THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

----- Different Hypotheses -----

Mrs. Michelle Gian Cunanan-Aquino

July 2017
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How did everything start?

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Non-Scientific Theories

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Non-Scientific Theories

ANCIENT EGYPTIANS believed in many gods and

myths which narrate that the world arose from an
infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.
The KUBA PEOPLE OF CENTRAL AFRICA tell the story
of a creator god MBOMBO (OR BUMBA) who, alone
in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and
moon.

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Non-Scientific Theories

In INDIA, there is the narrative that gods

sacrificed PURUSHA, the primal man whose
head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth,
sun, and moon respectively.
The monotheistic religions of JUDAISM,
CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM claim that a
supreme being created the universe, including
man and other living organisms.

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Divine Theory

In the beginning , God created the heavens

and Earth.
-- Genesis 1:1

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Creation Theory

However, as it is written: “What no eye has

seen, what no ear has heard, and no human
mind has conceived “ – the things God has
prepared for those who love him
-- 1 Corinthians 2:9

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Modern Scientific
Theories

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 Steady State Theory

Proposed by British Scientists SIR HERMANN BONDI, THOMAS GOLD, AND SIR
FRED HOYLE in 1948. It states that the universe has NO BEGINNING AND NO
END OF TIME. The universe is ALWAYS EXPANDING but MAINTAINING A
CONSTANT AVERAGE OF DENSITY. In other words EVERYTHING IS Free PowerPoint Templates
Steady State Theory

Evidences

Evidence#1: redshift
Edwin Hubble
Expanding Universe

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Steady State Theory

Problems of this theory

Problem#1: Problem#2:
CMB QUASAR
In 1960, Arno QUASAR was
Penzias and Robert discovered in 1966.
Wilson discovered a Quasar is a STARLIKE
background radio OBJECT that may
send out radio waves
emission that was
and other
Evidence#2: forms of
QUASAR
believed as the energy;
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universe.

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Steady State Theory

MAP (Microwave Anisotrophy Probe)

Evidence#2: QUASAR
CMB Lorem ipsum dolor sit
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lacus wisi, congue
suspendisse eget

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Big Bang Theory
Proposed by Alexander
Friedman and Georges
Lamaitre in 1920. This
theory states that all matter
and energy in the universe
are crammed into tinny
compact point sometimes
called singularity and
followed by an expansion.

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Big Bang Theory

Big Bang Era  0 to 10⁻⁴³s

Infinitely Small, Infinitely dense

primeval fireball.
Superunified force
Weak force
SUF Strong Force
Electromagnetic force
Gravitational Force

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Big Bang Theory

Gravitational Force
Attraction between bodies

SUF Electromagnetic Force

Binds atom into molecules

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Big Bang Theory

Weak Force
Break down an atom’s nucleus
and produces radioactive decay.

SUF Strong Force

Binds protons and neutrons

together in the nucleus.

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Big Bang Theory

Planck Era  10⁻⁴³s

Gravity was separated from

the rest of the unified
forces.

Gravity

SUF

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Big Bang Theory

Strong END of GUT 10⁻ ³⁵s

SUF Strong force was also

separated among the rest of
the unified forces.
Quarks and Leptons formed
along with the Antiparticles.

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Big Bang Theory

INFLATION
10⁻ ³⁵s to 10⁻ ³³s

The size of the

universe drastically
increased.

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 Big Bang Theory

End of the UNIFIED FORCE

10⁻ ³⁵s to 10⁻ ³³s
WEAK
EMF

split of weak forces and

SUF
electromagnetic forces
occurs.
Protons and Neutrons are
formed from quarks.

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Big Bang Theory

Heavy Particle  10⁻ ⁷s

Protons and Neutrons

continues in
production.

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Big Bang Theory

Light Particle  10⁻ ⁴ s

Electrons and
positrons are formed.

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Big Bang Theory

Nucleosynthesis100 s

H Hydrogen, helium,
other few elements
He formed. Thru nuclear
fusion.

L i
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Big Bang Theory

Recombination
380,000 years

Matter and Radiation

splits up.
Matter dominate the
universe

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Big Bang Theory

Galaxy formation
500 million years

Galaxy formation and

other large structures
formed in the
universe.

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Big Bang Theory

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 Big Bang Theory

Evidences of BBT

EVIDENCE EVIDENCE EVIDENCE

#1 #2 #3
CMBR REDSHIFT Abundance of Light
Elements
PROJECT #4
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amet, urna scelerisque,
lacus wisi, congue
suspendisse eget

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 Big Bang Theory

Unresolved problem of BBT

PROBLEM #3
PROBLEM #3
PROBLEM #1 PROBLEM #2 HORIZON
Distant regions of space in LAW OF
FLATNESS MONOPOLE
opposite directions of the THERMODYNAMICS
BBT predicted that
According to the h sky are so far apart that FIRST LAW
there was a they could never been in
Wilson Energy conservation
production of heavy casual contact with each SECOND LAW
Anisotrophy stable magnetic other. However the
Entropy
monopoles in the evidence of having a
Probe (WMAP) same amount of CMB PROJECT #4
early universe.
the UNIVERSE temp may lead to a Lorem ipsum dolor sit
However there is no conclusion that the said amet, urna scelerisque,
were nearly flat. monopole have been regions may have contact lacus wisi, congue
observe. from the past. suspendisse eget

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 Cosmic Inflation
Theory

Proposed by Alan
Paul STEINHART, AND Andy
GUTH,
ALBRECHT.
Andrei LINDE,
It states that a period of exponential During this rapid expansion, the energy
expansion of the universe prior to the density of the universe was dominated by a
more gradual big bang expansion. cosmological constant type of vacuum
energy.
It is said to be as an extension of It is technically based on
the standard Big Bang Theory. the BBT

It offers solutions to the unresolved Flatness,

problem of Big Bang Theory. Monopole, and
Horizon
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Cosmic Inflation Theory

Solution to the Unresolved problem of BBT

SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION

#1 #2 #3
FLATNESS MONOPOLE HORIZON
THE PRE-EXISTING THE ABUNDANCE IS OBSERVABLE
CURVATURE IS DILUTED TO UNIVERSE IS ONLY A
STRETCHED OUT BY NEGLIGIBLE AMOUNT TINY FRACTION OF
INFLATION. INFLATED PATCHED.

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 Oscillating theory

Proposed by RICHARD TOLMAN. It was popular

in the late 60’s to 70’s.
This theory is a combination of a BIG BANG
THEORY and a BIG CRUNCH THEORY.
A BIG BANG THEORY states the universe starts
with a singularity of infinitely high density.
On the other hand BIG CRUNCH THEORY states
that there will come a point that the universe will
reach to its maximum expansion then it will stop
and slowly accelerate back to singularity then it
will implode.
However this theory suggests that instead of
imploding the singularity but it will expand again
that will create of a new universe.
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 Cyclic Model

Proposed by Paul STEINHARDT and Neil TUROK.

It states that the universe undergo an endless sequence of
cosmic epochs each beginning with a bang and ending in a
crunch.

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Multiverse Theory

Proposed by Andrei
Linde,
Hugh Everette,
Bryce DeWitt

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Multiverse Theory

It is a theory that our

universe is not the
only one, but there
are many universe
exist parallel to each
other.

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