B. SOUND

• ALLITERATION

• If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how

many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?
•B. SOUND

• ONOMATOPOEIA are words that sound like their

meaning.
•B. SOUND

• REPETITION is sounds, words, or phrases that are

repeated to add emphasis or create rhythm. Parallelism
is a form of repetition.
•B. SOUND

• REFRAIN is a line or stanza repeated over and over

in a poem or song.
•B. SOUND

• WORD PLAY is to play with the sounds and

meanings of real or invented words.
 QUESTIONS TO PONDER:
Why do you think tone is important in
writing a poem? Does it affect your
interest as a reader? Can you identify
the tone elements of your favorite
poem?
•C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

• SETTING is the time and place where a story or

poem takes place.
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•POINT OF VIEW / NARRATIVE VOICE is the

person narrating a story or poem (the story/poem
could be narrated in first person (I, we), second person
(you), or third person limited or omniscient (he/she,
they).
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•CHARACTERIZATION is the development of the

characters in a story or poem (what they look like,
what they say and do, what their personalities are like,
what they think and feel, and how they are referred to
or treated by others).
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•DIALOG or DIALOGUE is the conversation

between the characters in a story or poem.
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•DIALECT or COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE is

the style of speaking of the narrator and the characters
in a story or poem (according to their region, period,
and social expectations).
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•CONFLICT is the problem or situation a character

or characters face in a story or poem.
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•PLOT is the series of events in a story or poem.

• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•TONE AND VOICE are the distinctive,

idiosyncratic way a narrator has of telling a story or
poem (tone and voice depend on the intended
audience, the purpose for writing, and the way the
writer or poem feels about his/her subject).
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•STYLE is the way a writer uses words to craft a

story or poem.
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•MOOD is the feelings and emotions the writer wants

the reader to experience.
• C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION

•THEME AND MESSAGE are the main topic of a

story or poem, and the message the author or poet
wants to convey about that topic.
 QUESTIONS TO PONDER:
Can you think of a poem with a
character? How was it delivered? Is it
possible to tell a story even if it is a
poem? If you were a poet, how would
you use the presented elements?
• D. FORMS OF POETRY

•1. FOUND POEMS are created through the

careful selection and organization of words and
phrases from existing text. These take existing texts
and refashion them, reorder them, and present them
as poems. The literary equivalent of a collage found
poetry is often made from newspaper articles, street
signs, graffiti, speeches, letters, or even other poems.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY FOUND POEMS
• D. FORMS OF POETRY

•2. TANAGA is a type of Filipino poem which

consists of four lines with seven syllables each with the
same rhyme at the end of each line. It has a 7-7-7-7
syllabic verse, with commonly an AABB rhyme scheme.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
•TANAGA
•1. “Oh be resilient you Stake
Should the waters be coming!
I shall cower as the moss
To you I shall be clinging.”
•2. Inumit na salapi
•Walang makapagsabi
•Kahit na piping saksi
•Naitago na kasi.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
1.3. DIONA is an ancient form of poetry that is
composed of 7 syllables for every verse/line, 3
verses/lines for every stanza, and has a single rhyme
scheme.
• Sa kasalukuyan, tinatanggap ang diona bilang isang
tulang may pitong pantig at tatlong taludtod. Iisa ang
tugmaan nito (pero may mga makabagong diona na
hindi na rin ito sinusunod). At sari-sari na ang tema.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
DIONA
• 1. Kung ang aso hinahanap
• Pag nagtampo’t naglayas
•Ikaw pa kaya anak.
•– Ferdinand Bajado
• 2. Lolo, huwag malulungkot
•Ngayong uugod-ugod
•Ako po’y inyong tungkod
•– Gregorio Rodillo
• D. FORMS OF POETRY

1.4. HAIKU is a Japanese poem written in three lines

followong the Five Syllables, Seven Syllables and Five
Syllables. Often focusing on images from nature,
haiku emphasizes simplicity, intensity, and directness
of expression.
•.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY

1.HAIKU
•1. I call to my love
•on mornings ripe with sunlight.
•The songbirds answer.

•2. An old pond!

• A frog jumps in—
• the sound of water.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
1.5. An ACROSTIC poem is a poem where the first
letters of each line spell out a word or phrase
vertically that acts as the theme or message of the
poem. Sometimes a word or phrase can also be
found down the middle or end of the poem, but the
most common is at the beginning. A lot of people use
these poems to describe people or holidays, and lines
can be made up of single words or phrases. Acrostic
poems do not follow a specific rhyme scheme, so
they are easier to write.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
1.ACROSTIC

• A FRIEND
•F is for the fun we had together
•R is for the relaxing time we shared together
•I is for the interesting moments we had
•E is for the entertaining time we spent
•N is for the never-ending friendship that we'll have
•D is for the days we'll never forget
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
•6. A SONNET is a poem that has 14 lines and follows a
specific rhyme scheme. It comes from the Italian word that
means “little song.” There are various types of sonnets,
and each one is formatted a little differently, following
various rhyme schemes. The three main types are the
Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet, the English (or
Shakespearean) sonnet, and the Spenserian sonnet. They
are named after the poets who made them famous. These
forms have been around since the sixteenth century. The
poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a
couplet.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
1.SONNET
• How Do I Love Thee?
• By Elizabeth Barrett Browning
• How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
• I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
• My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
• For the ends of being and ideal grace.
• I love thee to the level of every day's
• Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight.
• I love thee freely, as men strive for right;
• I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
• I love with a passion put to use
• In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
• I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
• With my lost saints, I love thee with the breath,
• Smiles, tears, of all my life! and, if God choose,
• I shall but love thee better after death.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY

1.6. CONCRETE POEM is a poem that uses words

to form the shape of the subject of the poem (also
known as a “shape poem”).
• D. FORMS OF POETRY CONCRETE POEM
• D. FORMS OF POETRY

1.7. LYRIC POEM is a short poem that usually

written in first person point of view and expresses an
emotion or an idea or describes a scene. It does not
tell a story and are often musical.
• D. FORMS OF POETRY
LYRIC POEM
Cinquain is a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by two for each line, except for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).

• D. FORMS OF POETRY

8. CINQUAIN is a five-line untitled poem, where the

syllable pattern increases by two for each line, except
for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).
Cinquain is a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by two for each line, except for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).

• D. FORMS OF POETRY
CINQUAIN
Cinquain is a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by two for each line, except for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).

• D. FORMS OF POETRY

1.9. NARRATIVE POEM is a form of poetry that

tells a story, often making the voices of a narrator
and characters as well; the entire story is usually
written in metered verse. Narrative poems do not
need rhyme.
Cinquain is a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by two for each line, except for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).

• D. FORMS OF POETRY
NARRATIVE POEM
• Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage,
• Black and murderous, that cost the Greeks
• Incalculable pain, pitched countless souls
• Of heroes into Hades' dark,
• And left their bodies to rot as feasts
• For dogs and birds, as Zeus' will was done.
• Begin with the clash between Agamemnon-
• The Greek warlord - and godlike Achilles.
- The Iliad by Homer
 QUESTIONS TO PONDER:
Which of the following poetic
forms do you usually
encounter? How do you
appreciate these forms?
THANK YOU! ☺
MR. JHUN AR AR R. RAMOS
S u b j e c t Te a c h e r