MICROPROCESSOR 8086

What is a microprocessor ?

A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data

processing logic and control is included on a single integrated
circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The
microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central
processing unit.
 MICROPROCESSOR 8086
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085 Microprocessor that
was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20
address lines and 16 data lines that provides up to 1 MB storage. It consists
of powerful instruction set, which provides operations like multiplication
and division easily.

It supports two modes of operation, i.e. Maximum mode and Minimum

mode. Maximum mode is suitable for system having multiple processors
and Minimum mode is suitable for system having a single processor.
 Features of 8086 Microprocessor

The most prominent features of a 8086 microprocessor are as follows −

• It has an instruction queue, which is capable of storing six instruction bytes from
the memory resulting in faster processing.
• It was the first 16-bit processor having a internal data bus and 16-bit external data
bus resulting in faster processing.
• It uses two stages of pipelining, i.e. Fetch Stage and Execute Stage, which
improves performance.
• Fetch stage can prefetch up to 6 bytes of instructions and store them in the queue.
• Execute stage executes these instructions.
• It consists of 29,000 transistors.
 Comparison between 8085 & 8086 Microprocessor

Size − 8085 is 8-bit microprocessor, whereas 8086 is 16-bit microprocessor.

Address Bus − 8085 has 16-bit address bus while 8086 has 20-bit address bus.

Memory − 8085 can access up to 64Kb, whereas 8086 can access up to 1 Mb of memory.

Instruction − 8085 doesn’t have an instruction queue, whereas 8086 has an instruction queue.

Pipelining − 8085 doesn’t support a pipelined architecture while 8086 supports a pipelined architecture.

Cost − The cost of 8085 is low whereas that of 8086 is high.

Architecture of 8086
 EU (Execution Unit)
Its function is to control operations on data using the instruction decoder. EU has no direct connection with system buses.

Various functional parts of 8086 microprocessors are:

ALU: It handles all arithmetic and logical operations, like +, −, ×, /, OR, AND, NOT operations.

Flag Register: It is a 16-bit register that behaves like a flip-flop, i.e. it changes its status according to the result stored in the
accumulator. It has 9 flags and they are divided into 2 groups − Conditional Flags and Control Flags.

Conditional Flags: It represents the result of the last arithmetic or logical instruction executed. Following is the list of conditional
flags −
• Carry flag:
• Auxiliary flag:
• Parity flag
• Zero flag
• Sign flag
• Overflow flag
Control Flags: Control flags controls the operations of the execution unit. Following is the list of control flags −

• Trap flag
• Interrupt flag
• Direction flag

General purpose register: There are 8 general purpose registers, i.e., AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, and DL.
These registers can be used individually to store 8-bit data and can be used in pairs to store 16 bit data. The valid
register pairs are AH and AL, BH and BL, CH and CL, and DH and DL. It is referred to the AX, BX, CX, and DX
respectively.

• AX register − It is also known as accumulator register.

• BX register − It is used as a base register.
• CX register − It is referred to as counter.
• DX register − This register is used to hold I/O port address for I/O instruction.

Stack pointer register: It is a 16-bit register, which holds the address from the start of the segment to the memory
location.
 BIU (Bus Interface Unit)
BIU takes care of all data and addresses transfer on the buses for the EU like sending addresses, fetching
instructions from the memory, reading data from the ports and the memory as well as writing data to the
ports and the memory. EU and BIU are connected with the Internal Bus.

It has the following functional parts −

Instruction queue − BIU contains the instruction queue. BIU gets upto 6 bytes of next instructions and
stores them in the instruction queue. When EU executes instructions and is ready for its next instruction,
then it simply reads the instruction from this instruction queue resulting in increased execution speed.

Fetching the next instruction while the current instruction executes is called pipelining.
Segment register − BIU has 4 segment buses, i.e. CS, DS, SS & ES. It holds the addresses of instructions and data in
memory, which are used by the processor to access memory locations. It also contains 1 pointer register IP, which
holds the address of the next instruction to executed by the EU.

• CS − It stands for Code Segment. It is used for addressing a memory location in the code segment of the memory.

• DS − It stands for Data Segment. It consists of data used by the program and is accessed in the data segment by
an offset address.

• SS − It stands for Stack Segment. It handles memory to store data and addresses during execution.

• ES − It stands for Extra Segment. It is additional data segment, which is used by the string to hold the extra
destination data.

Instruction pointer − It is a 16-bit register used to hold the address of the next instruction to be executed.
8086 Pin Diagram
The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of instructions −

• Data Transfer Instructions: These instructions are used to transfer the data from the
source operand to the destination operand.

• Arithmetic Instructions: These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations

like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.

• Bit Manipulation Instructions: These instructions are used to perform operations

where data bits are involved, i.e. operations like logical, shift, etc.

• String Instructions: String is a group of bytes/words and their memory is always

allocated in a sequential order.
• Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions): These
instructions are used to transfer/branch the instructions during an execution.

• Processor Control Instructions: These instructions are used to control the processor
action by setting/resetting the flag values.

• Iteration Control Instructions: These instructions are used to execute the given
instructions for number of times.

• Interrupt Instructions: These instructions are used to call a temporary halt during
program execution.
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